Eğitimsel Stratejik Planların İncelenmesi: Dezavantajlı Şehirlerdeki Tehditler ve Fırsatlar

Year 2022, , 686 - 701, 13.10.2022

Duran Mavi , Pınar Ayyıldız , Murat Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.1096212

Abstract

Stratejik planlar, eğitim örgütlerinde politikaların etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasına yardımcı olan yönetsel araçlardır. Bu araçlar sayesinde tehdit oluşturan unsurlar ortadan kaldırılabilmekte ve eğitimsel avantajlardan maksimum düzeyde yararlanılabilmektedir. Stratejik planlar özellikle dezavantajlı şehirler için birer yol haritası özelliği taşımaktadır. Bünyesinde pek çok dezavantajlı şehir bulunan bir ülke olarak Türkiye de uzun süredir eğitim alanında stratejik planlardan yararlanmaktadır. Ancak literatürde eğitim alanındaki stratejik planlarındaki tehditleri ve fırsatları inceleyen çalışmaların sınırlılığı dikkat çekicidir. Bu nedenle mevcut araştırmanın bu bileşenlerin kesişim noktasında yürütülmesi benimsenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye'deki dezavantajlı şehirlerin eğitim alanındaki stratejik planları MAXQDA 2020 kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar pek çok stratejik planın, özgünlükten uzak olup benzer ifadeler içerdiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca yöneticilerin işe alımı-mesleki gelişim süreci, paydaş desteği, ailelerin-ebeveynlerin tutumları ve sosyo-kültürel faaliyetleri Türkiye’deki dezavantajlı şehirlerde eğitimi tehdit eden faktörler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Buna karşın öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerine verilen önem, hakkaniyete dayalı bir yaklaşımın benimsenmesi ve eğitim yatırımları bu şehirler için dikkat çeken fırsatlar arasında yer almaktadır. Araştırma stratejik planlar hakkında bazı çıkarımlar içermektedir.

Keywords

Stratejik plan, fırsat, tehdit, Türkiye, dezavantajlı şehirler

Unzipping The Educational Strategic Plans: Threats and Opportunities in Disadvantaged Cities

Abstract

Strategic plans are administrative tools that help implement policies in an effective fashion in educational organizations. Through these, elements of threatening sort can be eliminated, making a maximum use of educational advantages becomes possible. Strategic plans constitute a map particularly for disadvantaged cities. As a country with plentiful disadvantages, Turkiye has been benefiting from strategic plans in the field of education for a long time. Howbeit, the limited nature of the studies examining opportunities, and threats in educational strategic plans in the literature is striking. Thereupon, in the present research, an outlook was adopted at the intersection of these components. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research designs, was employed in the research. Educational strategic plans of disadvantaged cities in Turkiye are examined using MAXQDA 2020. Results show a fair number of strategic plans contain similar statements, which is considered a hindrance to authenticity. Moreover, factors regarding principal hiring-development process, stakeholder support, attitudes of families-parents, and socio-cultural activities come to the fore as a threat for education in the disadvantaged cities. However, the importance attached to the professional development of teachers, utilizing an equity-based approach, and educational investments are amongst the remarkable opportunities for those cities. The research contains several implications about the strategic plans as well.

Keywords

Strategic plan, opportunity, opportunity, threat, Turkey, disadvantaged cities

References

• Acar, S., Kazancik, L. B., Meydan, M. C., & Isik, M. (2019, Aralik). Illerin ve bolgelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelismislik siralamasi arastirmasi [Socio-economic development ranking research of provinces, and regions]. MoIT.
• Akbaba, A., & Yildizbas, Y. V. (2016). Ilkokul ve ortaokul ogretmenlerinin okullarda stratejik planlama uygulamalarina iliskin gorusleri [The primary, and secondary school teachers' feedback regarding strategic planning applications in schools]. Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 13(1), 26-50.
• Akin, U. (2009). Turkiye'de egitim butcesi [Education budget in Turkey]. Milli Egitim Dergisi, 39(184), 8-25.
• Altunay, E. (2017). Educational financing policies according to school administrators' views: Problems, causes, and solutions. Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, 6(2), 689-714.
• Arabaci, I. B., Namli, A., Zincirli, M., & Ozer, F. (2015). Egitim kurumlarinin stratejik plan gelistirme ve uygulama surecinde karsilastiklari sorunlar ve cozum onerileri [The problems faced by educational institutions while developing, and implementing a strategic plan, and suggestions for a solution]. Kastamonu Egitim Dergisi, 23(4), 1453-1470.
• Arslan, G., & Kucuker, E. (2016). Okul mudurlerinin planlama etkinlikleri ve stratejik planlamada karsilasilan sorunlar [Planning activities of school principals, and problems encountered in strategic planning]. Kastamonu Egitim Dergisi, 24(2), 839-856.
• Aypay, A. (2015). Egitim politikasi [Education policy] (2nd ed.). PEGEM.
• Babaoglan, E. (2015). Strategic planning in education in Turkey. Educational Planning, 22(2), 35-40.
• Bayram, A. (2021). Viewpoints of some managers, and employees in the ministry of education about the implementations of their strategic planning. International Journal of Curriculum, and Instruction, 13(1), 450-473.
• Bieler, A., & McKenzie, M. (2017). Strategic planning for sustainability in Canadian higher education. Sustainability, 9(161), 1-22.
• Bryson, J. M. (2004). Strategic planning for public, and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening, and sustaining organizational achievement. Wiley, John, & Sons.
• Carvalho, M., Cabral, I., Verdasca, J., & Alves, J. (2021). What about us? Teachers’ participation in schools’ strategic action plans. Participatory Educational Research, 8(3), 156-175.
• Cekic, O., & Dilber Y. (2020). Okul mudur yardimcilari ve stratejik planlama sureci [Assistant school principals, and strategic planning process]. International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Education, 4(3), 82-100.
• Celik, O. T., Konan, N., & Cetin, R. (2018). Turkiye’de okul yoneticisi gorevlendirme sorunu: Bir meta sentez calismasi [The problem of delegating school heads in Turkey: A meta synthesis study]. Pamukkale Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 44(44) , 92-113.
• Cetin, H. (2014). Egitim kurumlarinda stratejik planlama bilinc duzeyi ve stratejik yonetimde karsilasilan sorunlar: Denizli ili ornegi [The level of consciousness in strategic planning in educational institutions, and the problems experienced in strategic management: A sample of Denizli]. Mustafa Kemal Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 10(24), 87-112.
• Chang, G. C. (2006, October). Strategic planning in education: Some concepts, and steps. UNESCO.
• Chang, G. C. (2008, July). Strategic planning in education: Some concepts, and methods. UNESCO.
• Cheshire, L., & Zappia, G. (2016). Destination dumping ground: The convergence of unwanted populations in disadvantaged city areas. Urban Studies, 53(10), 2081-2098.
• Cinkir, S., & Kurum, G. (2017). Atanmak ya da atanamamak: Ucretli ogretmenlerin yasadiklari sorunlar [To be appointed or not to be appointed: The problems of paid-teachers]. Egitimde Nitel Arastirmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 9-35.
• Colakoglu, M. H. (2018). TUBITAK 4006 bilim fuarlari desteginin egitim ve ogretime katkisi [The contrubition of TUBITAK 4006 science fairs towards education, and training]. Journal of STEAM Education, 1(1), 48-63.
• Cooper, H. A. (1985). Strategic planning in education: A guide for policymakers. United States Department of Education.
• Cornut, F., Giroux, H., & Langley, A. (2012). The strategic plan as a genre. Discourse, & Communication, 6(1), 21-54.
• Coskun, B., & Pank Yildirim, C. (2018). Turkiye'de stratejik planlama: Son donem gelismelerin incelenmesi [Strategic planning in Turkey: Investigation of recent period developments]. Strategic Public Management Journal, 4(8), 1-16.
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing, and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE.
• Di Pietro, L., Pantano, E., & Di Virgilio, F. (2014). Frontline employees׳ attitudes towards self-service technologies: Threats or opportunity for job performance? Journal of Retailing, and Consumer Services, 21(5), 844-850.
• Du, M., Zhang, X., & Mora, L. (2021). Strategic planning for smart city development: Assessing spatial inequalities in the basic service provision of metropolitan cities. Journal of Urban Technology, 28(1-2), 115-134.
• ERG. (2020, Temmuz). Egitimin yonetisimi ve finansmani: Egitim izleme raporu 2020 [Governancing, and financing of education: Education monitoring report 2020]. ERG.
• ERG. (2021, Haziran). Egitimin yonetisimi ve finansmani: Egitim izleme raporu 2021 [Governancing, and financing of education: Education monitoring report 2021]. ERG.
• Fayol, H. (1918/2016). Genel ve endustriyel yonetim [General and industrial management]: Administration industrielle et generale (M. A. Calikoglu, Trans.; 5th ed.). Adres.
• Gleeson, J., & Donnabhain, D. Ó. (2009). Strategic planning, and accountability in Irish education. Irish Educational Studies, 28(1), 27-46.
• Goldhaber, D., Lavery, L., & Theobald, R. (2015). Uneven playing field? Assessing the teacher quality gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students. Educational Researcher, 44(5), 293-307.
• Goldstein, L. (2012). A guide to college, and university budgeting: Foundations for institutional effectiveness. National Association of College, & University Business Officers.
• Gore, T., & Smith, N. (2001). Patterns of educational attainment in the British coalfields. Department for Education, and Skills.
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namley, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. SAGE.
• Guzelyurt, T., & Gonul, Y. (2019). Sozlesmeli aday ogretmenlerin beklentilerinin incelenmesi: Silopi durum calismasi [Examination of the contracted candidate teachers’ expectations: Silopi case study]. Milli Egitim Dergisi, 48(224), 285-298.
• Han, B., Tosten, R., & Avci, Y. E. (2019). Ic goce maruz kalmis ortaokul ogrencilerinin egitimde yasadiklari problemler (Diyarbakir ili ornegi) [Educational problems of secondary school students who exposed to internal migration (Case of Diyarbakir province)]. Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1553-1568.
• Hargis, J. (2014). Eager adopters in education: Strategic plan ideas for integrating instructional technology. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(4), 14-22.
• Isik, H., & Aypay, A. (2004). Egitimde stratejik plan gelistirme surecinde karsilasilan sorunlar: Canakkale ilinde yapilan bir inceleme [Problems faced in the process of strategic planning in education: A study conducted in Canakkale]. Gazi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 24(3), 349-363.
• Jackson, S. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1988). Discerning threats, and opportunities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(3), 370-387.
• Kara, M. (2020). Egitim paydaslarinin gorusleri dogrultusunda Turk egitim sisteminin sorunlari [The problems of Turkish education system according to the opinions of stakeholders in education]. Kirsehir Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 21(3), 1650-1694.
• Karakutuk, K. (2020). Egitim planlamasi [Education planning] (4th ed.). PEGEM.
• Karakutuk, K., Ozdogan Ozbal, E., & Ulutas, P. (2019). Okul temelli butcenin hazirlanmasına iliskin okul yoneticilerinin gorusleri [The views of school managers regarding the preparation of school-based budget]. Milli Egitim Dergisi, 48(1), 455-481.
• Kaufman, J. L., & Jacobs, H. M. (1987). A public planning perspective on strategic planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1), 23-33.
• Konstantopoulos, S., & Chung, V. (2011). Teacher effects on minority and disadvantaged students’ grade 4 achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 104(2), 73-86.
• Kose, E. K. (2019). Dezavantajli bolge okullarinda ogrenim goren risk altindaki ogrencilerin okul bagliliklarini etkileyen faktorler [Examining the factors affecting the school engagement of at-risk students attending disadvantaged schools]. Egitim ve Bilim, 44(199), 321-336.
• Kuckartz, U., & Rädiker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA. Springer.
• Lane, R. J., Bishop, H. L., & Wilson-Jones, L. (2005). Creating an effective strategic plan for the school district. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(3), 197-204.
• Leigh, D. (2009). SWOT analysis. In K. H. Silber, W. R. Foshay (Eds.), Handbook of improving performance in the workplace (pp. 115-140). Pfeiffer.
• Liedtka, J. (2000). Strategic planning as a contributor to strategic change: A generative model. European Management Journal, 18(2), 195–206.
• Lumby, J. (1999). Strategic planning in further education: The business of values. Educational Management and Administration, 27(1), 71-83.
• Lunenburg, F. C., & Ornstein, A. C. (2012). Educational administration (6th ed.). Wadsword.
• Lupton, R. (2004, January). Schools in disadvantaged areas: Recognising context, and raising quality. (No: CASE076). Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion.
• Maier, A. (2021, February). Inclusive strategic planning for disadvantaged communities. The City at The Eye Level by Stipo.
• Mart, O. A., & Kartal, S. (2021). Turkiye’deki egitim harcamalarinin degerlendirilmesi [Analyze the examination of educational spending in Turkey]. Mugla Sitki Kocman Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 8(1), 37-53.
• McCune, S. D. (1986). Guide to strategic planning for educators (No: 0-87120-140-2). Association for Supervision, and Curriculum Development.
• Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel arastirma: Desen ve uygulama icin bir rehber (3rd ed.) (S. Turan, Trans. Eds.). Nobel.
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994/2019). Nitel veri analizi: Genisletilmis bir kaynak kitap [Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook] (3rd ed.). (S. A. Altun, & A. Ersoy, Trans Eds.). PEGEM.
• Mintzberg, H. (1994). Rethinking strategic planning part I: Pitfalls, and fallacies. Long Range Planning, 27(3), 12–21.
• Minzberg, H. (2007). Tracking strategies: Toward a general theory. Oxford University.
• Minzberg, H. (2009). Managing. Berrett-Koehler.
• MoD. (2013, September). Illerin ve bolgelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelismislik siralamasi arastirmasi [Socio-economic development ranking research of provinces, and regions]. MoD.
• MoIT. (2020, Aralik). Cazibe Merkezleri Programi kapsaminda yatirim destegi detayli bilgi formu [Investment support detailed information form within the scope of the Attraction Centers Program]. MoIT.
• MoNE. (2018, Kasim). 2023 Egitim vizyonu [2023 Education Vision]. MoNE.
• MoNE. (2019, October). Milli Egitim Bakanligi 2019–2023 stratejik plani [Ministry of National Education 2019-2023 strategic plan]. MoNE.
• MoNE. (2020, Aralik). 2021 Yili butce raporu [2021 budget report]. MoNE.
• MoTF. (2020, Ekim). Medium term programme 2021-2023. MoTF.
• Muijs, D., Harris, A., Chapman, C., Stoll, L., & Russ, J. (2004). Improving schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas? A review of research evidence. School Effectiveness, and School Improvement, 15(2), 149–175.
• Neyisci, N., Turabik, T., Gun, F., & Kisa, N. (2020). Ogretmen adaylarinin perspektifinden Turk egitim sisteminin sorunlari ve olasi cozum onerileri [Problems of the Turkish education system according to the prospective teachers, and their possible solutions]. Kastamonu Egitim Dergisi, 28(6), 2257-2270.
• OECD. (2020a, June). Education policy outlook in Turkey (No: 23). OECD.
• OECD. (2020b, September). Education at a Glance 2020: OECD indicators. OECD.
• Ozcan, K. , Balyer, A., & Yildiz, A. (2018). Ekonomik olarak dezavantajli bolgelerde gorev yapan ortaokul mudurlerinin liderlik davranislari [Leadership behaviors of school principals who work in economically disadvantaged regions]. Mersin Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 14(2), 532-547.
• Ozdemir, A., & Toz, E. (2021). Egitim kurumlarinda stratejik planlama hakkinda yapilmis calismalarin tematik ve metodolojik ozelliklerinin incelenmesi [Investigating thematic, and methodological features of studies about strategic planning in educational institutions]. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(79), 1162-1186.
• Ozgan, H., & Yalcin, A. (2011). Liselerin okul stratejik planlarinda yer alan stratejik amaclara ve hedeflere ulasma duzeylerinin incelenmesi [Strategic objectives, and targets on high schools’ strategic plans; their achievement levels]. Education Sciences, 6(2), 1453-1462.
• Ozmantar, Z. K. (2011). Okullarda etkili stratejik plan hazirlama sureci: Bir eylem arastirmasi [The process of effective strategic plan development for schools: An action research]. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 10(4), 1389-1421.
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research, & evaluation methods: Integrating theory, and practice (4th ed.). SAGE.
• Pickton, D. W., & Wright, S. (1998). What's swot in strategic analysis? Strategic Change, 7(2), 101-109.
• Polat, S., Celik, C., & Okcu, Y. (2019). School administrators’ perspectives on teachers from different generations: SWOT analysis. SAGE Open, 9(3), 1-12.
• Raffaele, L. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1999). Improving home-school collaboration with disadvantaged families: Organizational principles, perspectives, and approaches. School Psychology Review, 28(3), 448-466.
• Recepoglu, E., & Kılınc, A. C. (2014). Turkiye'de okul yoneticilerinin secilmesi ve yetistirilmesi, mevcut sorunlar ve cozum onerileri [Raising, and selecting school administrators in Turkey, present problems, and solutions]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2), 1817-1845.
• Resmi Gazete. (2006). Bakanlar kurulu karari: 2007 Yili programinin uygulanmasi, koordinasyonu ve izlenmesine dair karar [Council of ministers decision: Decision on the implementation, coordination, and monitoring of the 2007 program] (No: 11105). Idari Isler Baskanligi Hukuk ve Mevzuat Genel Mudurlugu.
• Robbins, P. R., & Judge, T. A. (2019). Orgutsel davranis [Organizational behavior] (I. Erdem, T. Eds.; 14th ed.). Nobel.
• Robbins, S. P., Decenzo, D. A., & Coulter, M. (2013). Yonetimin esaslari [Fundamentals of management] (A. Ogut, T. Eds.; 8th ed.). Nobel.
• Saldana, J. (2019). Nitel arastirmacilar icin kodlama el kitabi [Coding handbook for qualitative researchers] (A. Tufekci Akcan, & S. N. Sad Trans. Eds.; 3rd ed.). PEGEM.
• Sara, I., Saputra, K. A. K., & Utama, I. W. K. J. (2021). The effects of strategic planning, human resource, and asset management on economic productivity: A case study in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(4), 381-389.
• Schleicher, A. (2018). PISA 2018: Insights, and interpretations. OECD.
• Steiner, G. A. (1979). Strategic planning: What every manager must know. Free.
• Sulak, S. A., & Ergun Kaplan, S. (2017). The examination of perception of social values of elemantary school students according to different variables. Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education, 6(3), 840-858.
• Sungu, H. (2015). Teacher victimization in Turkey: A review of the news on violence against teachers. The Anthropologist, 20(3), 694-706.
• TEDMEM. (2021, Nisan). 2020 Egitim degerlendirme raporu (No: 7). Turk Egitim Dernegi.
• Tiwari, R., & Winters, J. (2017). The death of strategic plan: Questioning the role of strategic plan in self-initiated projects relying on stakeholder collaboration. International Planning Studies, 22(2), 161-171.
• Topaloglu, H., & Ozdemir, M. (2020). Multecilerin egitime erismeleri surecinde yasadiklari sorunlar ve sosyal icerilme beklentileri onerileri [Problems the refugees face during access to education, and their social inclusion expectations]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(3), 2031-2059.
• Toran, M., & Sahin, D. (2020). Erken cocukluk egitiminden beklentiler: Ebeveynler ne dusunuyor [Expectations from early childhood education: What do parents think]? Baskent University Journal of Education, 7(1), 29-36.
• UNESCO. (2010a, May). Strategic Planning: Concept, and rationale (No: 1). UNESCO.
• UNESCO. (2010b, June). Strategic Planning: Organizational arrangements (No: 2). UNESCO.
• UNESCO. (2010c, July). Strategic Planning: Techniques, and methods (No: 3). UNESCO.
• Uzun, F. (2015). Turkiye’deki yerel yonetimlerin egitim harcamalarındaki rolu ve yetkileri [The role, and effect of local administrations on the educational spending in Turkey] (394815) [Dissertation, Hacettepe Universitesi], Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences] (10th ed.). Seckin.
• Yildiz Akyol, E. (2015). Okul guvenligi ile ilgili yurticinde ve yurtdisinda yapılan calismalarin incelemesi [An examination of the studies conducted in the country, and abroad related to school safety.]. Turk Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 1-12.
• Yilmaz, E. (2019). Ozel egitim okullarina Avrupa Birligi projelerinin katkisinin yonetici ve ogretmen gorusleriyle degerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of European Union projects' contribution to special education schools with the views of school principals, and teachers]. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 52(1), 29-50.
• Yilmaz, K., & Altinkurt, Y. (2011). Ogretmen adaylarinin Turk egitim sisteminin sorunlarina iliskin gorusleri [Prospective teachers’ views about the problems of Turkish educational system]. Uluslararasi Insan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 942-973.