Gıda Alanında Roma’da Konumlanan Uluslararası Temel Örgütlenmelere İlişkin Kısa Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Bilindiği üzere, gıda insanlar için hayatî önemi haizdir. Bu basit olgudan ötürü gıda alanında devletler arasında her zaman bir iş birliğine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu tür bir iş birliğini sağlamanın en basit ve güvenli yolu ise kesinlikle uluslararası örgütlerin veya benzerlerinin kurulmasından geçmektedir. Bu minvalde, diğerlerinin yanında hepsi de Roma merkezli dört uluslararası örgütlenmeye gidilmiştir. Bu durum, gıda alanında iş birliği bakımından ele alındığında Roma’yı gıda başkenti yapmıştır. Böylelikle, bu kısa çalışmanın amacı okuyucuya bu örgütlenmeleri tanıtmak ve bunu yapmak suretiyle gıda alanında neden ve nasıl bir iş birliğine ihtiyaç duyulduğunu kısaca ortaya koyarak bu konuda genel bir anlayış oluşturmaktır.

Keywords

• Gıda
• İş Birliği
• Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü
• Dünya Gıda Programı
• Uluslararası Tarımsal Kalkınma Fonu
• Dünya Gıda Konseyi

A Short Assessment Relating to Principal International Agencies Based in Rome in the Field of Food

Abstract

As is known, food is vital for humans. Thereby, extensive cooperation in the field of food among States has always been crucial. Indeed, the easiest and safest way to accommodate such cooperation is to create international organisations, or as such. In this respect, it should be underlined that among the various food-related agencies, the ones that were established in Rome are the principle ones. Henceforth with, in the sense of co-operation, this situation has designated Rome as the food capital of the World. Thence, the aim of this short essay is to present those agencies to the readers. Ergo, it is intended that a general understanding of why and how it is needed to cooperate in the field of food will be revealed.

Keywords

• Food
• Cooperation
• Food and Agriculture Organisation
• World Food Programme
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
• World Food Council

References

1. 1905 tarihli Bir Uluslararası Tarım Enstitüsü Yaratmak İçin Sözleşme.
2. 1923 tarihli Lozan Barış Antlaşması.
3. 1945 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı.
4. 1946 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler ve Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü Arasındaki Anlaşma.
5. 1948 tarihli İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannâmesi.
6. 1949 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Görevi Esnasında Uğranılan Zararların Giderilmesine Dair Danışma Görüşü.
7. 1961 tarihli 1714 (XVI) Sayılı Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul Kararı.
8. 1961 tarihli Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü Konferansı Kararı.

9. 1966 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşmesi.
10. 1976 tarihli Uluslararası Tarımsal Kalkınma Fonunu Kuran Anlaşma.
11. 1977 tarihli Uluslararası Tarımsal Kalkınma Fonunu Kuran Anlaşma.
12. 1977 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler ve Uluslararası Tarımsal Kalkınma Fonu Arasındaki Anlaşma.
13. 1995 tarihli 227 sayılı Birleşmiş Milletler Kararı. (A/RES/50/227 (1995))
14. Adams F, The Right to Food: The Global Campaign to End Hunger and Malnutrition (1st edn, Springer 2021)
15. Agresti OR, David Lubin: A Study in Practical Idealism (1st edn, Little, Brown, and Company 1922)
16. Alexandrowicz CH, World Economic Agencies: Law and Practice (1st edn, Stevens & Sons Limited 1962)
17. Butler WE, A Source Book on Socialist International Organizations (1st edn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff 1978)
18. Hambidge G, The Story of FAO (1st edn, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 1955)
19. Kelsen H, The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems (1st edn, Stevens & Sons Limited 1951)
20. Klabbers J, An Introduction to International Institutional Law (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 2002)
21. Knipping F, von Mangoldt H and Rittberger V (eds), The United Nations System and Its Predecessors, vol. II (1st edn, Oxford University Press 1997)
22. Lele U, Agarwal M, Baldwin BC and Goswami S (eds), Food for All: International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2021)
23. Mangone GJ, A Short History of International Organization (1st edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1954)
24. Marchisio S and di Blase A, The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1991)
25. Myers PA, Succession between International Organizations (1st edn, Kegan Paul International 1993)
26. Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, Kitap II (6th edn, Turhan 1999)
27. Phillips RW, FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution 1945-1981 (1st edn, FAO 1981)
28. Reinalda B, Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day (1st edn, Routledge 2009)
29. Sands P and Klein P, Bowett’s Law of International Institutions (5th Edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2001)
30. Schermers HG and Blokker NM, International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity (6th Edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2018)
31. Soysal İ, Tarihçeleri ve Açıklamaları ile Birlikte Türkiye’nin Siyasal Andlaşmaları, Cilt I (1920-1945) (1st edn, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları 1983)
32. Starke JG, Introduction to International Law (10th Edn, Buttersworth 1989)
33. Talbot RB, The Four World Food Agencies in Rome: FAO, WFP, WFC, IFAD (1st edn, Iowa State University Press 1990)
34. Uvin P, The International Organization of Hunger (1st edn, Kegan Paul International 1994)
35. van Ginneken AHM, Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations (1st edn, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2006)
36. Volger H (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010)
37. Williams D, The Specialized Agencies and the United Nations: The System in Crisis (1st edn, St. Martin’s Press 1987)
38. Wolfrum R (eds), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, vol. I (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995)
39. Wolfrum R (eds), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, vol. II (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995)
40. Bernárdez ST, ‘Subsidiary Organs’ in René-Jean Dupuy (ed), Manuel sur les organisations internationales/A Handbook on International Organizations (2nd edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1998) 100-146
41. Castonguay S, ‘Creating an Agricultural World Order: Regional Plant Protection Problems and International Phytopathology, 1878-1939’ (2010) 84(1) Agricultural History 46-73
42. Çamyamaç A, ‘Bir Uluslararası Hukuk Müessesesi Olarak Uluslararası Örgütler Arasında Ardıllık’ (2022) 24(1) Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1-37
43. Dann P, ‘International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (on-line edn, September 2006) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e487 Erişim Tarihi: 05 January 23
44. Dobbert JP, ‘Right to Food’ in René-Jean Dupuy (ed), Right to Health as a Human Right/Le droit à la santé en tant que droit de l’homme (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1979) 186-213
45. Dobbert JP, ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed), Encyclopedia of Public International Law: International Organizations in General-Universal International Organizations and Cooperation, vol. 5 (1st edn, North-Holland 1983) 15-20
46. El Erian A, ‘The Legal Organization of International Society’ in Max Sørensen (ed), Manual of Public International Law (1st edn, Palgrave MacMillan 1968) 55-115
47. Feldman MB, ‘Remarks: International Law and the Food Crisis’ (1975) 69 Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 40-45
48. Frankenfield PH, ‘IFAD—International Fund for Agricultural Development’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, vol. I (1st revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 694-701
49. Fried M and Lamm CG, ‘The Joint FAO and IAEA Programme’ (1981) 23(3) IAEA Bulletin 22-26
50. Garcia-Salmones Rovira M, ‘Food Security and International Organizations: Why Not Global? Why Not Now?’ in Jan Klabbers (ed), The Cambridge Companion to International Organizations Law (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 2022) 363-390
51. Gerbet P, ‘Rise and Development of International Organization: A Synthesis’ in Georges Abi-Saab (ed), The Concept of International Organization (1st edn, UNESCO 1981) 27-49
52. Hobson A, ‘The Administration and Control of the International Institute of Agriculture’ in Proceedings of the Second Conference of Agricultural Economists (1st edn, 1930) 343-349
53. Hobson A, ‘An American Pioneer in International Agriculture’ (1932) 14(4) Journal of Farm Economics 574-585
54. Hoffmann F, ‘Addendum’ in Helmut Volger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 181-182
55. Hoffmann F, ‘Addendum’ in Helmut Volger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised Edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 855
56. Hofner B, ‘FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization’ in Helmut Volger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 178-181
57. Hofner B, ‘WFC-World Food Council’ in Helmut Volger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 853-854
58. Hofner B, ‘WFP-World Food Programme’ in Helmut Volger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 854-855
59. Hüfner K, ‘Specialized Agencies’ in Helmut Völger (ed), A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations (2nd revised edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2010) 670-675
60. ‘International Food Organizations: A Glossary’ (1978) 32(3) International Organization 869-871
61. Jachertz R, ‘To Keep Food Out of Politics’: The UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 1945-1965’ in Marc Frey, Sönke Kunkel and Corinna R. Unger (eds), International Organizations and Development, 1945-1990 (1st edn, Palgrave MacMillan 2014) 75-100
62. Klein E, ‘United Nations, Specialized Agencies’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (on-line edn, August 2006) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e562 Erişim Tarihi: 01 July 17
63. Knapp JB, ‘The Role of International Agencies in Aiding in World Food Production’ (1966) 56(2) Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 315-321
64. Laur E, ‘International Agriculatural Problems’ (1924) 6(2) Journal of Farm Economics 196-211
65. Lele U and Baldwin BC, ‘The International Fund for Agricultural Development’ in Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin and Sambuddha Goswami (eds), Food for All: International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2021) 807-848
66. Lele U and Goswami S, ‘The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ in Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin and Sambuddha Goswami (eds), Food for All: International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2021) 630-707
67. Lele U and Goswami S, ‘CGIAR’ in Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin and Sambuddha Goswami (eds), Food for All: International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2021) 707-806
68. Lele U and Goswami S, ‘The World Food Programme’ in Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin and Sambuddha Goswami (eds), Food for All: International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2021) 849-918
69. Luzzatti L, ‘The International Institute of Agriculture’ (1906) 182(594) North American Review 651-659
70. Mechlem K, ‘Food Security and the Right to Food in the Discourse of the United Nations’ (2004) 10(5) European Law Journal 631-648
71. Mechlem K, ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (on-line edn, November 2006) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e462 Erişim Tarihi: 05 January 23
72. Mechlem K, ‘World Food Council (WFC)’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (on-line edn, February 2007) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e573 Erişim Tarihi: 05 January 23
73. Mignemi N, ‘Italian Agricultural Experts as Transnational Mediators: The Creation of the International Institute of Agriculture, 1905 to 1908’ (2017) 65(2) Agricultural History Review 254-276
74. Mochi-Onory AG, ‘Nature of Succession between International Organizations: Functions and Treaties’ (1968) 21 Revue hellénique de droit international 33-48
75. Paulus A and Lippold M, ‘Article 72’ in Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, George Nolte and Andreas Paulus (eds), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (3rd Edn, Oxford University Press 2012) 385-415
76. Reinsch PS, ‘International Unions and Their Administration’ (1907) 1(3) American Journal of International Law 379-623
77. Reuterswärds R, ‘The Legal Nature of International Organizations’ (1980) 49(1) Nordisk Tidsskrift International Ret 14-30
78. Rittberger V, ‘Global Conference Diplomacy and International Policy-Making: The Case of UN-Sponsored World Conferences’ (1983) 11(2) European Journal of Political Research 167-182
79. Rittberger V, ‘Conferences’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practices, vol. I (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 160-168
80. Sauvignon E, ‘Le Fonds international de développement agricole’ (1978) 24 Annuaire français de droit international 660-677
81. Schütz HJ, ‘FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Politics and Practice vol. I (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 499-521
82. Seidl-Hohenveldern I, ‘Specialized Agencies’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Politics and Practice vol. II (1st Revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 1202-1208
83. Szasz PC, ‘The Complexification of the United Nations System’ (1999) 3 Max Planck United Nations Yearbook 1-57
84. Talbot RB, ‘The International Fund for Agricultural Development’ (1980) 95(2) Political Science Quarterly 262-276
85. Talbot RB and Moyer HW, ‘Who Governs the Rome Food Agencies?’ (1987) 12(4) Food Policy 349-364
86. Wolf KD, ‘WFC—World Food Council’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice vol. II (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 1408-1413
87. Wolf KD, ‘WFP—World Food Programme’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, vol. II (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 1414-1418
88. Wolf KD, ‘World Food Problems’ in Rudiger Wolfrum (ed), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice vol. II (revised English edn, Verlag HC Beck 1995) 1460-1465