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Examining the Effect of Structured Roles on Social Presence

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 612 - 628

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of discussions carried out with structured roles for participants in an online learning environment, on social presence within the framework of the Community of Inquiry (CoI). The study was conducted with qualitative approach. Study participants consisted of 12 bachelors who were doing a Computer Operating course at a Public Education Center. Discussions continued for eight weeks and data were collected throughout this period. Data was obtained performed by analyzing the discussion board, assessing based on participants' role performances, and analyzing the participants’ views on the process. It was found that the participants fulfilled the requirements of their respective roles. Structured roles indicated a positive effect on social presence.

References

  • Annand, D. (2011). Social presence within the community of inquiry framework. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(5), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i5.924
  • Baran, E., & Correia, A. P. (2009). Student‐led facilitation strategies in online discussions. Distance Education, 30(3), 339-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910903236510
  • Baykara Pehlivan, K. (2005). A study on teacher candidates' perceptions of communication skills. Elementary-Online 4(2), 17-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/91073
  • Beuchot, A., & Bullen, M. (2005). Interaction and interpersonality in online discussion forums. Distance Education, 26(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910500081285
  • Butz, N. T., & Stupnisky, R. H. (2017). Improving student relatedness through an online discussion intervention: The application of self-determination theory in synchronous hybrid programs. Computers & Education, 114(1), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.006
  • Calli, L., Balcikanli, C., Calli, F., Cebeci, H., & Seymen, O. (2013). Identifying factors that contribute to the satisfaction of students in e-learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 14(1), 85–101. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/155781
  • Caspi, A., & Blau, I. (2008). Social presence in online discussion groups: Testing three conceptions and their relations to perceived learning. Social Psychology of Education, 11(1), 323–346. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11218-008-9054-2.pdf
  • Correia, A. P., & Davis, N. E. (2007). The design of collaboration in the virtual classroom. 30th Annual Proceedings of Selected Papers on The Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, 2(1), 84-87. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED499896.pdf#page=95
  • Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. http://repository.unmas.ac.id/medias/journal/EBK-00121.pdf
  • De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Van Keer, H. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analys transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.04.005
  • De Wever, B. D., Schellens, T., Van Keer, H., & Valcke, M. (2008). Structuring asynchronous discussion groups by introducing roles: Do students act in line with assigned roles?. Small Group Research, 39, 770–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408323227
  • Ding, L., Kim, C., & Orey, M. (2017). Studies of student engagement in gamified online discussions. Computers & Education, 115, 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.016
  • Enfiyeci, T., & Filiz, S. B. (2019). Examination of the sense of community of distance education graduate students in terms of various variables. TUBAV Journal of Science, 12(1), 20-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubav/issue/44484/505491
  • Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15389286ajde1903_2
  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text based environment. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6
  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15, 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923640109527071
  • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 31-36. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/108363/
  • Gündüz, A., Aydemir, M. & Karaman, S. (2018). Eş zamanlı sanal sınıf ortamındaki uzaktan eğitim öğrencilerinin sosyal bulunuşluk düzeylerinin demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.379981
  • Hawkes, M. (2006). Linguistic discourse variables as indicators of reflective online interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 20(4), 231–244. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15389286ajde2004_4
  • Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S., & Ng, C. S. L. (2010). Student contribution in asynchronous online discussion: A review of the research and empirical exploration. Instructional Science, 38(6), 571-606. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11251-008-9087-0
  • Hsu, J., & Hamilton, K. (2010). Applying distance learning and structural/pedagogical methods to an adult learner program: The case of global business management. T. Kidd (Eds.), In Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices (pp. 224-236). New Jersey: IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-education-adult-learning/36890
  • Jackson, L. C., Jackson, A. C., & Chambers, D. (2013). Establishing an online community of inquiry at the Distance Education Centre, Victoria. Distance Education, 34(3), 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.835774
  • Jiang, W. (2017). Interdependence of roles, role rotation, and sense of community in an online course. Distance Education, 38(1), 84-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1299564
  • Kara, M., Erdogdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K. (2019). Challenges faced by adult learners in online distance education: A literature review. Open Praxis, 11(1), 5-22. https://openpraxis.org/article/10.5944/openpraxis.11.1.929/
  • Keleş, E. (2018). Use of facebook for the community services practices course: Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework. Computers & Education, 116, 203-224. Lowenthal, P. R., & Dunlap, J. C. (2018). Investigating students’ perceptions of instructional strategies to establish social presence. Distance Education, 39(3), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1476844
  • Lowenthal, P. R., & Dunlap, J. C. (2020). Social presence and online discussions: a mixed method investigation. Distance Education, 41(4), 490-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821603
  • Lowenthal, P. R., & Snelson, C. (2017). In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into how researchers define social presence. Distance Education, 38(2), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1324727
  • Mansour, S., El-Said, M., & Bennett, L. (2010, Jun). Does the use of second life affect students’ feeling of social presence in e-learning. Paper presented at the Seventh Education and Information Systems, Florida. https://www.iiis.org/CDs2010/CD2010SCI/EISTA_2010/PapersPdf/EA083JS.pdf
  • Marra, R. M., Moore, J. L., & Klimczak, A. K. (2004). Content analysis of online discussion forums: A comparative analysis of protocols. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(2), 23. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02504837
  • Murphy, E., & Coleman, E. (2004). Graduate students’ experiences of challenges in online asynchronous discussions. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 30(2), 2-20. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/43066/
  • Noteboom, J. T., & Claywell, L. (2010). Student perceptions of cognitive, social, and teaching presence. Paper presented at the twenty-sixth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, USA. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Parker, J. (2010). The online adult learner: Profiles and practices. T. Kidd (Eds.), In Online education and adult learning: New frontiers for teaching practices (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-adult-learner/36874
  • Peterson, A. T. (2006). Uses and requirements of ecological niche models and related distributional models. Biodiversity Informatics, 3, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.17161/bi.v3i0.29
  • Rourke, L., & Anderson, T. (2002). Using peer teams to lead online discussions. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1(1), 1–21. http://doi.org/10.5334/2002-1
  • Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Methodological issues in the content analysis of computer conference transcripts. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 12, 8–22. http://hdl.handle.net/2149/715
  • Schifter, C. C., Ketelhut, D. J., & Nelson, B. C. (2012). Presence and middle school students' participation in a virtual game environment to assess science inquiry. Educational Technology and Society, 15 (1), 53–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/jeductechsoci.15.1.53.pdf
  • Stodel, E. J., Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2006). Learner’s perspectives on what is missing from online learning: Interpretations through the community of inquiry. International Review of Research in Open and distance Learning, 7(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v7i3.325
  • Strijbos, J. W., Martens, R. L., Jochems, W. M. G., & Broers, N. J. (2004). The effect of functional roles on group efficiency: Using multilevel modelling and content analysis to investigate computer-supported collaboration in small groups. Small Group Research, 35, 195–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496403260843
  • Wang, Q. (2008). Student-facilitators’ roles in moderating online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39, 859–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00781.x
  • Wei, C. W., & Chen, N. S. (2012). A model for social presence in online classrooms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(3), 529-545. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-012-9234-9
  • Wolverton, C. C. (2018). Utilizing synchronous discussions to create an engaged classroom in online executive education. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(2), 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2018.03.001
  • Xie, K., Lu, L., Cheng, S. L., & Izmirli, S. (2017). The interactions between facilitator identity, conflictual presence, and social presence in peer-moderated online collaborative learning. Distance Education, 38(2), 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1322458
  • Xie, K., Yu, C., & Bradshaw, A. C. (2014). Impacts of role assignment and participation in asynchronous discussions in college-level online classes. The Internet and Higher Education, 20, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.09.003
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. Qualitative research methods in social sciences (9th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Publishing
  • Yilmaz, R., & Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G. (2019). Assigned roles as a structuring tool in online discussion groups: comparison of transactional distance and knowledge sharing behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(5), 1303-1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118786855
  • Yılmaz, G. K. (2014). Developing a belief scale according to using computer technology in mathematics teaching. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.252
Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 612 - 628

Abstract

References

  • Annand, D. (2011). Social presence within the community of inquiry framework. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(5), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i5.924
  • Baran, E., & Correia, A. P. (2009). Student‐led facilitation strategies in online discussions. Distance Education, 30(3), 339-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910903236510
  • Baykara Pehlivan, K. (2005). A study on teacher candidates' perceptions of communication skills. Elementary-Online 4(2), 17-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/91073
  • Beuchot, A., & Bullen, M. (2005). Interaction and interpersonality in online discussion forums. Distance Education, 26(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910500081285
  • Butz, N. T., & Stupnisky, R. H. (2017). Improving student relatedness through an online discussion intervention: The application of self-determination theory in synchronous hybrid programs. Computers & Education, 114(1), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.006
  • Calli, L., Balcikanli, C., Calli, F., Cebeci, H., & Seymen, O. (2013). Identifying factors that contribute to the satisfaction of students in e-learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 14(1), 85–101. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/155781
  • Caspi, A., & Blau, I. (2008). Social presence in online discussion groups: Testing three conceptions and their relations to perceived learning. Social Psychology of Education, 11(1), 323–346. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11218-008-9054-2.pdf
  • Correia, A. P., & Davis, N. E. (2007). The design of collaboration in the virtual classroom. 30th Annual Proceedings of Selected Papers on The Practice of Educational Communications and Technology, 2(1), 84-87. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED499896.pdf#page=95
  • Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. http://repository.unmas.ac.id/medias/journal/EBK-00121.pdf
  • De Wever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M., & Van Keer, H. (2006). Content analysis schemes to analys transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review. Computers & Education, 46, 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.04.005
  • De Wever, B. D., Schellens, T., Van Keer, H., & Valcke, M. (2008). Structuring asynchronous discussion groups by introducing roles: Do students act in line with assigned roles?. Small Group Research, 39, 770–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408323227
  • Ding, L., Kim, C., & Orey, M. (2017). Studies of student engagement in gamified online discussions. Computers & Education, 115, 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.016
  • Enfiyeci, T., & Filiz, S. B. (2019). Examination of the sense of community of distance education graduate students in terms of various variables. TUBAV Journal of Science, 12(1), 20-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tubav/issue/44484/505491
  • Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15389286ajde1903_2
  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text based environment. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6
  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15, 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923640109527071
  • Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(1-2), 31-36. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/108363/
  • Gündüz, A., Aydemir, M. & Karaman, S. (2018). Eş zamanlı sanal sınıf ortamındaki uzaktan eğitim öğrencilerinin sosyal bulunuşluk düzeylerinin demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.379981
  • Hawkes, M. (2006). Linguistic discourse variables as indicators of reflective online interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 20(4), 231–244. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15389286ajde2004_4
  • Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S., & Ng, C. S. L. (2010). Student contribution in asynchronous online discussion: A review of the research and empirical exploration. Instructional Science, 38(6), 571-606. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11251-008-9087-0
  • Hsu, J., & Hamilton, K. (2010). Applying distance learning and structural/pedagogical methods to an adult learner program: The case of global business management. T. Kidd (Eds.), In Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices (pp. 224-236). New Jersey: IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-education-adult-learning/36890
  • Jackson, L. C., Jackson, A. C., & Chambers, D. (2013). Establishing an online community of inquiry at the Distance Education Centre, Victoria. Distance Education, 34(3), 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.835774
  • Jiang, W. (2017). Interdependence of roles, role rotation, and sense of community in an online course. Distance Education, 38(1), 84-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1299564
  • Kara, M., Erdogdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K. (2019). Challenges faced by adult learners in online distance education: A literature review. Open Praxis, 11(1), 5-22. https://openpraxis.org/article/10.5944/openpraxis.11.1.929/
  • Keleş, E. (2018). Use of facebook for the community services practices course: Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework. Computers & Education, 116, 203-224. Lowenthal, P. R., & Dunlap, J. C. (2018). Investigating students’ perceptions of instructional strategies to establish social presence. Distance Education, 39(3), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1476844
  • Lowenthal, P. R., & Dunlap, J. C. (2020). Social presence and online discussions: a mixed method investigation. Distance Education, 41(4), 490-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821603
  • Lowenthal, P. R., & Snelson, C. (2017). In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into how researchers define social presence. Distance Education, 38(2), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1324727
  • Mansour, S., El-Said, M., & Bennett, L. (2010, Jun). Does the use of second life affect students’ feeling of social presence in e-learning. Paper presented at the Seventh Education and Information Systems, Florida. https://www.iiis.org/CDs2010/CD2010SCI/EISTA_2010/PapersPdf/EA083JS.pdf
  • Marra, R. M., Moore, J. L., & Klimczak, A. K. (2004). Content analysis of online discussion forums: A comparative analysis of protocols. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(2), 23. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02504837
  • Murphy, E., & Coleman, E. (2004). Graduate students’ experiences of challenges in online asynchronous discussions. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 30(2), 2-20. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/43066/
  • Noteboom, J. T., & Claywell, L. (2010). Student perceptions of cognitive, social, and teaching presence. Paper presented at the twenty-sixth Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, USA. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Parker, J. (2010). The online adult learner: Profiles and practices. T. Kidd (Eds.), In Online education and adult learning: New frontiers for teaching practices (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-adult-learner/36874
  • Peterson, A. T. (2006). Uses and requirements of ecological niche models and related distributional models. Biodiversity Informatics, 3, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.17161/bi.v3i0.29
  • Rourke, L., & Anderson, T. (2002). Using peer teams to lead online discussions. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1(1), 1–21. http://doi.org/10.5334/2002-1
  • Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Methodological issues in the content analysis of computer conference transcripts. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 12, 8–22. http://hdl.handle.net/2149/715
  • Schifter, C. C., Ketelhut, D. J., & Nelson, B. C. (2012). Presence and middle school students' participation in a virtual game environment to assess science inquiry. Educational Technology and Society, 15 (1), 53–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/jeductechsoci.15.1.53.pdf
  • Stodel, E. J., Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2006). Learner’s perspectives on what is missing from online learning: Interpretations through the community of inquiry. International Review of Research in Open and distance Learning, 7(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v7i3.325
  • Strijbos, J. W., Martens, R. L., Jochems, W. M. G., & Broers, N. J. (2004). The effect of functional roles on group efficiency: Using multilevel modelling and content analysis to investigate computer-supported collaboration in small groups. Small Group Research, 35, 195–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496403260843
  • Wang, Q. (2008). Student-facilitators’ roles in moderating online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39, 859–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00781.x
  • Wei, C. W., & Chen, N. S. (2012). A model for social presence in online classrooms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(3), 529-545. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-012-9234-9
  • Wolverton, C. C. (2018). Utilizing synchronous discussions to create an engaged classroom in online executive education. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(2), 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2018.03.001
  • Xie, K., Lu, L., Cheng, S. L., & Izmirli, S. (2017). The interactions between facilitator identity, conflictual presence, and social presence in peer-moderated online collaborative learning. Distance Education, 38(2), 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1322458
  • Xie, K., Yu, C., & Bradshaw, A. C. (2014). Impacts of role assignment and participation in asynchronous discussions in college-level online classes. The Internet and Higher Education, 20, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.09.003
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. Qualitative research methods in social sciences (9th ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Publishing
  • Yilmaz, R., & Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G. (2019). Assigned roles as a structuring tool in online discussion groups: comparison of transactional distance and knowledge sharing behaviors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(5), 1303-1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118786855
  • Yılmaz, G. K. (2014). Developing a belief scale according to using computer technology in mathematics teaching. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.252
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Uğur Eryılmaz 0000-0003-1606-5733

Yasemin Karal 0000-0003-1606-5733

Early Pub Date July 18, 2024
Publication Date
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Eryılmaz, U., & Karal, Y. (2024). Examining the Effect of Structured Roles on Social Presence. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 13(3), 612-628.

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