Medya Şiddetinin Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, medya şiddetinin çocuklar üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Her ne kadar aileler çocuklarının gelişiminde temel rol oynasa da kültür, okul, arkadaş çevresi ve özellikle medya çocukların, tutumları, davranışları ve gelişimlerinde güçlü bir etkiye sahiptir. Çalışma, medya ve medyanın sorumluluklarını tartışarak başlamaktadır. Daha sonra medya şiddeti ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda ortaya çıkan zıt düşüncelere pencereler açmaktadır. Bir grup araştırmacı medya şiddeti ile çocukların saldırgan davranışları arasında kuvvetli bir bağın olduğunu savunurken diğerleri çocukların saldırgan davranışlarının tek sebebinin medya olmadığını ve medyanın olumsuz sonuçlarının ciddi olmadığını savunmaktadırlar. Son bölümde, medyadaki şiddetin Amerika, Bangladeş, İngiltere, Fransa, Çin, Vietnam ve Türkiye gibi farklı ülkelerdeki durumlarını ve bu durumun o ülkelerdeki çocukların agresif ve saldırgan davranışları üzerindeki etkisini anlayabilmek için farklı ülkelerde medya şiddeti tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

• Medya, şiddet, saldırgan, televizyon, saldırgan davranışlar.

The Influence of Media Violence on Children

Abstract

This study examines the impact of media violence on children. While parents have a central role in influencing the lives of their children, culture, school, peers and especially media has a powerful effect on children’s attitudes, behaviors and development. This paper starts with the discussion of media and its responsibility. Afterwards, it opens windows to explore two contrast ideas of the studies on media violence. While one group of researchers claims that there is a strong link between aggressive behaviors of children and media, others argue that media violence is not the only cause of children’s violent behaviors and the negative effect of media is not serious. Finally, the paper argues the issue of media violence in different countries such as USA, Bangladesh, Britain, France, China, Vietnam, and Turkey to be able to understand the situation of media violence in those countries and its effects on children’s aggressive and violent behaviors.

Keywords

• Media,violence,aggressive,television,violent behaviors

References

1. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal and prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychological Science. 12, 353−359.
2. Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesman, R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malmuth, N.M., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth, Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 4, 81–110.
3. Ayrancı, Ü., Köşgeroğlu, N., & Günay, Y. (2004). Televizyonda çocukların en çok seyrettikleri saatlerde gösterilen filmlerdeki şiddet düzeyi (Violence rate on films showed on children’s the most watched hours on TV). Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 5, 133-140.
4. Beresin, E. V. (2010). The impact of media violence on children and adolescents: Opportunities for clinical interventions. Retreived March 26, 2012, from www.aacap.org.
5. Blonigen, D. M., Carlson, S. R., Kruger, R.F., & Patrick, C.J. (2003). A twin study of self- reported psychopathic personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(1), 179–197.
6. Christakis, D. A., Frederick, J. Z., DiGiuseppe, D. L., & McCarty, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics. 708-713.
7. Conover, K. A. (1997). More parents turn to the old-fashioned V-chip: Themselves in safeguarding the children. Boston, USA: The Christian Science Publishing Co.
8. Cook, D. (2000). Testimony of the American Academy of Pediatrics on media violence before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdf Retreived December, 22, 2012, from

9. Eashwer, S. (2003). Media violence: Media, violence and challenges facing modern societies. Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development and UNESCO.
10. Evra, J. V. (2004). Television and child development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
11. Finkelhor, D., & Kendall-Tackett, K. (1997). A developmental perspective on the childhood impact of crime, abuse and violent victimization. In D. Cicehetti & Toth S.L. (Eds.), Developmental Perspectives on Trauma: Theory, Research and Intervention (pp. 1-31). New York: University of Rochester Press.
12. Flannery, D. (2006). Violence and mental health in everyday life. USA: AltaMira Press.
13. Federal Bureau of Investigation (1951–2000). Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
14. Feilitzen, C. V., & Carlsson, U. (Yearbook, 2002). Children, young people, and media globalisation. The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth, and Media. Nordicom Göteborg University.
15. Ferguson, C. (2009). Media violence effects: Confirmed truth or just another x-file? Journal of Forensic Psychology Practic. 9, 103–126.
16. Ferguson, C.(2007). Evidence for publication bias in video game violence effects literature: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 12, 470–482.
17. Freedman, J. (1992). Television violence and aggression: What psychologists should tell the public. In P. Seudfeld, & P. Tetlock (Eds), Psychology and Social Policy. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
18. Groebel, J. (1998). Media violence and children. Permission of UNESCO, The World Scout Movement and Utrecht University.
19. Groebel, J. (1999). Bulletin 49: The UNESCO global study on media violence. The Major Project of Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile: OREALC Publications.
20. Groosman, D., & DeGaetano, G. (1999). Stop teaching our kids to kill. New York: Crown Publishers.
21. Hoffman, M. A. (1996). Schools, violence and society. Westport: Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group.
22. Heusmann, L. R., & Eron, D. L. (1986). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology. 39(2), 201-221.
24. Haftada 18 saati TV karşısında geçiriyorlar (Spending 18 hours weekly in front of television). (2012, March, 20). Hürriyet Aile, p. 12.
25. Jeffrey, M. (1994). How TV violence hits kids. Education Digest. 60 (2), 16-20.
26. Jipguep, M. C., & Sanders-Phillips, K. (Fall, 2003). The context of violence for children of color: violence in the community and in the media. Journal of Negro Education. 72(4), 379-95.
27. John P. M. (1993). The developing child in a multimedia society In Gordon, B., & Asamen, J. K. (Eds.), Children and Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World.
28. Kaskun, A., & Öztunç, S. (2012). Çocuk, televizyon ve şiddet (child, television and violence).