Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 35 (c) Kapsamındaki Boğazlar (Türk Boğazları Hariç)

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (BMDHS)’ne göre, uluslararası seyrüseferde kullanılan boğazlardan temel geçiş rejimi, transit geçiş rejimi olarak belirlenmiştir. Ancak Sözleşmenin 35 (c) maddesi uyarınca, geçişlerin yürürlükte olan ve uzun süredir devam eden uluslararası sözleşmelerle tamamen veya kısmen düzenlendiği boğazlarda transit geçiş rejimi ve zararsız geçiş rejimi uygulanmayacaktır. Uluslararası sözleşmelerin önceliğini tanıyan bu hüküm, deniz hukukunun her zaman katı kurallarla değil, tarihsel birikimi ve devletler arasındaki çıkar dengeleri gözeterek şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Bu madde temelinde, kendi özel rejimlerini koruyan ve genel kurallardan sapan az sayıda boğazın varlığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, BMDHS’nin 35 (c) maddesi kapsamında bulunan Danimarka, Macellan ve Åland Boğazlarının hukukî statüsünü ve geçiş rejimlerini incelemekte ve hukuki statüsü tartışmalı olan Cebelitarık Boğazı’nı ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 35 (c)
• Danimarka Boğazları
• Macellan Boğazı
• Åland Boğazı
• Cebelitarık Boğazı

Straits within the Scope of Article 35 (c) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Except Turkish Straits)

Öz

According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the basic regime for straits used for international navigation is the transit passage regime. However, by virtue of Article 35 (c) of the Convention, in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits, the transit passage regime and the innocent passage regime shall not apply. This provision, which recognizes the primacy of international law and demonstrates that it is not always shaped by rigid rules but rather by historical developments and the balance of interests among the states. Based on this article, the existence of a limited number of straits that maintain their own special regimes and derogate from general rules is noteworthy. This study examines the legal status and transit regimes of the Danish, Magellan, and Åland Straits, which fall under Article 35 (c) of the UNCLOS, and addresses the Strait of Gibraltar, whose legal status is controversial.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
• Article 35 (c)
• Danish Straits
• Strait of Magellan
• Åland Strait

Kaynakça

1. Alexander LM, ‘International Straits’ (1991) 64(1) International Law Studies 91-108.
2. Alexandersson, G. (1982). The Baltic Straits, The Hague, M. Nijhoff.
3. Calvo A, Europe, Territorial and Law of the Sea Disputes: Gibraltar – Legal Advice on Innocent Passage (CIMSEC, 4 September 2015) https://cimsec.org/gibraltar-legal-advice-innocent-passage/ Erişim Tarihi: 14 Haziran 2025.
4. Caminos H and Cogliati-Bantz VP, The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions (Cambridge University Press 2014).
5. Çamyamaç A, ‘İtalya’nın Boğazları’ (2017) 8(1) İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 53-90.
6. Çamyamaç A, ‘Japon Boğazları’ (2014) 16 DEÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4399-4455.
7. Çamyamaç A, Denize Kıyısı Olmayan ve Coğrafi Bakımdan Elverişsiz Konumda Bulunan Devletlerin Hukuki Durumu (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi, 2012).
8. Gutiérrez Castillo VL, ‘Legal Regime on Navigation through the Strait of Gibraltar: the Role of its Coastal States’ (2017) Terza Serie II Rivista Trimestrale Di Dottrina Giurisprudenza Legislazione 349-365.

9. Hakapää K, ‘National Interests and Policies of Finland in the Baltic Sea: A Law of the Sea Perspective’ in Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (ed), The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Cooperation (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1996) 382-398.
10. Heinz Sigfrid Koplowitz Kent, The Historical Origins of the Three-Mile Limit (1954) 48(4) American Journal of International Law 537–553.
11. Infante MT, ‘Straits in Latin America: The Case of the Strait of Magellan’ (1995) 26(2) Ocean Development & International Law 175-187.
12. Kleemola-Juntunen P, ‘The Legal Regime of the Åland Strait’ in Oral N (ed), International Straits of the World Series (Brill Nijhoff 2019) 122-145.
13. Koday Z, Koday S and Kaymaz ÇK, ‘Dünyadaki Bazı Önemli Boğazlar ile Kanalların Coğrafi Özellikleri ve Jeopolitik Önemleri’ (2017) 21(3) Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 879-940.
14. Kohen MG, ‘Is the Internal Waters Regime Excluded from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea?’ in del Castillo L (ed), Law of the Sea, From Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Brill Nijhoff 2015) 110-124.
15. Lagoni R, ‘Straits Used for International Navigation: Environmental Protection and Maritime Safety in the Danish Straits’ in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Straits Used for International Navigation, 16–17 November 2002, Istanbul – Turkey (2002) 159-173.
16. López Martin AG, International Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage (1st edn, Springer 2010).
17. M Paz Andrés Sáenz de Santa María, ‘Spain and the Law of the Sea: Selected Problems’ (1994) 32(2) Archiv des Völkerrechts 202–219.
18. Moore JN, The Regime of Straits and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1980) 74 American Journal of International Law 77-121.
19. Nandan SN, ‘Legal Regime for Straits Used for International Navigation’ in Smith J (ed), The Straits Used for International Navigation (Proceedings of the Symposium, Istanbul, 16-17 November 2002) 1-11.
20. Özbek D, ‘Article 35 (c) Straits of the UN Law of the Sea Convention’ in Franck T M and O’Connell M E (eds), Navigating Straits (Brill Nijhoff 2014) 180-198.
21. Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk (Turhan Kitabevi 2010).
22. Roach A and Smith RW, International Straits in Excessive Maritime Claims (Naval War College International Law Studies vol 66 1994) 177-229.
23. Sayre Archie Swarztrauber, The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Seas: A Brief History (American University 1970).
24. Schachte WL, International Straits and Navigational Freedoms in Miles EL and Treves T (eds), The Law of the Sea: New Worlds, New Discoveries (1st edn, University of Washington Press 1993) 17-37.
25. Somers E, ‘The Legal Regime of the Danish Straits’ (Paper presented at the Symposium on the Straits Used for International Navigation, Istanbul, 16-17 November 2002) 12-19.
26. Sur M, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları (Beta Yayınevi 2013).
27. Tanaka Y, The International Law of the Sea (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2019).
28. Van Dyke JM, ‘The Legal Regime Governing the Gibraltar Straits’ in The Straits Used for International Navigation (Proc. of the Symposium on the Straits used for International Navigation, 16-17 November 2002, Istanbul – Turkey) 72-85.
29. Van Dyke JM, ‘Transit Passage through International Straits’ in Chircop A, McDorman TL and Rolston SJ (eds), The Future of Ocean Regime-Building (Brill 2009) 175-232.
30. W. E. Hilbert, ‘The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Waters’ (1938) 64(6) US Naval Institute Proceedings https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1938/06/three-mile-limit-territorial-waters Erişim Tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2025.
31. Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, ‘The Law of Naval Warfare and International Straits’ (1998) 71 Naval War College International Law Studies 263-292.
32. Boundary Treaty (Argentina–Chile) (23 July 1881) https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_IX/29-49.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2025.
33. Convention between France and Spain respecting Relations in Morocco, signed at Madrid, 27 November 1912 https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-217-CTS-288.regGroup.1/law-oht-217-CTS-288 Erişim Tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2025.
34. Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-1&chapter=21 Erişim Tarihi: 28 Mayıs 2025.
35. Convention Relating to the Non-Fortification and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands (signed 20 October 1921) https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2526&context=ils Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
36. Copenhagen Treaty of 14 March 1857 for the Redemption of the Sound Dues, 116 C TS 357 https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-116-CTS-357.regGroup.1/law-oht-116-CTS-357 Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
37. Counter-Memorial submitted by the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark (May 1992) Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v Denmark) ICJ https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/86/6893.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
38. Navigational Regimes of Particular Straits, Åland Case Study (International Institute for Law of the Sea Studies, 2021) http://iilss.net/navigational-regimes-of-particular-straits-aland-case-study/ Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
39. Ordinance Governing the Admission of Foreign Warships and Military Aircraft to Danish Territory in Time of Peace (May 1999) National Legislation–Doalos/Ola-United Nations https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DNK_1999_Ordinance.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
40. Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v Denmark) (December 1991) Memorial of the Government of the Republic of Finland, International Court of Justice https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/86/6885.pdf Erişim Tarihi 16 Haziran 2025.
41. The Entente Cordiale Between England and France https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/entecord.asp Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
42. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (with Protocol and minutes of interpretation) between the United States of America and Denmark (signed Copenhagen, 1 October 1951) https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20421/volume-421-i-6056-english.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
43. Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Argentina (signed 29 November 1984, entered into force 2 May 1985) 1395 UNTS 101 https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201399/volume-1399-I-23392-English.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
44. Treaty of Peace with Germany (Treaty of Versailles) 128 https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/treaty_of_versailles-112018.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 16 Haziran 2025.
45. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2025.
46. United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Declarations and Reservations (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994, 1833 UNTS 3, UN Reg No 31363, extended to Gibraltar by the Government of the United Kingdom) https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&clang=_en Erişim Tarihi: 14 Haziran 2025.
47. United States Navy, United States Marine Corps and United States Coast Guard, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (NWP 1-14M, MCTP 11-10B, COMDTPUB P5800.7A, March 2022) Chapter 2 and 8. https://stjececmsdusgva001.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/public/documents/NWP_1-14M.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2025.