Body Satisfaction and Well-Being Status as Predictors of Conscious Awareness

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 645 - 665, 30.06.2019

Abdullah Mert , Meliha Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.482699

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The aim of this study is to
investigate the relationship between conscious awareness and well-being and
body satisfaction levels of university students. The data of the study were
collected from 369 (N = 220 female, N = 149 male) students who studied at
various departments of Uşak University in 2017-2018 academic year. The research
was conducted in accordance with the relational screening model. The “Well-
Being Scale" was used to determine well-being state of the students, the
"Body satisfaction Scale" was used to determine their body
satisfaction state, and the "Conscious Awareness Scale" was used to
determine their level of Conscious awareness . Data were tested at .05 and .01
significance level. Data were analyzed by using t-test, correlation and
multiple regression method by using SPSS 20.0 program. The results of the study
showed that body satisfaction did not differ according to gender and the
well-being was higher in female students, whereas the conscious awareness was
higher in male students. In addition, there was a weak positive relationship
between the Conscious awareness and the well-being and body satisfaction.
Findings revealed that body satisfaction and well-being predict the conscious
awareness at statistically significant level. The findings of the present study
were discussed in the light of the literature and some suggestions were made.

Keywords

Conscious awareness, Body satisfaction

References

• Adams, T. B., Bezner, J. R., Drabbs, M. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American college health, 48(4), 165-173.Ang, R. P., & Jiaqing, O. (2012). Association between caregiving, meaning in life, and life satisfaction beyond 50 in an Asian sample: Age as a moderator. Social Indicators Research, 108(3), 525-534.Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2(3), 285-297.Avan, Z. (2015). Özel bir spor merkezine devam eden 18-30 yaş arası bireylerin beslenme durumlarının ve beden algılarının değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisan tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).Baer, R. A. (2007). Mindfulness, assessment, and transdiagnostic processes. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 238-242.Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191-206.Bakalım, O., & Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Body Appreciation Scale: Evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties among male and female Turkish university students. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1).Baştuğ, G., Akandere, M. & Yıldız, H. (2011). Sedanter Genç Bayanlarda Aerobik Egzersizin Vücut Kompozisyonu Ve Kendini Fiziksel Tanımlama Değerlerine Etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2).Baysal, N. & Demirbaş, B. (2012). Sınıf öğretmenliği adaylarının bilinçli farkındalıkları ile yansıtıcı düşünme eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 12-20.Beauchemin, J., Hutchins, T. L. & Patterson, F. (2008). Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety, promote social skills, and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning disabilities. Complementary Health Practice Review, 13(1), 34-45.Bezner, J. R., Adams, T. B. & Steinhardt, M. A. (1997). Relationship of body dissatisfaction to physical health and wellness. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(2), 147-155.Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D. ve Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract, 11,230-241Broderick, P. C., & Metz, S. (2009). Learning to BREATHE: A pilot trial of a mindfulness curriculum for adolescents. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 2(1), 35-46.Brown, K. W. & Kasser, T. (2005). Are psychological and ecological well-being compatible? The role of values, mindfulness, and lifestyle. Social Indicators Research, 74(2), 349-368.Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822.Carlson, L. E. & Brown, K. W. (2005). Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale in a cancer population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(1), 29-33.Carmody, J. & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33.Cengiz, R. (2015). Taekwondo sporcularının bilinçli farkındalık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. In ERPA International Health and Physical Education Congress (pp. 4-7).Cengiz, R., Serdar, E., & Donuk, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkindalik ve girişimcilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, Online, 2(4).Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical psychology review, 29(6), 560-572.Çelik, M., Turunç, Ö., ve Bilgin, N. (2014). Çalışanların Örgütsel Adalet Algılarının Psikolojik Sermaye Üzerine Etkisi: Çalışanların İyilik Halinin Düzenleyici Rolü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(4), 559-585.Çepikkurt, F. ve Coşkun F. (2010). Social physique anxiety and body image satisfaction levels of collegian dangers. Pamukkale Journal Of Sport Sciences, 1(2):1Çok, F. (1990). Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents. Adolescence, 25: 409-414, Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M. ve Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990-1005.Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 185.Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.Degges-White, S. & Myers, J. E. (2006). Transitions, wellness, and life satisfaction: Implications for counseling midlife women. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28(2), 133-150.Demirbulat, Ö. G. & Bozok, D. (2015). Presenteeism (işte var olamama) ile yaşam doyumu, fiziksel ve ruhsal iyilik halinin etkileşimine yönelik seyahat acentesi iş görenleri üzerinde bir araştırma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2015(1), 7-13.Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Social Indicators Research Series, 39, 67-100.Doğan, T. (2008). Psikolojik belirtilerin yordayıcısı olarak sosyal destek ve iyilik hali. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(30), 30-44.Dunn, H. L. (1961). High level wellness. A Collection of Twenty-Nine Short Talks on Different Aspects of the Theme “High-Level Wellness for Man and Society”. Arlington, VA: Beatty.Falkenström, F. (2010). Studying mindfulness in experienced meditators: A quasi-experimental approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(3), 305-310.Fidan, M., & Usta, F. (2013). İyilik hali ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun güvenirlik ve geçerliğinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 265-269.Finucane, A., & Mercer, S. W. (2006). An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care. B.M.C psychiatry, 6(1), 14.Flugel Colle, K. F., Vincent, A., Cha, S. S., Loehrer, L. L., Bauer, B. A., & Wahner-Roedler, D. L. (2010). Measurement of quality of life and participant experience with the mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 36-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.008.Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of research on the happiness measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20(4), 355-381.Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness as clinical training. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 55-72). New York.Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of psychology, 136(6), 581-596.Gander, M. J. ve Gardiner, H., W. (1993). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi, Çev. Ali Dönmez, Nilgün Çelen, Bekir Onur.) İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.Gedik, G. (2018). Bilinçli farkındalık ve kendini kabul öz. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6, (71). Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22, 24-29.Germer, C.K., Siegel, R.D., & Fulton, P.R. (Eds.). (2005). Mindfulness in psychotherapy. New York: Guildford Press.Gilbert, C. G. (2005). Unbundling the structure of inertia: Resource versus routine rigidity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 741-763.Gilbert, P., & Tirch, D. (2009). Emotional memory, mindfulness and compassion. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 99–110). New York: SpringerGürgân, U. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık ve iyilik halinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Education Sciences, 9(1), 19-35.Hacıoğlu, M. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beden imgesi hoşnutluğu ve iletişim becerilerinin incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 1-16.Halama, P., & Dědovă, M. (2007). Meaning in life and hope as predictors of positive mental health: do they explain residual variance not predicted by personality traits? Studia Psychologica, 49 (3), 191.Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kolligian, Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 67-97). New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press.Haspolat, N. K. ve Kağan, M. Sosyal fobinin yordayıcıları olarak beden imajı ve benlik saygısı. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 139-152. DOI: 10.17556/erziefd.322327Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255-262.Ho, J. Y. ve Dempsey, M. (2010). Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content. Journal of Business research, 63(9-10), 1000-1006.Howell, A. J., Digdon, N. L., Buro, K., ve Sheptycki, A. R. (2008). Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 773-777.Ivey, A.E., Ivey, M.B., & Zalaquett, C.P. (2014). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.Johnson, C., & Larson, R. (1982). Bulimia: An analysis of moods and behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine, 44(4), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198209000-00003.Kabat-Zinn, J. (2012). Mindfulness for beginners: Reclaiming the present moment—and your life. Sounds True. Baulder, CO, p.1.Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.Kabat-Zinn, J. (2000). Indra's net at work: The mainstreaming of Dharma practice in society. In G. Watson, S. Batchelor, & G. Claxton (Eds.), The psychology of awakening: Buddhism, science, and our day-to-day lives (pp. 225-249). York Beach, ME, US: Samuel Weiser.Keyes, C. L.Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007.Kim, J. (2001). Mental causation and consciousness: The two mind-body problems for the physicalist’ in: physicalism and ıts discontents. C. Gillett and B. Loewer, eds. Cambridge University Press.Koç, M. (2004). Gelişim psikolojisi açısından ergenlik dönemi ve genel özellikleri. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17 (2), (231-256 s.).Liehr, P., & Diaz, N. (2010). A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 69-71.Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2000). Personality and subjective well-being across the life span. In V. J. Molfese & D. L. Molfese (Eds.), Temperament and personality development across the life span (pp. 211-234). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Lykins, E. L., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 226-241.Mayer, E. A. (2000). Psychological stress and colitis. Gut, 46(5), 595-596.Mayer, J. D. (2000). Spiritual intelligence or spiritual consciousness. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 47–56.McCabe, M., & Ricciardelli, L. (2001). Parent, peer and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls. Adolescence, 36(142), 225-240.Mennin, D,.S, Heimberg, R.,G ve Turk, C.,L.(2005) Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Res. Ther, 43:1281-1310.Miller, G., & Foster, L. T. (2010). Critical synthesis of wellness literature. Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria. http://geog.uvic.ca/wellness/Critical_Synthesis %20of%20 Wellness%20Update.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018.Myers, D. G. (1992). The pursuit of happiness: What makes a person happy-and Why. William Morrow & Company.Myers, J. E., & Mobley, A. K. (2004). Wellness of undergraduates: Comparisons of traditional and nontraditional students. Journal of College Counseling, 7(1), 40-49.Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The wheel of wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251-266.Myers, J. E., & Degges-White, S. E. (2007). Aging well in an upscale retirement community: The relationships among perceived stress, mattering, and wellness. Adultspan Journal, 6(2), 96-110.Napoli, M., Krech, P. R., & Holley, L. C. (2005). Mindfulness training for elementary school students: The attention academy. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21(1), 99-125.Newell, R., & Marks, I. (2000). Phobic nature of social difficulty in facially disfigured people. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 177-181.Nyanaponika T.(1972). The power of mindfulness. San Francisco, CA: Unity Press. Nydahl, O. (2008). The way things are. UK: O Books.Oğuz-Duran, N. (2006). Wellness among turkish university students: investigating the construct and testing the effectives of an art enriched wellness program. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.Oleckno, W. A., & Blacconiere, M. J. (1990). A multiple discriminant analysis of smoking status and health-related attitudes and behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(6), 323-329.Özen, Y. (2010). Kişisel sorumluluk bağlamında öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş (Sosyal psikolojik bir değerlendirme). Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi (DÜSBED) (2) S.4. ISSN: 1308-6219Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Öz anlayış ve bilinçli farkındalık. Maya Akademi. İstanbul.Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160).Pateman, C. (2004). Democratizing citizenship: some advantages of a basic income. Politics & society, 32(1), 89-105.Pechriggl, A. & Postl, T. B. G. (2005). Body and gender within the stratifications of the social imaginary. Hypatia, 20(2), 102-118.Rinderknecht, K., & Smith, C. (2002). Body‐image perceptions among urban native American Youth. Obesity Research, 10(5), 315-327.Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M. ve Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40, 142-154Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre-and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1(3), 137-151.Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2011). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1116-1119.Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009). I think therefore I om: Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 561-573.Semple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010). A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 218-229.Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from? In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 17-35). Springer, New York, NY.Sinclair, S. L., & Myers, J. E. (2004). The relationship between objectified body consciousness and wellness in a group of college women. Journal of College Counseling, 7(2), 150-161.Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G. ve Ridgeway, V. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/ recurrence in major depression by mindfulness- based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615- 623.Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 23-44.Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49(4), 281-288.Wall, R. B. (2005). Tai chi and mindfulness-based stress reduction in a Boston public middle school. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 19(4), 230-237.Wagstaff, C.A. (1997). Wellness and adolescents: The effects of a school based intervention. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, McGill University Montreal, Quebec.Wang, Y. & Kong, F. (2014). The role of emotional intelligence in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and mental distress. Social Indicators Research, 116(3), 843-852.Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374-385.Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75(1), 26-35.Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Mindfulness, depression and modes of mind. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 721-733. Yıkılmaz, M., & Demir-Güdül, M. D. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumu, yaşamda anlam ve bilinçli farkındalık arasındaki ilişkiler. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(2), 297-315.Zvolensky, M. J., Solomon, S. E., McLeish, A. C., Cassidy, D., Bernstein, A., Bowman, C. J., & Yartz, A. R. (2006). Incremental validity of mindfulness‐based attention in relation to the concurrent prediction of anxiety and depressive symptomatology and perceptions of health. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35(3), 148-158.