Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 35 (c) Kapsamındaki Boğazlar (Türk Boğazları Hariç)

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (BMDHS)’ne göre, uluslararası seyrüseferde kullanılan boğazlardan temel geçiş rejimi, transit geçiş rejimi olarak belirlenmiştir. Ancak Sözleşmenin 35 (c) maddesi uyarınca, geçişlerin yürürlükte olan ve uzun süredir devam eden uluslararası sözleşmelerle tamamen veya kısmen düzenlendiği boğazlarda transit geçiş rejimi ve zararsız geçiş rejimi uygulanmayacaktır. Uluslararası sözleşmelerin önceliğini tanıyan bu hüküm, deniz hukukunun her zaman katı kurallarla değil, tarihsel birikimi ve devletler arasındaki çıkar dengeleri gözeterek şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Bu madde temelinde, kendi özel rejimlerini koruyan ve genel kurallardan sapan az sayıda boğazın varlığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, BMDHS’nin 35 (c) maddesi kapsamında bulunan Danimarka, Macellan ve Åland Boğazlarının hukukî statüsünü ve geçiş rejimlerini incelemekte ve hukuki statüsü tartışmalı olan Cebelitarık Boğazı’nı ele almaktadır.

Keywords

• Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 35 (c)
• Danimarka Boğazları
• Macellan Boğazı
• Åland Boğazı
• Cebelitarık Boğazı

Straits within the Scope of Article 35 (c) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Except Turkish Straits)

Abstract

According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the basic regime for straits used for international navigation is the transit passage regime. However, by virtue of Article 35 (c) of the Convention, in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits, the transit passage regime and the innocent passage regime shall not apply. This provision, which recognizes the primacy of international law and demonstrates that it is not always shaped by rigid rules but rather by historical developments and the balance of interests among the states. Based on this article, the existence of a limited number of straits that maintain their own special regimes and derogate from general rules is noteworthy. This study examines the legal status and transit regimes of the Danish, Magellan, and Åland Straits, which fall under Article 35 (c) of the UNCLOS, and addresses the Strait of Gibraltar, whose legal status is controversial.

Keywords

• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
• Article 35 (c)
• Danish Straits
• Strait of Magellan
• Åland Strait

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