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TÜRK İMALAT SANAYİSİNDE AR-GE’NİN ÜRÜN VE SÜREÇ İNOVASYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 8 - 25, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1189913

Abstract

AR-GE faaliyetleri, inovasyonun ortaya çıkışını ve teknolojinin büyüme hızını artırmak için vazgeçilmez bir itici güçtür. Mikro veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’deki AR-GE faaliyetlerinin sektörler üzerindeki etkisi üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar hala yetersizdir. Bu eksikliği doldurmak için bu çalışmada AR-GE değişkenleri alt kırılımları yapılarak Türk imalat sanayisinde AR-GE’nin ürün ve süreç inovasyonu üzerindeki etkilerinin analizinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma ayrıca Türkiye’deki AR-GE planlarını destekleyici politika önerileri sunmaktadır. Bu amaçları gerçekleştirmek için, panel veri tahmin yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. NACE Rev.2’ye göre sınıflandırılmış ve 2009-2016 yıllarını kapsayan bir panel veri seti TURKSTAT tarafından yapılan anketlerden derlenen dört farklı mikro veri seti birleştirilerek oluşturulmuştur. AR-GE harcamasının, AR-GE yoğunluğunun (AR-GE yatırımı göstergesi olarak), AR-GE personel oranı (know-how göstergesi olarak) ve inovasyonun diğer belirleyicilerinin etkilerini tahmin etmek için probit model kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, içsel, dışsal, dışsal-yurtiçi ve dışsal-yurtdışı olarak toplam AR-GE harcaması dört alt kırılıma ayrılmıştır. Araştırmanın temel bulguları, AR-GE harcamalarının ürün ve süreç inovasyonu üzerindeki etkilerinin alt kırılımlara göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Toplam ve içsel AR-GE harcaması hem ürün hem de süreç inovasyonu üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahipken, dışsal ve dışsal-yurtiçi AR-GE harcaması sadece ürün inovasyonu üzerinde ve dışsal-yurtdışı AR-GE harcaması sadece süreç inovasyonu üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahiptir. Sadece dışsal, dışsal-yurtiçi ve dışsal-yurtdışı AR-GE yoğunluğu ürün ve süreç inovasyonu üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahiptir.

References

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  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
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  • Dogan, O. (2017). Türkiye İmalat Sanayi Fimalarının AR-GE, Yenilik, İhracat ve Üretkenlikleri Arasındaki Dinamik İlişki [The Dynamic Relationship between R&D, Innovation, Export and Productivity of Turkey Manufacturing Firms] (Publication No. 459714) [Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University]. The Databases of National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=DPTyuy3wRPq_qvCPSqUB6872QHcU4I5lUnF6eIpk_JXC2beMhF2ayityyCSkZ-yH
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  • Phelps, E. S. (1966). Models of Technical Progress and the Golden Rule of Research. The Review of Economic Studies, 33(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2974437
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  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (with Eliott, J. E.). (1983). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, with a new introduction by John E. Elliott (Redvers Opie, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1934)
  • Solow, R. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Song, C., & Oh, W. (2015). Determinants of Innovation in Energy Intensive Industry and Implications for Energy Policy. Energy Policy, 81, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.02.022
  • Sribney, W. (n.d.). What is the difference between random-effects and population-averaged estimators?. Stata. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.stata.com/support/faqs/statistics/random-effects-versus-population-averaged/
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EFFECT OF R&D ON PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION IN THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 8 - 25, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1189913

Abstract

R&D activities are an indispensable driving force to increase the likelihood of occurrence of innovation and the growth rate of technology. Studies on the impact of R&D activities on sectors in Türkiye using micro data are still insufficient. To fill this gap, this study aims to analyze the effects of R&D on product and process innovation in the Turkish manufacturing industry by making sub-breakdowns of R&D variables. The research also presents policy recommendations to support R&D plans in Türkiye. To accomplish these objectives, panel data estimation methods are used. A panel data set was generated by merging four different microdata sets provided by TURKSTAT, which is classified by NACE Rev.2 and covers the years between 2009 and 2016. Probit model is used to estimate the effects of R&D expenditure, R&D intensity (as an indicator of R&D investment), R&D personnel ratio (as an indicator of know-how), and other determinants of innovation. Moreover, total R&D expenditure is separated into four breakdowns such as internal, external, external-domestic, and external-foreign. Key findings of the research show that the effects of R&D expenditure on product and process innovations vary by its sub-breakdowns. Total and internal R&D expenditure have positive effect on both product and process innovations while external and external-domestic R&D expenditure have positive effect only on product innovation, and external-foreign R&D expenditure only on process innovation. Only external, external-domestic, and external-foreign R&D intensity have positive effect on both product and process innovation.

References

  • Adeyeye, A. D., Jegede, O. O., Oluwadere, A. J., & Aremu F. S. (2016). Micro-level determinants of innovation: analysis of the Nigerian manufacturing sector. Innovation and Development, 6(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2015.1047110
  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599
  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
  • Attar, M. A. (2017). Economic growth and technological progress in Turkey: An analysis of Schumpeterian mechanisms. METU Studies in Development, 44, 129-154. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/58164
  • Burmaoglu, S., & Sesen, H. (2017). Determinants of the Firm Innovation: The Turkish Case. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(5), 284-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i5/2931
  • Cole, A. H. (1942). Entrepreneurship as an Area of Research. The Journal of Economic History, 2, 118-126. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2112939
  • Dogan, O. (2017). Türkiye İmalat Sanayi Fimalarının AR-GE, Yenilik, İhracat ve Üretkenlikleri Arasındaki Dinamik İlişki [The Dynamic Relationship between R&D, Innovation, Export and Productivity of Turkey Manufacturing Firms] (Publication No. 459714) [Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University]. The Databases of National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=DPTyuy3wRPq_qvCPSqUB6872QHcU4I5lUnF6eIpk_JXC2beMhF2ayityyCSkZ-yH
  • Freeman, C., & Soete, L. (2004). Yenilik İktisadı [The Economics of Industrial Revolution] (5th ed.) (Ergun Türkcan, Trans.). Tübitak. (Original work published 1997)
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Hamberg, D. (1964). Size of Firm, Oligopoly, and Research: The Evidence. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 30(1), 62-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/139170
  • Horowitz, I. (1962). Firm Size and Research Activity. Southern Economic Journal, 28(3), 298-301. https://doi.org/10.2307/1055448
  • Lucas, R.E. Jr. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(3), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1954). Technological Progress in Some American Industries. The American Economic Review, 44(2), 1178-189. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818334
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1953). The Sequence from Invention to Innovation and its Relation to Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 67(1), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884150
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1950b). Patents and Technical Progress — A Study of Television. Journal of Political Economy, 58(2), 142-157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1826025
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1950a). The Process of Technological Innovation: The Launching of a New Scientific Industry. The American Economic Review, 40(1), 90-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802812
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1942). Economics of Industrial Research. The American Economic Review, 32(1), 231-232. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815120
  • Martinez-Ros, E. (1999). Explaining the Decisions to Carry out Product and Process Innovations the Spanish Case. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 10(2), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(99)00016-4
  • Nieto, M. J., & Rodriguez, A. (2011). Offshoring of R&D: Looking abroad to improve innovation performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(3), 345-361. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29789426
  • Ozdemir-Gungor, D., & Gozlu, S. (2012). Influencing factors of innovation for Turkish companies. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 4(4), 374-386. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566691211288359
  • Ozturk, S. (Project Coordinator). (2018-2019). Niceliksel Değişimden Yapısal Dönüşüme: Yenilikçi Girişimcinin Türkiye Analizi [From Quantitative Change to Structural Transformation: Türkiye Analysis of the Innovative Entrepreneur] (Project No. 217K063) [Grant]. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/yayin/detay/618607/
  • Pamukcu, T. & Boer De., P. (2000). Determinants of Technological Activities in Turkish Manufacturing Industries: A Microeconometric Analysis. Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 2, 1-9. https://meea.sites.luc.edu/volume2/PDFS/Determinants%20of%20Technological%20Activities%20in%20Turkish%20Manufacturing%20Industries.pdf
  • Phelps, E. S. (1966). Models of Technical Progress and the Golden Rule of Research. The Review of Economic Studies, 33(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2974437
  • Presidency of The Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette. (2008). The Law no.5746 on Supporting Research, Development and Design Activities. Published no.26814 on 12 March 2008, Issue 5, and Volume 47. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/03/20080312-2.htm
  • Presidency of The Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette. (2001). The Law no.4691 on Technology Development Zones. Published no.24454 on 6 July 2001, Issue 5, and Volume 40. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/07/20010706.htm#1
  • Presidency of The Republic of Türkiye Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2019). Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf
  • Raymond, L., & St-Pierre, J. (2010). R&D as a Determinant of Innovation in Manufacturing SMEs: An Attempt a Tempirical Clarification. Technovation, 30(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.005
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (with Eliott, J. E.). (1983). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, with a new introduction by John E. Elliott (Redvers Opie, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1934)
  • Solow, R. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Song, C., & Oh, W. (2015). Determinants of Innovation in Energy Intensive Industry and Implications for Energy Policy. Energy Policy, 81, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.02.022
  • Sribney, W. (n.d.). What is the difference between random-effects and population-averaged estimators?. Stata. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.stata.com/support/faqs/statistics/random-effects-versus-population-averaged/
  • Stata. (2021). Longitudinal-Data/Panel-Data Reference Manual. Stata Press. https://www.stata.com/bookstore/longitudinal-panel-data-reference-manual/
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2020). Introduction to Econometrics. Pearson.
  • Taymaz, E. (1997). Small and Medium-sized Industry in Turkey. State Institute of Statistics. https://www.inovasyon.org/images/makaleler/pdf/ET.sme1.pdf
  • Taymaz, E., & Saatci, G. (1997). Technical Change and Efficiency in Turkish Manufacturing Industries. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8(4), 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007796311574
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/d8b068b4-en (Accessed on 29 September 2022)
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development & The Statistical Office of the European Union. (2018). Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation, 4th Edition, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. Paris/Eurostat, Luxembourg: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/24132764
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1992). OECD Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data--Oslo Manual-- (OECD/GD(92)26). https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=OCDE/GD(92)26&docLanguage=En
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1963). The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development (I-230/1170 E1). Directorate for Scientific Affairs. https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/Frascati-1963.pdf
  • The Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2020). 2020-2024 Industry and Technology Strategic Plan. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/assets/pdf/plan-program/STB20202024StratejikPlani.pdf
  • The Republic of Türkiye Prime Ministry State Planning Organisation. (1973). Third Five Year: New Strategy and Development Plan 1973-1977. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Yeni-Strateji-ve-Kalkinma-Plani_Ucuncu-Bes-Yil_1973_1977.pdf
  • The Republic of Türkiye Supreme Council for Science and Technology. (1993). Official Report on 13 May 1993, Turkish Science and Technology Policy 1993-2003. https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/btyk/2/2btyk_karar.pdf
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Atakan Akıncı 0000-0001-9652-2011

Hasan Vergil 0000-0001-9629-3036

Early Pub Date June 30, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akıncı, A., & Vergil, H. (2023). EFFECT OF R&D ON PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION IN THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.18221/bujss.1189913

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