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Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Günümüzde gelişen teknoloji sebebiyle artan enerji ihtiyacı; yeni, sürdürülebilir ve çevreci enerji kaynaklarının arayışını artırmıştır. Fosil yakıtların azalması, aynı zamanda kullanılsalarda sera gazı etkisiyle çevre kirletici olarak rol oynaması dünyanın geleceği için büyük sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu sebeple daha çevreci ve gaz emisyonu düşük ve çevreci olan biyodizel üretimi hız kazanmıştır. Biyodizel üretiminde oluşan ve %10 gibi büyük bir ölçeğe sahip yan ürün gliserolün değerlendirilmesi de sürdürülebilir bir çevre için oldukça önemlidir. Yan ürün gliserol farklı kimyasal süreçlerden geçirilerek değerlendirilmesi ile gliserin karbonatlar, eterli bileşikler, solketal ve solketaltersiyerbütileter gibi katma değeri yüksek yeni ve yenilikçi bileşikler üretilebilmektedir. Bu bileşiklerin kimya endüstrilerinde kullanılmasının yanı sıra yakıt katkı maddesi olarak değerlendirilmeleri de oldukça popülerdir. Solketal ve solketaltersiyerbütileter yakıt katkısı olarak biyodizel ve benzine eklenmesi ile yakıt özelliklerini olumlu yönde geliştiren, (vuruntu sayısını, gum oluşumunu, gaz emisyonunu azaltan), daha ılımlı ve çevreci olma potansiyeli yüksek yakıt katkısı olabileceğine dair literatür çalışmaları mevcuttur. Solketal üretimi tek adımlı; asit katalizli bir reaksiyondur ve gliserol ile ketonların uygun koşullarda transesterleşmesi ile elde edilir. Solketaltersiyerbütileter reaksiyonu ise iki adımda gerçekleştirilir. İlk adımda asit katalizörü varlığında gliserol ile bir ketonun ketalizasyonu ve bunu takiben ikinci adımda alkilasyon ajanı izobüten veya tersiyer bütil alkol kullanılarak elde edilir.
Bu çalışmada; solketal ve solketal tersiyer bütil eter reaksiyonlarının literatür incelemesi yapılmıştır. Yeni olan bu konu için; üretim yöntemleri, kullanılan katalizörler, reaksiyon sıcaklıkları ile reaktör seçimi gibi parametreler araştırılmıştır. Solketal ve solketaltersiyerbütileter reaksiyonunda kilit rol oynayan katalizörlerin gerçekleştirilecek deneysel çalışmalar için önemli özellikleri belirlenmiştir. En iyi reaksiyon verimi ve dönüşümü için gerekli değişkenler araştırılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Membran Ar-Ge Laboratuvarı

Thanks

Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Membran Ar-Ge Laboratuvarı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

References

  • [1] M. K. Aroua, P. S. Kong, W. M. A. W. Daud, H. V. Lee, P. Cognetc, Y. Peres, ‘’Catalytic role of solid acid catalysts in glycerol acetylation for the production of bio-additives: a review’’, The Royal Society of Chemistry, vol. 6, pp. 68885–68905, 2016.
  • [2] J.S. Clarkson, A. J. Walker, M. A. Wood, ‘’Continuous reactor technology for ketal formation: an improved synthesis of solketal’’, Organic Process Research & Development, vol. 5, pp. 630–5, 2001.
  • [3] J. Deutsch, A. Martin, H. Lieske, ‘’Investigation on heterogeneously catalysed condensation of glycerol to cyclic acetals’’, Journal of Catalysis, vol. 245, pp. 428–35, 2007.
  • [4] C. N. Fan, C. H. Xu, C. Q. Liu, Z. Y. Huang, J. Y. Liu, Z. X. Ye, ‘’Catalytic acetalization of biomass glycerol with acetone over TiO2–SiO2 mixed oxides’’, Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, vol. 107, pp. 189–202, 2012.
  • [5] I. Fatimah, I. Sahroni, G. Fadillah, M. M. Musawwa, T. M. I. Mahlia, O. Muraza, ‘’Glycerol to Solketal for Fuel Additive: Recent Progress in Heterogeneous Catalysts’’, Energies, vol. 12(15), pp. 2872, 2019.
  • [6] E. Fischer, ‘’Ueber die Verbindungen der Zucker mit den Alkoholen und Ketonen’’, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 28, 1145-1167, 1895.
  • [7] M. S. Khayoon, B. H. Hameed, ‘’Solventless acetalization of glycerol with acetone to fuel oxygenates over Ni–Zi supported mesoporous carbon catalyst’’, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 191(9), pp. 464-465, 2013
  • [8] A. L. Maksimov, A. I. Nekhaev, D. N. Ramazanov, Y. A. Arinicheva, A. A. Dzyubenko, S. N. Khadzhiev, ‘’Preparation of high octane oxygenate fuel components from plant derived polyols’’, Petroleum Chemistry, vol. 51, pp. 61–9, 2011.
  • [9] P. Manjunathan, S. P. Maradur, A.B. Halgeri, V. Shanbhag, ‘’Room temperature synthesis of solketal from acetalization of glycerol with acetone:effect of cristallite size and the role of acidity of beta zeolite’’, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 396, pp. 47–54, 2015.
  • [10] J. C. M. Monbaliu, M. Winter, B. Chevalier, F. Schmidt, Y. Jiang, R. Hoogendoorn, ‘’Effective production of the biodiesel additive STBE by a continuous flow process’’, Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, pp. 9304–7, 2011.
  • [11] M. R. Nanda, Z. Yuan, W. Qin, H. S.Ghaziaskar, M. A. Poirier, C. Xu, ‘’A new continuous-flow process for catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additive: Catalyst screening’’, Applied Energy, vol. 123, pp. 74-81, 2014a.
  • [12] M. R. Nanda, Z. Yuan, W. Qin, H. S.Ghaziaskar, M. A. Poirier, C. Xu, ‘’Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of a catalytic process to convert glycerol in to solketal as an oxygenated fuel additive’’, Fuel, vol. 117, pp. 470–477, 2014b.
  • [13] M.S. Newman, M. Renoll, ‘’Improved preparation of isopropyledene glycerol’’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 67(9), pp. 1621-1621, 1945.
  • [14] L. Roldan, R. Mallada, J.M. Fraile, J.A. Mayora, M. Menendez, ‘’Glycerol upgrading by ketalization in a zeolite membrane reactor’’, Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 4(3), pp. 279–84, 2009.
  • [15] Samoilov V. O., Ramazanov D. N., Nekhaev A. I., Maximov A. L., L. N. Bagdasarov, ‘’Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additives’’, Fuel, vol. 172, pp. 310–319, 2016.
  • [16] H. Serafim, I. M. Fonseca, A. M Ramos., J. Vital, J. E. Castanheiro, ‘’Valorization of Glycerol into fuel additives over zeolites as catalysts’’, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 178, pp. 291–6, 2011.
  • [17] M. Shirani, H.S. Ghaziaskar, C. C. Xu, ‘’Optimization of glycerol ketalization to produce solketal as biodiesel additive in continuous reactor with super-critical acetone using Purolite PD 206 as catalyst’’, Fuel Process Technology, vol. 124, pp. 206–11, 2014.
  • [18] Speight J. G., ‘’Chapter 3 - Industrial Organic Chemistry’’, in Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers, 2017, pp. 87-151.
  • [19] N. Suriyaprapadilok, B. Kitiyanan, ‘’Synthesis of Solketal from glycerol and its reaction with benzylalcohol’’, Energy Procedia, vol. 9, pp. 63–9, 2011.
  • [20] A. R.Trifoi, P. S. Agachi, T. Pap, ‘’Glycerol acetals and ketals as possible diesel additives. A review of their synthesis protocols’’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62, pp. 804–814, 2016.
  • [21] C. Cannilla , G. Bonura, F. Frusteri, ‘’Potential of Pervaporation and Vapor Separation with Water Selective Membranes for an Optimized Production of Biofuels—A Review’’, Catalysts, vol. 7, pp. 187, 2017.

Investigation of Fuel Additives Solketal and Solketal Tertiary Butyl Ether Production

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Increasing energy need due to today's developing technology; has increased the search for new, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy resources. The reduction of fossil fuels, their greenhouse gas effect, even though they are used at the same time, is a major problem for the future of the world. For this reason, biodiesel production, which is more environmentally friendly, has low gas emission and is environmentally friendly, has gained momentum. It’s very important for a sustainable environment to evaluate the by-product glycerol, which is formed in biodiesel production and has a large scale of 10%. By evaluating the by-product glycerol through different chemical processes, new and innovative compounds with high added value such as glycerin carbonates, ethereal compounds, solketal and solketaltertiarybutylether can be produced. These compounds are popular in chemical industries as well as being used fuel additives. There are literature studies showing that the addition of solketal and solketaltertiarybutylether to biodiesel and gasoline as a fuel additive, which improves the fuel properties positively and environmentally friendly fuel additive with high potential may be a more moderate(number of knocks, gum formation, gas emission, etc.). Solketal production is a one-step, acid-catalyzed reaction and is obtained by transestirification of glycerol and ketons under suitable conditions. Solketaltertiarybutylether reaction is carried out in two steps. It is obtained in the first step by ketalization of a ketone with glycerol in the presence of acid catalyst, followed by the use of the alkylating agent isobutene or tertiarybutylalcohol in the second step.
In this study; literature review of the solketal and solketaltertiarybutylether reactions has been made. For this new topic; parameters such as production methods, catalysts used, reaction temperatures and reactor selection were investigated. Important properties of catalysts that play a key role in solketal and solketaltertiarybutylether reaction have been determined for experimental studies. The necessary variables for the best reaction efficiency and conversion has been investigated

References

  • [1] M. K. Aroua, P. S. Kong, W. M. A. W. Daud, H. V. Lee, P. Cognetc, Y. Peres, ‘’Catalytic role of solid acid catalysts in glycerol acetylation for the production of bio-additives: a review’’, The Royal Society of Chemistry, vol. 6, pp. 68885–68905, 2016.
  • [2] J.S. Clarkson, A. J. Walker, M. A. Wood, ‘’Continuous reactor technology for ketal formation: an improved synthesis of solketal’’, Organic Process Research & Development, vol. 5, pp. 630–5, 2001.
  • [3] J. Deutsch, A. Martin, H. Lieske, ‘’Investigation on heterogeneously catalysed condensation of glycerol to cyclic acetals’’, Journal of Catalysis, vol. 245, pp. 428–35, 2007.
  • [4] C. N. Fan, C. H. Xu, C. Q. Liu, Z. Y. Huang, J. Y. Liu, Z. X. Ye, ‘’Catalytic acetalization of biomass glycerol with acetone over TiO2–SiO2 mixed oxides’’, Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, vol. 107, pp. 189–202, 2012.
  • [5] I. Fatimah, I. Sahroni, G. Fadillah, M. M. Musawwa, T. M. I. Mahlia, O. Muraza, ‘’Glycerol to Solketal for Fuel Additive: Recent Progress in Heterogeneous Catalysts’’, Energies, vol. 12(15), pp. 2872, 2019.
  • [6] E. Fischer, ‘’Ueber die Verbindungen der Zucker mit den Alkoholen und Ketonen’’, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 28, 1145-1167, 1895.
  • [7] M. S. Khayoon, B. H. Hameed, ‘’Solventless acetalization of glycerol with acetone to fuel oxygenates over Ni–Zi supported mesoporous carbon catalyst’’, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 191(9), pp. 464-465, 2013
  • [8] A. L. Maksimov, A. I. Nekhaev, D. N. Ramazanov, Y. A. Arinicheva, A. A. Dzyubenko, S. N. Khadzhiev, ‘’Preparation of high octane oxygenate fuel components from plant derived polyols’’, Petroleum Chemistry, vol. 51, pp. 61–9, 2011.
  • [9] P. Manjunathan, S. P. Maradur, A.B. Halgeri, V. Shanbhag, ‘’Room temperature synthesis of solketal from acetalization of glycerol with acetone:effect of cristallite size and the role of acidity of beta zeolite’’, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 396, pp. 47–54, 2015.
  • [10] J. C. M. Monbaliu, M. Winter, B. Chevalier, F. Schmidt, Y. Jiang, R. Hoogendoorn, ‘’Effective production of the biodiesel additive STBE by a continuous flow process’’, Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, pp. 9304–7, 2011.
  • [11] M. R. Nanda, Z. Yuan, W. Qin, H. S.Ghaziaskar, M. A. Poirier, C. Xu, ‘’A new continuous-flow process for catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additive: Catalyst screening’’, Applied Energy, vol. 123, pp. 74-81, 2014a.
  • [12] M. R. Nanda, Z. Yuan, W. Qin, H. S.Ghaziaskar, M. A. Poirier, C. Xu, ‘’Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of a catalytic process to convert glycerol in to solketal as an oxygenated fuel additive’’, Fuel, vol. 117, pp. 470–477, 2014b.
  • [13] M.S. Newman, M. Renoll, ‘’Improved preparation of isopropyledene glycerol’’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 67(9), pp. 1621-1621, 1945.
  • [14] L. Roldan, R. Mallada, J.M. Fraile, J.A. Mayora, M. Menendez, ‘’Glycerol upgrading by ketalization in a zeolite membrane reactor’’, Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 4(3), pp. 279–84, 2009.
  • [15] Samoilov V. O., Ramazanov D. N., Nekhaev A. I., Maximov A. L., L. N. Bagdasarov, ‘’Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of glycerol to oxygenated fuel additives’’, Fuel, vol. 172, pp. 310–319, 2016.
  • [16] H. Serafim, I. M. Fonseca, A. M Ramos., J. Vital, J. E. Castanheiro, ‘’Valorization of Glycerol into fuel additives over zeolites as catalysts’’, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 178, pp. 291–6, 2011.
  • [17] M. Shirani, H.S. Ghaziaskar, C. C. Xu, ‘’Optimization of glycerol ketalization to produce solketal as biodiesel additive in continuous reactor with super-critical acetone using Purolite PD 206 as catalyst’’, Fuel Process Technology, vol. 124, pp. 206–11, 2014.
  • [18] Speight J. G., ‘’Chapter 3 - Industrial Organic Chemistry’’, in Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers, 2017, pp. 87-151.
  • [19] N. Suriyaprapadilok, B. Kitiyanan, ‘’Synthesis of Solketal from glycerol and its reaction with benzylalcohol’’, Energy Procedia, vol. 9, pp. 63–9, 2011.
  • [20] A. R.Trifoi, P. S. Agachi, T. Pap, ‘’Glycerol acetals and ketals as possible diesel additives. A review of their synthesis protocols’’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62, pp. 804–814, 2016.
  • [21] C. Cannilla , G. Bonura, F. Frusteri, ‘’Potential of Pervaporation and Vapor Separation with Water Selective Membranes for an Optimized Production of Biofuels—A Review’’, Catalysts, vol. 7, pp. 187, 2017.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Chemical Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nazlı Yenihan Yüzer 0000-0001-5112-5450

Güler Hasırcı 0000-0001-7435-8118

Nilüfer Hilmioğlu 0000-0002-2627-8890

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yenihan Yüzer, N., Hasırcı, G., & Hilmioğlu, N. (2021). Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 29-36.
AMA Yenihan Yüzer N, Hasırcı G, Hilmioğlu N. Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. June 2021;4(1):29-36.
Chicago Yenihan Yüzer, Nazlı, Güler Hasırcı, and Nilüfer Hilmioğlu. “Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal Ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi”. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 4, no. 1 (June 2021): 29-36.
EndNote Yenihan Yüzer N, Hasırcı G, Hilmioğlu N (June 1, 2021) Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 4 1 29–36.
IEEE N. Yenihan Yüzer, G. Hasırcı, and N. Hilmioğlu, “Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi”, Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29–36, 2021.
ISNAD Yenihan Yüzer, Nazlı et al. “Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal Ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi”. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 4/1 (June 2021), 29-36.
JAMA Yenihan Yüzer N, Hasırcı G, Hilmioğlu N. Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;4:29–36.
MLA Yenihan Yüzer, Nazlı et al. “Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal Ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi”. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2021, pp. 29-36.
Vancouver Yenihan Yüzer N, Hasırcı G, Hilmioğlu N. Yakıt Katkı Maddeleri Solketal ve Solketal Tersiyer Butil Eter Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Bayburt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;4(1):29-36.

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