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Üçüncü Basamak Bir Hastanedeki Klinik Örneklerden İzole Edilen E.coli ve Klebsiella spp. Türlerinde Antibiyotik Direnç Profilleri ve ESBL Üretimi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 124 - 132, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1741050

Abstract

Amaç: Geniş spektrumlu beta laktamazlar (GSBL) gram negatif bakterilerde beta laktam antibiyotiklere direnç gelişmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. GSBL üreten bakteriler salgınlara, özellikle de hastane enfeksiyonlarına sebep olarak yetersiz tedaviye, uzun hastane yatışına ve artmış mortaliteye yol açarbilir. Bu çalışma üçüncü basamak bakım hizmeti veren bir hastanede çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen E.coli ve Klebsiella spp. türlerinde antibiyotik direnci prodillerini ve ESBL üretimi oranını araştırmayı hedefledi.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Eylül 2022-Ocak 2023 tarihleri arasında toplam 315 bakteri çalışmaya dahil edildi. Bakterilerden 213 tanesi E.coli (%67.6), 102 tanesi Klebsiella spp. (%32.4) idi. İzolatların ampisilin, amoksisilin-klavulonat, piperasilin-tazobaktam, sefuroksim, sefiksim, sefotaksim, gentamisin, amikasin, siprofloksasin, trimetoprim-sulfametaksazol, imipenem ve meropenem duyarlılıkları test edildi. GSBL üretimi çift disk sinerji yöntemi ile değerlendirildi. Sonuçlar EUCAST kriterlerine göre değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: E.coli izolatlarında GSBL pozitiflik oranı %35.2, Klebsiella spp. izolatlarında ise %52.9 olarak belirlendi. Bu oran pediatrik hastalarda %22, erişkin hastalarda ise %42 olarak bulundu. Cinsiyete göre değerlendirildiğinde GSBL pozitifliği erkek hastalarda anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu. Klinik örnek tiplerine göre GSBL pozitifliği en çok trakeal aspirat ve yara örneklerinde görüldü. Disk difüzyon testine göre en yüksek direnç beta-laktam grubu antibiyotiklere, en düşük direnç ise karbapenemlere karşı saptandı.
Sonuç: ESBL üretimi hastane enfeksiyonlarında önemli bir direnç sorunu olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma, GSBL pozitif izolatların çift disk sinerji testi ile tespit edilmesinin önemine dikkat çekmektedir. Yanlış ve gereksiz antibiyotik kullanımı, GSBL pozitiflik oranlarını artıran başlıca risk faktörlerinden biridir. Bu nedenle, GSBL pozitif bakterilerin erken tespiti, izolasyon önlemleri ve antibiyotik politikalarının yeniden değerlendirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Project Number

TYL-2023-28

References

  • 1. Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309–318.
  • 2. WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240093461 Date accessed: June 30, 2025
  • 3. Paterson DL. Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(5 Suppl 1):S20–S28.
  • 4. Bradford PA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: Characterization, epidemiology, and detection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(4):933–951.
  • 5. Yassara S, Zeouk I, Jaouhar S, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: definition, history, an update on their genetic environment and detection methods. J Med Microbiol. 2025;74(6):002033.
  • 6. Rawat D, Nair D. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(3):263–274.
  • 7. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: A systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(5):913–920.
  • 8. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters Version 11.0. Available from: https://www.eucast.org. Accessed September 24, 2022.
  • 9. Bursal B, Özdemir AA, Topal N, et al. Çocuklarda genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz üreten bakteriler ile ilişkili üriner sistem enfeksiyonlarına dair bulgular: Tek merkez deneyimi. J Pediatr Inf 2025;19(1):13-23.
  • 10. Duran H, Çeken N, Atik B. Escherichia Coli ve Klebsiella Pneumoniae Türlerinde Antibiyotik Direnci ne Durumda? Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinden Beş Yıllık Analiz. Fırat Tıp Dergisi 2022: 27(2): 116-120.
  • 11. Mirza HC, Sancak B. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary cultures of different patient groups: A university hospital experience. Klimik Derg. 2020; 33(3): 270-6.
  • 12. Ramatla T, Mafokwane T, Lekota K, et al. "One Health" perspective on prevalence of co-existing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2023;22(1):88. doi:10.1186/s12941-023-00638-3
  • 13. Olaitan MO, Orababa OQ, Shittu RB, et al. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis using a One Health approach. One Health. 2025;20:101090. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101090
  • 14. Temiz, H., Özbek, E., Vural, D. G., & Özekinci, T. Klebsiella izolatlarının antimikrobiyal direnç oranlarının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 2015: 45(2), 68-74.
  • 15. Parlak M, Çıkman A, Bektaş A, et al. Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae suşlarında genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz üretimi ve antibiyotiklere direnç: Beş yıllık izlem. Sakarya Med J 2012; 2:11-5.
  • 16. Karamanlıoğlu D, Yıldız PA, Kaya M, Sarı N. İdrar kültürlerinden izole edilen enterik bakterilerde genişlemiş spektrumlu β-laktamaz oluşturma sıklığı ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları. Klimik Derg. 2019; 32: 233-9.
  • 17. Avcıküçük H, Altın N. Evaluation of the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of strains isolated from urine specimens. Klimik Derg. 2022;35(2):95-102.
  • 18. Çalışkan A, Öner SZ, Demir M, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli Strains Isolated from Urine Cultures. Anatolian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024:3(2), 212–219.
  • 19. Tanrıverdi Çaycı Y., Bıyık İ., Çınar C., Yuoser M., Birinci A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Prole of Enterobacterales Isolated from Blood Cultures Between 2016-2021. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2025;9(1):25-30.
  • 20. Alyamani EJ, Khiyami AM, et al. The occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli carrying aminoglycoside resistance genes in urinary tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):1. 21. Karaiskos I, Lagou S, Pontikis K, et al. The "Old" and the "New" Antibiotics for MDR Gram-Negative Pathogens: For Whom, When, and How. Front Public Health. 2019;7:151.
  • 22. Salah FD, Soubeiga ST, Ouattara AK, et al. Distribution of quinolone resistance gene (qnr) in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in Lomé, Togo. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:104.
  • 23. Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Machuca J, Cano ME, et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: Two decades on. Drug Resist Updat. 2016;29:13-29.

Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and ESBL Production in E.coli And Klebsiella spp. Isolated From Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 124 - 132, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1741050

Abstract

Aim: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) play an important role in the development of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. ESBL-producing bacteria can cause outbreaks, especially in hospital infections, which can lead to inadequate treatment, prolonged hospital stay, and increased mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles and ESBL production rates in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: A total of 315 bacterial isolates were included in the study between September 2022-January 2023. 213 of them were E.coli (67.6%) and 102 were Klebsiella spp. (32.4%). Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates; ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, imipenem and meropenem were tested. ESBL production was evaluated with a double disk synergy test. The results were interpreted according to EUCAST criteria.
Results: ESBL positivity rate was determined as 35.2% in E.coli isolates and 52.9% in Klebsiella spp. isolates. This rate was found as 22% in pediatric patients and 42% in adult patients. When evaluated according to gender, ESBL positivity was found to be significantly higher in male patients. According to clinical sample types, ESBL positivity was seen most in endotracheal aspirate and wound samples. According to the disk diffusion test, the highest resistance was detected against beta-lactam group antibiotics and the lowest resistance was detected against carbapenems.
Conclusion: ESBL production continues to be a significant resistance problem in hospital infections. This study draws attention to the importance of detecting ESBL-positive isolates with the double disk synergy test. Incorrect and unnecessary antibiotic use is one of the main risk factors for increasing ESBL positivity rates. Therefore, early detection of ESBL-positive bacteria, isolation precautions and reconsideration of antibiotic policies are of great importance.

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the Lokman Hekim University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 12.05.2022 (Decision No: 2022/77)

Supporting Institution

The study supported by the Lokman Hekim University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with project number TYL-2023-28.

Project Number

TYL-2023-28

References

  • 1. Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309–318.
  • 2. WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240093461 Date accessed: June 30, 2025
  • 3. Paterson DL. Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(5 Suppl 1):S20–S28.
  • 4. Bradford PA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: Characterization, epidemiology, and detection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(4):933–951.
  • 5. Yassara S, Zeouk I, Jaouhar S, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: definition, history, an update on their genetic environment and detection methods. J Med Microbiol. 2025;74(6):002033.
  • 6. Rawat D, Nair D. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(3):263–274.
  • 7. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: A systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(5):913–920.
  • 8. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters Version 11.0. Available from: https://www.eucast.org. Accessed September 24, 2022.
  • 9. Bursal B, Özdemir AA, Topal N, et al. Çocuklarda genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz üreten bakteriler ile ilişkili üriner sistem enfeksiyonlarına dair bulgular: Tek merkez deneyimi. J Pediatr Inf 2025;19(1):13-23.
  • 10. Duran H, Çeken N, Atik B. Escherichia Coli ve Klebsiella Pneumoniae Türlerinde Antibiyotik Direnci ne Durumda? Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinden Beş Yıllık Analiz. Fırat Tıp Dergisi 2022: 27(2): 116-120.
  • 11. Mirza HC, Sancak B. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary cultures of different patient groups: A university hospital experience. Klimik Derg. 2020; 33(3): 270-6.
  • 12. Ramatla T, Mafokwane T, Lekota K, et al. "One Health" perspective on prevalence of co-existing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2023;22(1):88. doi:10.1186/s12941-023-00638-3
  • 13. Olaitan MO, Orababa OQ, Shittu RB, et al. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis using a One Health approach. One Health. 2025;20:101090. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101090
  • 14. Temiz, H., Özbek, E., Vural, D. G., & Özekinci, T. Klebsiella izolatlarının antimikrobiyal direnç oranlarının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 2015: 45(2), 68-74.
  • 15. Parlak M, Çıkman A, Bektaş A, et al. Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae suşlarında genişlemiş spektrumlu beta-laktamaz üretimi ve antibiyotiklere direnç: Beş yıllık izlem. Sakarya Med J 2012; 2:11-5.
  • 16. Karamanlıoğlu D, Yıldız PA, Kaya M, Sarı N. İdrar kültürlerinden izole edilen enterik bakterilerde genişlemiş spektrumlu β-laktamaz oluşturma sıklığı ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları. Klimik Derg. 2019; 32: 233-9.
  • 17. Avcıküçük H, Altın N. Evaluation of the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of strains isolated from urine specimens. Klimik Derg. 2022;35(2):95-102.
  • 18. Çalışkan A, Öner SZ, Demir M, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli Strains Isolated from Urine Cultures. Anatolian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024:3(2), 212–219.
  • 19. Tanrıverdi Çaycı Y., Bıyık İ., Çınar C., Yuoser M., Birinci A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Prole of Enterobacterales Isolated from Blood Cultures Between 2016-2021. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2025;9(1):25-30.
  • 20. Alyamani EJ, Khiyami AM, et al. The occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli carrying aminoglycoside resistance genes in urinary tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):1. 21. Karaiskos I, Lagou S, Pontikis K, et al. The "Old" and the "New" Antibiotics for MDR Gram-Negative Pathogens: For Whom, When, and How. Front Public Health. 2019;7:151.
  • 22. Salah FD, Soubeiga ST, Ouattara AK, et al. Distribution of quinolone resistance gene (qnr) in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in Lomé, Togo. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:104.
  • 23. Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Machuca J, Cano ME, et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: Two decades on. Drug Resist Updat. 2016;29:13-29.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Bacteriology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Semra Şahin This is me 0009-0006-3098-5789

Safiye Göçer 0000-0003-1787-9755

Project Number TYL-2023-28
Early Pub Date September 10, 2025
Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date July 12, 2025
Acceptance Date July 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Şahin S, Göçer S. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and ESBL Production in E.coli And Klebsiella spp. Isolated From Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. August 2025;9(2):124-132. doi:10.34084/bshr.1741050

Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research