Development and Validation of the Cloud Technologies Usage in Education Scale
Year 2020,
, 69 - 82, 05.02.2020
Agah Tuğrul Korucu
,
Aydin Karakoca
Abstract
In this research, it is aimed to develop a scale for the use of cloud
technologies in education. The sample group of the study consists of 415
preservice teachers who are studying at universities in Konya. For the validity
and reliability analyses of the scale, the sample group consisting of 415 units
was randomly allocated (=208 and =207) sub-samples, the first
sample was used for explanatory factor analysis and the second sample was used
for confirmatory factor analysis. As a result of the explanatory factor
analysis of the data obtained from the first group, 6-item scale consists of
motivation and interaction sub-dimensions. Interaction dimension of total
variability alone explains 35.89% and motivation dimension explains 33.56%.
Factor loads for the sub-dimensions ranged between 0.74 and 0.83. The internal
consistency coefficient was 0.83 for Cronbach alpha, 0.77 for motivation
subscale and 0.79 for interaction subscale. For the second sample, it was found
that the model formed by the two-factor structure of the scale was appropriate
according to the fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis
results. As a result, Cloud Technologies Usage scale was found to be a valid
and reliable measurement tool.
References
- Akgül, A. (2005). Tıbbi Araştırmalarda İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri. Spss Uygulamaları. Ankara. ISBN: 975-96359-2-5.
- Alpar, R. (1998). İstatistik ve Spor Bilimleri. Ankara: Bağırgan Yayınevi.
- Al-Zoube, M. (2009). E-Learning on the Cloud. Int. Arab J. e-Technol., 1(2), 58-64.
- Arpaci, I. (2016). Understanding and predicting students' intention to use mobile cloud storage services. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 150-157.
- Aydın, B. (2003). Bilgi toplumu oluşumunda bireylerin yetiştirilmesi ve matematik öğretimi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(14), 183-190.
- Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adju¬dging model fit. Personality And Individual Diffe-rences, 42(5), 815-824.
- Batibay, E. F. (2019). Web 2.0 Uygulamalarinin Türkçe Dersinde Motivasyona Ve Başariya Etkisi: Kahoot Örneği, Master's thesis, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
- Beldarrain, Y. (2006). Distance education trends: Integrating new technologies to foster student interaction and collaboration. Distance education, 27(2), 139-153.
- Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. Bmj, 314(7080), 572.
- Bouyer, A., & Arasteh, B. (2014). The necessity of using cloud computing in educational system. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 581-585.
- Bower, M., Hedberg, J., & Kuswara, A. (2009). “Conceptualising Web 2.0 Enabled Learning Designs. Same Places, Different Spaces.” Proceedings Ascilite 2009, Auckland. Accessed June 24, 2019. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/auckland09/procs/bower.pdf.
- Burda, D., & Teuteberg, F. (2016). Exploring consumer preferences in cloud archiving–a student's perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(2), 89-105.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör Analizi Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(470-48).
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005) Veri Analizi El Kitabı (5. Basım). Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Çelik, H. E., & Yılmaz, V. (2016). LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Temel kavramlar-uygulamalar-programlama. Anı Yayıncılık.
- Dursun, Ö. Ö., & Aydın, C. H. (2011). İletişimci Biçimleri Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Çevirisi, Uyarlanması, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğinin Sağlanması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İibf Dergisi, 6(2), 263 286.
- Elamir, A. M., Jailani, N., & Bakar, M. A. (2013). Framework and architecture for programming education environment as a cloud computing service. Procedia Technology, 11, 1299-1308.
- Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS For Windows, New Delhi: Sage publication.
- Foster, I., Yong, Z., Raicu, I., & Lu, S. (2008). Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared. Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. 1-10.
- González-Martínez, J. A., Bote-Lorenzo, M. L., Gómez-Sánchez, E., & Cano-Parra, R. (2015). Cloud computing and education: A state-of-the-art survey. Computers & Education, 80, 132-151.
- Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hamutoğlu, N. B. (2017). Bulut Bilişim Teknolojileri Kabul Modeli 3: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 8-25.
- Hamutoğlu, N. B. (2018). İşbirlikli Öğrenme Etkinliklerinde Bulut Bilişim Teknolojilerinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kabul, Paylaşmaya Uygunluk ve Öğrenme Performanslarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
- Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179-185.
- Ion, I., Sachdeva, N., Kumaraguru, P., & Čapkun, S. (2011). Home is safer than the cloud!: privacy concerns for consumer cloud storage. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (p. 13). ACM.
- Johnson, L., & Smith, R., et al. (2010). The 2010 horizon report: K-12 edition? Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium.
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Kalafat, Ö. (2015). Öğrencilerin İşbirlikli Öğrenme Ortamlarında Bulut Teknolojilerini Kullanım Deneyimleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
- Karasar, Ş. (2004). Eğitimde yeni iletişim teknolojileri-internet ve sanal yüksek eğitim. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 3(4), 117-125.Kılıç, S. (2013). Örnekleme yöntemleri. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(1), 44-6.
- Kim, W. (2009). Cloud computing: Today and tomorrow. Journal of object technology, 8(1), 65-72.
- Kline, P. (1994). Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. London: Routledge.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed, New York: Guilford Press.
- Marinos, A., & Briscoe, G. (2009). Community cloud computing, in: Cloud Comput. First Int. Conf. CloudCom 2009, in: LNCS, vol.5931, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Beijing, China, pp.472–484.
- Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST definition of cloud computing recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Spec Publ. 145:7.
- Miller, A. K. (1989). Enhanching Early Chilhood Mainstreaming Through Cooperative Learning: A Brief Literature Revıew. Child Study Journal, 19(4), 285-291.
- Molen, F. V. D. (2010). Get Ready for Cloud Computing: A Comprehensive Guide to Virtualization and Cloud Computing. Zaltbommel, The Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing.
- Monroy, C. R., Arias, C. A., & Guerrero, Y. N. (2013). The new cloud computingparadigm: the way to IT seen as a utility. Latin American and Caribbean Journalof Engineering Education, 6(2).
- Nandhini, M. (2016). Web 2.0 tools in education. National Conference on Higher Education in the Knowledge Age: Techno-Pedagogical Perspectives and İnnovations. India.
- Nayar, K. B., & Kumar, V. (2018). Cost benefit analysis of cloud computing in education. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 27(2), 205-221.
- Norton, P., & Hathaway, D. (2008). On its way to K–12 classrooms, Web 2.0 goes to graduate school. Computers in the Schools, 25(3-4), 163- 180.
- O’Reilly, T. 2005. “What is Web 2.0 – Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software.” Accessed June 12, 2019. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/ news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
- Okutucu, B. O. (2012). Bulut Bilişim ve Teknolojileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Okan Üniversitesi, Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
- O'Rourke, N., Psych, R., & Hatcher, L. (2013). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Sas Institute.
- Özer, Ü., & Özer, E. (2017). Sosyal Bilgiler ile Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Öğretmeni Adaylarının Eğitimde Web 2.0 Kullanımına Yönelik Görüşleri. 3nd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS).
- Öztopcu, A. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Öğretimde Bilişim Teknolojileri. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 86-100.
- Pardeshi, V. H. (2014). Cloud computing for higher education institutes: architecture, strategy and recommendations for effective adaptation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, 589-599.Pearson Education.
- Prince, J. D. (2011). Introduction to cloud computing. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 8(4), 449-458.
- Rayport, J. F., Heyward, A. (2009). Envisioning the Cloud: The Next Computing Paradigm.
- Rigdon, E. E. (1996). CFI versus RMSEA: A compari¬son of two fit indexes for structural equation mo-deling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidis¬ciplinary Journal, 3(4), 369-379.
- Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629–1646.
- Sabi, H. M., Uzoka, F. M. E., Langmia, K., & Njeh, F. N. (2016). Conceptualizing a model for adoption of cloud computing in education. International Journal of Information Management, 36(2), 183-191.
- Sarıtaş, T., & Üner, N. (2013). Eğitimdeki yenilikçi teknolojiler: Bulut teknolojisi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 192-201.
- Schneckenberg, D. (2014). Easy, collaborative and engaging–the use of cloud computing in the design of management classrooms. Educational Research, 56(4), 412-435.
- Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.
- Seçer, İ. (2013). Spss ve lisrel ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Sevli, O. (2011). Bulut bilişim ve eğitim alanında örnek bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta.
- Shevlin, M., & Miles, J. N. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Persona¬lity and Individual Differences, 25(1).
- Shin, D. H. (2015). User value design for cloud courseware system. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(5), 506-519.
- Sırakaya, M., & Sırakaya, D. A. (2013). Eğitim Uygulamaları İçin Yeni Fırsat: Bulut Bilişim. Internatıonal Symposıum On Changes And New Trends In Educatıon.
- Stevenson, M., & Hedberg, J. G. (2011). Head in the clouds: a review of current and future potential for cloud-enabled pedagogies. Educational Media International, 48(4), 321-333.
- Sultan, N. (2010). Cloud computing for education: A new dawn?. International Journal of Information Management. 30(2), 109–116.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston.
- Tadwalkar, S. (2013). Cloud Computing–Still a Long Way to Go. Accessed: June 21, 2019. www.mahindrasatyam.com/corporate/.../Cloud_Computing.pdf.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Thorsteinsson G., Page T., & Niculescu A. (2010). Using virtual reality for developing design communication. Studies in Informatics and Control, 19 (2), 93-106.
- Tiryakioğlu, F. & Erzurum, F. (2011). Bir eğitim aracı olarak ağların kullanımı. 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Education and Their Implications. Antalya.
- Tosun, N. Özdoğan, A. (2013). Bulut Bilişim Teknolojisinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceğine Bakış, 1st International Instructional Technologies and Teacher Education Symposium, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
- Ventura, K. (2011). AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli. http://web.deu.edu.tr/upk15/docs/seminerSunumlari/AMOS%20(ANALYSIS%20OF%20MOMENT%20STRUCTURES)%20VE%20YAPISAL%20ESITLIK%20MODELIYRD.%20DOC.%20DR.%20KETI%20VENTURA.pdf. 21.08.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Wei, C. M. (2014). Research on the network education platform of universities based on cloud computing. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 926, pp. 4594-4597). Trans Tech Publications.
- Wu, C. F., & Huang, L. P. (2011). Developing the environment of information technology education using cloud computing infrastructure. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 864-871.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanbul Business Research, 46, 74-85.
Year 2020,
, 69 - 82, 05.02.2020
Agah Tuğrul Korucu
,
Aydin Karakoca
References
- Akgül, A. (2005). Tıbbi Araştırmalarda İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri. Spss Uygulamaları. Ankara. ISBN: 975-96359-2-5.
- Alpar, R. (1998). İstatistik ve Spor Bilimleri. Ankara: Bağırgan Yayınevi.
- Al-Zoube, M. (2009). E-Learning on the Cloud. Int. Arab J. e-Technol., 1(2), 58-64.
- Arpaci, I. (2016). Understanding and predicting students' intention to use mobile cloud storage services. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 150-157.
- Aydın, B. (2003). Bilgi toplumu oluşumunda bireylerin yetiştirilmesi ve matematik öğretimi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(14), 183-190.
- Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adju¬dging model fit. Personality And Individual Diffe-rences, 42(5), 815-824.
- Batibay, E. F. (2019). Web 2.0 Uygulamalarinin Türkçe Dersinde Motivasyona Ve Başariya Etkisi: Kahoot Örneği, Master's thesis, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
- Beldarrain, Y. (2006). Distance education trends: Integrating new technologies to foster student interaction and collaboration. Distance education, 27(2), 139-153.
- Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. Bmj, 314(7080), 572.
- Bouyer, A., & Arasteh, B. (2014). The necessity of using cloud computing in educational system. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 581-585.
- Bower, M., Hedberg, J., & Kuswara, A. (2009). “Conceptualising Web 2.0 Enabled Learning Designs. Same Places, Different Spaces.” Proceedings Ascilite 2009, Auckland. Accessed June 24, 2019. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/auckland09/procs/bower.pdf.
- Burda, D., & Teuteberg, F. (2016). Exploring consumer preferences in cloud archiving–a student's perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(2), 89-105.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör Analizi Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(470-48).
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005) Veri Analizi El Kitabı (5. Basım). Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Çelik, H. E., & Yılmaz, V. (2016). LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Temel kavramlar-uygulamalar-programlama. Anı Yayıncılık.
- Dursun, Ö. Ö., & Aydın, C. H. (2011). İletişimci Biçimleri Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Çevirisi, Uyarlanması, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğinin Sağlanması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İibf Dergisi, 6(2), 263 286.
- Elamir, A. M., Jailani, N., & Bakar, M. A. (2013). Framework and architecture for programming education environment as a cloud computing service. Procedia Technology, 11, 1299-1308.
- Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS For Windows, New Delhi: Sage publication.
- Foster, I., Yong, Z., Raicu, I., & Lu, S. (2008). Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared. Grid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. 1-10.
- González-Martínez, J. A., Bote-Lorenzo, M. L., Gómez-Sánchez, E., & Cano-Parra, R. (2015). Cloud computing and education: A state-of-the-art survey. Computers & Education, 80, 132-151.
- Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hamutoğlu, N. B. (2017). Bulut Bilişim Teknolojileri Kabul Modeli 3: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 8-25.
- Hamutoğlu, N. B. (2018). İşbirlikli Öğrenme Etkinliklerinde Bulut Bilişim Teknolojilerinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kabul, Paylaşmaya Uygunluk ve Öğrenme Performanslarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
- Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179-185.
- Ion, I., Sachdeva, N., Kumaraguru, P., & Čapkun, S. (2011). Home is safer than the cloud!: privacy concerns for consumer cloud storage. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (p. 13). ACM.
- Johnson, L., & Smith, R., et al. (2010). The 2010 horizon report: K-12 edition? Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium.
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Kalafat, Ö. (2015). Öğrencilerin İşbirlikli Öğrenme Ortamlarında Bulut Teknolojilerini Kullanım Deneyimleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
- Karasar, Ş. (2004). Eğitimde yeni iletişim teknolojileri-internet ve sanal yüksek eğitim. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 3(4), 117-125.Kılıç, S. (2013). Örnekleme yöntemleri. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(1), 44-6.
- Kim, W. (2009). Cloud computing: Today and tomorrow. Journal of object technology, 8(1), 65-72.
- Kline, P. (1994). Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. London: Routledge.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed, New York: Guilford Press.
- Marinos, A., & Briscoe, G. (2009). Community cloud computing, in: Cloud Comput. First Int. Conf. CloudCom 2009, in: LNCS, vol.5931, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Beijing, China, pp.472–484.
- Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST definition of cloud computing recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Spec Publ. 145:7.
- Miller, A. K. (1989). Enhanching Early Chilhood Mainstreaming Through Cooperative Learning: A Brief Literature Revıew. Child Study Journal, 19(4), 285-291.
- Molen, F. V. D. (2010). Get Ready for Cloud Computing: A Comprehensive Guide to Virtualization and Cloud Computing. Zaltbommel, The Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing.
- Monroy, C. R., Arias, C. A., & Guerrero, Y. N. (2013). The new cloud computingparadigm: the way to IT seen as a utility. Latin American and Caribbean Journalof Engineering Education, 6(2).
- Nandhini, M. (2016). Web 2.0 tools in education. National Conference on Higher Education in the Knowledge Age: Techno-Pedagogical Perspectives and İnnovations. India.
- Nayar, K. B., & Kumar, V. (2018). Cost benefit analysis of cloud computing in education. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 27(2), 205-221.
- Norton, P., & Hathaway, D. (2008). On its way to K–12 classrooms, Web 2.0 goes to graduate school. Computers in the Schools, 25(3-4), 163- 180.
- O’Reilly, T. 2005. “What is Web 2.0 – Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software.” Accessed June 12, 2019. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/ news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
- Okutucu, B. O. (2012). Bulut Bilişim ve Teknolojileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Okan Üniversitesi, Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
- O'Rourke, N., Psych, R., & Hatcher, L. (2013). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Sas Institute.
- Özer, Ü., & Özer, E. (2017). Sosyal Bilgiler ile Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Öğretmeni Adaylarının Eğitimde Web 2.0 Kullanımına Yönelik Görüşleri. 3nd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS).
- Öztopcu, A. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Öğretimde Bilişim Teknolojileri. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 86-100.
- Pardeshi, V. H. (2014). Cloud computing for higher education institutes: architecture, strategy and recommendations for effective adaptation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, 589-599.Pearson Education.
- Prince, J. D. (2011). Introduction to cloud computing. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 8(4), 449-458.
- Rayport, J. F., Heyward, A. (2009). Envisioning the Cloud: The Next Computing Paradigm.
- Rigdon, E. E. (1996). CFI versus RMSEA: A compari¬son of two fit indexes for structural equation mo-deling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidis¬ciplinary Journal, 3(4), 369-379.
- Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629–1646.
- Sabi, H. M., Uzoka, F. M. E., Langmia, K., & Njeh, F. N. (2016). Conceptualizing a model for adoption of cloud computing in education. International Journal of Information Management, 36(2), 183-191.
- Sarıtaş, T., & Üner, N. (2013). Eğitimdeki yenilikçi teknolojiler: Bulut teknolojisi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 192-201.
- Schneckenberg, D. (2014). Easy, collaborative and engaging–the use of cloud computing in the design of management classrooms. Educational Research, 56(4), 412-435.
- Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.
- Seçer, İ. (2013). Spss ve lisrel ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Sevli, O. (2011). Bulut bilişim ve eğitim alanında örnek bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta.
- Shevlin, M., & Miles, J. N. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Persona¬lity and Individual Differences, 25(1).
- Shin, D. H. (2015). User value design for cloud courseware system. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(5), 506-519.
- Sırakaya, M., & Sırakaya, D. A. (2013). Eğitim Uygulamaları İçin Yeni Fırsat: Bulut Bilişim. Internatıonal Symposıum On Changes And New Trends In Educatıon.
- Stevenson, M., & Hedberg, J. G. (2011). Head in the clouds: a review of current and future potential for cloud-enabled pedagogies. Educational Media International, 48(4), 321-333.
- Sultan, N. (2010). Cloud computing for education: A new dawn?. International Journal of Information Management. 30(2), 109–116.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston.
- Tadwalkar, S. (2013). Cloud Computing–Still a Long Way to Go. Accessed: June 21, 2019. www.mahindrasatyam.com/corporate/.../Cloud_Computing.pdf.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Thorsteinsson G., Page T., & Niculescu A. (2010). Using virtual reality for developing design communication. Studies in Informatics and Control, 19 (2), 93-106.
- Tiryakioğlu, F. & Erzurum, F. (2011). Bir eğitim aracı olarak ağların kullanımı. 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Education and Their Implications. Antalya.
- Tosun, N. Özdoğan, A. (2013). Bulut Bilişim Teknolojisinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceğine Bakış, 1st International Instructional Technologies and Teacher Education Symposium, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
- Ventura, K. (2011). AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli. http://web.deu.edu.tr/upk15/docs/seminerSunumlari/AMOS%20(ANALYSIS%20OF%20MOMENT%20STRUCTURES)%20VE%20YAPISAL%20ESITLIK%20MODELIYRD.%20DOC.%20DR.%20KETI%20VENTURA.pdf. 21.08.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Wei, C. M. (2014). Research on the network education platform of universities based on cloud computing. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 926, pp. 4594-4597). Trans Tech Publications.
- Wu, C. F., & Huang, L. P. (2011). Developing the environment of information technology education using cloud computing infrastructure. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 864-871.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanbul Business Research, 46, 74-85.