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Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Fiziksel Aktivite Davranışlarının Kuramsal Temellerinin İncelenmesi: Transteoretik Model, Planlı Davranış Teorisi ve Öz Belirleme Teorisi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 145 - 163, 30.12.2025

Abstract

Yaşlı yetişkinlerin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin artırılması, hem bireysel sağlığın korunması hem de toplumsal sağlık politikalarının sürdürülebilirliği açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Yaşlanmayla süreciyle birlikte fiziksel kapasitede meydana gelen değişimler, yaşamın kaçınılmaz bir evresi olarak karışımıza çıkmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivite, bu dönem içerisinde yaşlanmanın doğal etkilerinin geciktirilmesi, kronik hastalıkların önlenmesi ve psikolojik iyilik halinin sağlanması gibi çok boyutlu faydaları olan bir araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının temel amacı, yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktivite davranışlarını etkileyen faktörleri anlamak, hareketsizliğin getirdiği olumsuz etkileri gidermeye yönelik kuramsal temelleri incelemek ve uygulamalı öneriler geliştirmektir. Literatürde sıkça kullanılan Transteoretik Model, Planlı Davranış Teorisi ve Öz Belirleme Teorisi yaşlı yetişkinlerin fiziksel aktiviteye yönelik tutumlarını, niyetlerini ve motivasyonlarını açıklamada etkili çerçeveler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu modellerin yaşlı bireylerin hem fiziksel hem de psikolojik sağlığını destekleme süreçlerinde nasıl kullanılabileceğini detaylandırarak, bu kuramsal yaklaşımların pratik müdahale programlarına entegrasyonuna yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, yaşlılık döneminde aktif yaşamın teşvik edilmesi için sosyal hizmet müdahaleleri ile ilgili sosyal politika geliştirme süreçlerine katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

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  • Baert, V., Gorus, E., Mets, T., Geerts, C., & Bautmans, I. (2011). Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.04.001
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  • King, A. C., Rejeski, W. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1992). Physical activity interventions targeting older adults: A critical review and recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(4), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30734-6
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Examining the Theoretical Foundations of Physical Activity Behaviors in Older Adults: Transtheoretical Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Determination Theory

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 145 - 163, 30.12.2025

Abstract

Increasing the physical activity levels of older adults is of great importance for both maintaining individual
health and ensuring the sustainability of public health policies. The changes in physical capacity that occur
with the aging process emerge as an inevitable phase of life. Physical activity is considered a
multidimensional tool during this period, offering benefits such as delaying the natural effects of aging,
preventing chronic diseases, and promoting psychological well-being. The primary aim of this review study
is to understand the factors influencing the physical activity behaviors of older individuals, examine the
theoretical foundations for addressing the negative effects of physical inactivity, and develop practical
recommendations. The Transtheoretical Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Self-Determination
Theory, which are frequently used in the literature, provide effective frameworks for explaining older adults'
attitudes, intentions, and motivations toward physical activity. This study elaborates on how these models can be utilized in supporting both the physical and psychological health of older individuals and offers
recommendations for integrating these theoretical approaches into practical intervention programs.
Furthermore, it aims to contribute to the development of social policies related to social service
interventions that promote active living during old age

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Anantanasuwong, D., Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of successfull ageing among people 50 years and older in a national community sample in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 10705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710705
  • Baert, V., Gorus, E., Mets, T., Geerts, C., & Bautmans, I. (2011). Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 10(4), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2011.04.001
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman.
  • Brailovski, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto G., Miragall, M., Herrero, R., Banos, R. M., Krasavtseva Y., Kochetkov, Y., & Margraf, J. (2021). The association between depression symptoms, psychological burden caused by Covid-19 and physical activity: An investigation in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113596.
  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
  • Cindaş, A. (2001). Yaşlılarda egzersiz uygulamasının genel ilkeleri. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 4(2), 77-84.
  • Courneya, K. S., Nigg, C. R., & Estabrooks, P. A. (1998). Relationships among the theory of planned behavior, stages of change, and exercise behavior in older persons over a three year period. Psychology and Health, 13(2), 355-367.
  • Çetin, S., Uslu, T., Beşiktaş, M. Y., & Taşkıran, M. Y. (2019). Yaşlılarda yaşam kalitesi ve fiziksel kapasite ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 3(3), 01-09.
  • Dannecker, E. A., Hausenblas, H. A., Connaughton, D. P., & Lovins, T. R. (2003). Validation of the stages of exercise change questionnaire. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 236-247.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior . New York: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
  • Demirtaş, Ş., Güngör, C., & Demirtaş, R. N. (2017). Sağlıklı yaşlanma ve fiziksel aktivite: bireysel, psikososyal ve çevresel özelliklerin buna katkısı. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 39(1), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.292504
  • Erdem, H. R., Sayan, M., Gökgöz, Z., & Ege, M. R. (2021). Yaşlılarda fiziksel aktivite: derleme. YIU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.51261/yiu.2021.00029
  • Erol, B. N., & Erol, H. (2023). Yaşlı bireylerde fiziksel aktivite bariyerleri ve fasilitatörleri: geleneksel derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Gerontology. 2(1), 17-26. https://doi. 10.5336/jgeront.2023-97035
  • Erol, S., & Erdoğan, S. (2007). Sağlık davranışlarını geliştirmek ve değiştirmek için tranteoretik modelin kullanılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(2), 86-94.
  • Franco, M. R., Tong, A., Howard, K., Sherrington, C., Ferreira, P. H., Pinto, R. Z., & Ferreira, M. L. (2015). Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(19), 1268–1276. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094015
  • Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
  • Grodesky, J. M., Kosma, M., & Solmon, M. A. (2006). Understanding older adults’ physical activity behavior: a multi-theoretical approach. Quest, 58(3), 310-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2006.10491885
  • Güneş, G. Y. (2015). Yaşlılarda egzersizin fiziksel aktivite, hareket korkusu, yorgunluk ve uyku kalitesine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye. .https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=9BtJLbzjroY4ODi02NCiow&no=0wSQJdvLZZ5o1xFiLVTbA
  • King, A. C., Rejeski, W. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1998). Physical activity interventions targeting older adults: A critical review and recommendations. American journal of preventive medicine, 15(4), 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00085-3
  • King, A. C., Rejeski, W. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1992). Physical activity interventions targeting older adults: A critical review and recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(4), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30734-6
  • Küpeli, H. (2023). Egzersiz davranışı değişim basamaklarına göre yaşlılarda; düşme korkusu, düşme riski, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, aktivite bariyerleri ve yaşam kalitesinin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye. . https://avesis.deu.edu.tr/advisingTheses/details/ffa709cc-c553-4770-b889-e719155c203d/oai
  • Marcus, B. H., & Simkin, L. R. (1994). The transtheoretical model: Applications to exercise behavior. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 1400-1404.
  • Markland, D. (1999). Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 351-361.
  • Miller, K., & Hoffman, J. (2009). Mental well-being and sport-related identities in college students. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26, 335-356.
  • Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., Macera, C. A., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(8), 1435–1445. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616aa2
  • Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2011). Stages of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20758
  • Onur, B. (2021). Gelişim Psikolojisi: Yetişkinlik – Yaşlılık – Ölüm (12. baskı). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Ory, M. G., Resnick, B., Jordan, P. J., Coday, M., Riebe, D., Ewing Garber, C., & Bazzarre, T. (2005). Screening, safety, and adverse events in physical activity interventions: Collaborative experiences from the behavior change consortium. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2901_4
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Adult Education
Journal Section Review
Authors

Caner Çarşanba 0009-0003-9943-0990

Zeynep Turhan 0000-0002-5343-9442

Submission Date February 17, 2025
Acceptance Date December 24, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çarşanba, C., & Turhan, Z. (2025). Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin Fiziksel Aktivite Davranışlarının Kuramsal Temellerinin İncelenmesi: Transteoretik Model, Planlı Davranış Teorisi ve Öz Belirleme Teorisi. Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 145-163.

Bartın University Journal of Educational Research