Some thoughts on the morphotectonic development of the Denizli region Basic
Year 2022,
, 1 - 15, 05.12.2022
Yücel Yılmaz
Abstract
The Denizli region is located to the east of the Buldan Horst. Although they follow the same trends as the Büyük Menderes and Gediz Grabens, the Denizli region has undergone semi-independent evolution during the Quaternary. The essential morphotectonic elements of the area are the Denizli Basin and the surrounding Babadağ and the Güzelpınar Horsts. The Babadağ Horst is the most distinct morphotectonic element of the region. It is bounded in the north by the Denizli fault, a listric normal fault, and possibly a major detachment fault. The Laodicea and Güzelpınar Horsts located within the downthrown block of the fault may be regarded as antithetic structures.
Thanks
Some of the data I used in this paper was collected during the course of field study on the ancient rock quarries of the Anatolia Project led by Prof. Dr. Erdoğan YÜZER to whom I extend my sincere thanks. I wholeheartedly thank Profs Dr. F. GÜRER and Dr. E. YİĞİTBAŞ, who reviewed the manuscript and made many valuable corrections and suggestions, which helped me improve the paper. I extend my thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ş. GÜRBOĞA encouraged me to write the paper. I also thank MSc S. DEMİR for her technical support in increasing the quality of the manuscript. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. F. GÜRER and Mr. Serdar AYDOĞAN, who kindly helped me prepare the illustrations.
References
- Alçiçek, M. C. 2007. Tectonic development of an orogentop rift recorded by its terrestrial sedimentation pattern: the Neogene Eşen Basin of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 200, 117–140.
- Alçiçek, H. 2010. Stratigraphic correlation of the Neogene basins in southwestern Anatolia: regional palaeogeographical, palaeoclimatic, and tectonic implications. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291, 297–318.
- Alçiçek, M. C., Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, E., Liotta, D., Meccheri, M. 2013. Superimposed basin formation during Neogene–Quaternary extension in SW-Anatolia (Turkey): insights from the kinematics of the Dinar fault zone. Tectonophysics 608, 713–727.
- Alçiçek, M. C., Mayda, S., Ten Veen, J. Y., Boulton, S. J., Neubauer, T. A., Alçiçek, H., Tesakov, A. S., Saraç, G., Hakyemez, Y. H., Göktaş, F., Murray, M. A., Titov, V. V., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Büyükmeriç, Y., Wesselingh, F. P., Bouchal, J. M., Demirel, A., Kaya, T. T., Halaçlar, K., Bilgin, M., Van den Hoek Ostende, L. 2019. Reconciling the stratigraphy and depositional history of the Lycian orogentop basins, SW Anatolia. Paleaobiodiversity and Paleoenvironments 99, 551-570.
- Altunel, E. 1996. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve Neotektonik önemleri. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 118, 47-64.
- Altunel, E. 2000. Hierapolis ve yakın çevresinde tarihsel deprem aktivitesi (Lattivita Sismica a Hierapolise Nelle Zone Limitrofe). Ricerche Archeologiche Turche Nella Valle Del Lykos, Lykos Vadisi Türk Arkeoloji Araştırmaları, 229-325.
- Altunel, E., Hancock, P. L. 1993 Active fissuring and faulting in Quatemary travertines at Pamukkale, Western Turkey. Stewart, I. S., Vita-Finzi, I. C., Owen, L. A. (Ed.). Neotectonics and Active Faulting. Zeitschrift Geomorphologie Supplementary 94, 285-302.
- Altunel, E., Barka, A. 1996. Evaluation of archaeoseismic damages at Hierapolis. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 39, 65-74.
- Angelier, J., Dumont, J. F., Karamanderesi, İ. H., Poisson, A., Şimşek, Ş., Uysal, Ş. 1981. Analyses of fault mechanism and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since Late Miocene. Tectonophysics 75, T1–T9.
- Angelier, J. N., Le Pichon, L. X., Barrier, E., Huchon, P. 1982. The tectonic development of the Helennic Arc and the Sea of Crete: a synthesis. Tectonophysics 86, 159–196.
- Aratman, C., Özkul, M., Swennen, R., Hollis, C., Erthal, M. M., Zahra Mohammadi, H. C. E. 2020. The giant quaternary Ballık travertine system in the Denizli basin (SW Turkey): a paleoenvironmental analysis (Le système de travertin quaternaire géant de Ballik dans le bassin de Denizli (sud-ouest de la Turquie): une analyse paléoenvironnementale. Quaternaire 31(2).
- Asti, R., Faccenna, C., Rossetti, F., Malusà, M. G., Gliozzi, E., Faranda, C., Lirer, F., Cosentino, D. 2019. The Gediz supradetachment system (SW Turkey): magmatism, tectonics, and sedimentation during crustal extension. Tectonics 38(4), 1414-1440.
- Atabey, E., Ateş, R. C., Bayülken, N. 1982. The 19 August 1976 Denizli, Turkey, earthquake: evaluation of the strong motion accelerograph record. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72(1982), 1635-1649.
- Agostini, S., Ryan, J. G., Tonarini, S., Innocenti, F. 2008. Drying and dying of a subducted slab: coupled Li and B isotope variations in Western Anatolia Cenozoic volcanism. Earth Planetary Science Letters 272, 139-147.
- Aydan, Ö., Kumsar, H., Tano, H. 2005. Multiparameter changes in the earth’s crust and their relation to earthquakes in Denizli region of Turkey. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, 24-29 April 2005, 1-10.
- Batı, Z., Yazman, M., Özdemir, İ. 1998. Alkaşehir grabeni ve Alaşehir-1 prospektinin değerlendirme raporu. TPAO, Rapor No: 3864, 147.
- Beccaletto, L., Steiner, C. 2005. Evidence of two-stage extensional tectonics from the northern edge of the Edremit Graben, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 283-297.
- Becker-Platen, J. D. 1970. Lithostratigraphisce Untersuchungen im Känozoikum Südwest- Anatoliens (Türkei). Beihefte zum geologischen Jahrbuch, 97, 1–244.
- Benda, L. 1971. Principles of the palynologic subdivision of the Turkish Neogene. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 1-3, 23–26.
- Benda, L., Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Radicati, F., Steffens, P. 1974. Stratigraphic and radiometric data of the Neogene in northwest Turkey. Journal of Applied and Regional Geology 125(2), 183-193.
- Benda, L., Meulenkamp, J. E., Schmidt, R. R., Steffens, P. 1977. Biostratigraphic correlations in the eastern Mediterranean Neogene. Correlation between sporomorph associations and marine microfossils from the Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene of Turkey Newsletters on Stratigraphy 6, 1–22.
- Bozcu, M. 2010. Geology of Neogene basins of BuldanSarıcaova region and their implications in western Anatolian neotectonics. International Journal of Earth. Science 99(4), 851-861.
- Bozkurt, E. 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes graben, Western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. Geological Society London of Special Publications 173, 385–403.
- Bozkurt, E. 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 16, 61–81.
- Bozkurt, E. 2009. Extensional contractional origin for the southern Menderes shear zone, SW Turkey: tectonics and metamorphic implications. Geological Magazine 144(1), 1-20.
- Bozkurt, E., Park, R. G. 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of London 151, 213-216.
- Bozkurt, E., Sözbilir, H. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, twostage extension in Western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141(1), 63-79.
- Bozkurt, E., Rojay, B. 2005. Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz basin abd Bozdağ Horst. Geodinamica Acta 18(3), 299-316.
- Bozkurt, E., Satır, M., Buğdaycıoğlu, C. 2011. Surprisingly young Rb/Sr ages from the Simav extensional detachment fault zone, northern Menderes Massif, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics 52, 406–431.
- Bozkuş, C., Kumsar, H., Özkul, M., Hançel, M. 2001. Seismicity of active Honaz Fault under an extensional tectonic regime. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, İzmir, Turkey, 7-16.
- Buscher, J. T., Hampel, A., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Glotzbach, C., Struffert, A., Akal, C., Rätz, M. 2013. Quantifying rates of detachment faulting and erosion in the central Menderes Massif. by thermochronology and cosmogenic. Journal of the Geological Society 170(4), 669-683.
- Chatzaras, V., Xypolias, P., Kokkalas, S., Koukouvelas, I. 2011. Oligocene-Miocene thrusting in central Aegean: insights from the Cycladic island of Amorgos. Geological Journal 46(6), 619-636.
- Çakır, Z. 1999. Along-strike discontinuity of active normal faults and its influence on Quaternary travertine deposition, examples from Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 67–80.
- Çemen, I., Catlos, E. J., Göğüş, O. 2006. Post collisional extensional tectonics and exhumation of the Menderes Massif in the Western Anatolia Extended Terrane, Turkey. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 409, 353-379.
- Çiftçi, N. B., Bozkurt, E. 2009. Evolution of the Miocene sedimentary ll of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 216(3-4), 49-79.
- Çiftçi, N. B., Bozkurt, E. 2010. Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey: temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research, 22(6), 846-873.
- De Filippis, L., Faccenna, C., Billi, A., Anzalone, E., Brilli, M., Özkul, M., Soligo, M., Tuccimei, P., Villa, M. 2012. Growth of fissure ridge travertines from geothermal springs of Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 124(2012), 1629-1645.
- Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Cenozoic crustal evolution and mantle dynamics of post-collisional magmatism in western Anatolia. International Geology Review 49(5), 431-453.
- Dilsiz, C. 2006. Conceptual hydrodynamic model of Pamukkale hydrothermal field, southwestern Turkey, based on hydrochemical and isotope data. Hydrology Journal 14, 562-572.
- Emre, T., Sözbilir, H. 1997. Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens Western Anatolia. Proceedings of International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, I, 73-93.
- Emre, T., Sözbilir, H. 2007. Tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: evidence for compression/uplift-related basin formation overprinted by extensional tectonics in West Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16(4), 441-470.
- Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H., Can, T. 2018. Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16(8), 3229-3275.
- Ergin, M., Kadir, S., Keskin, Ş., Turhan-Akyüz, N., Yaşar, D. 2007. Late quaternary climate and sea-level changes recorded in sediment composition of the Büyük Menderes Delta (eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey). Quaternary International 167-168, 162176.
- Erinç, S. 1954. Orta Ege Bölgesi’nin jeomorfolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 2217, Ankara (unpublished).
- Ersoy, Y. E., Helvacı, C., Palmer, M. R. 2011. Stratigraphic, structural, and geochemical features of the NE– SW trending Neogene volcanosedimentary basins in western Anatolia: implications for associations of supra-detachment and transtensional strike-slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Science 41, 159-183.
- Ersoy, E. Y., Çemen, İ., Helvacı, C., Billor, Z. 2014. ̇Tectonostratigraphy of the Neogene basins in Western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution of the Aegean extended region. Tectonophysics 635, 3358.
- Faccenna, C., Piromallo, C., Crespo-Blanc, A., Jolivet, L., Rossetti, F. 2004. Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the western Mediterranean arcs.Tectonics 23, TC1012.
- Genç, Ş. C, Yılmaz, Y. 2000. Aliağa dolayının jeolojisi ve genç tektoniği (Geology and young tectonics of the Aliağa region). Batı Anadolu Depremselliği Sempozyumu (BAD-SEM) Bildiriler Kitabı, İzmir, 152-159.
- Genç, C. Ş., Altunkaynak, Ş., Karacık, Z., Yazman, M., Yılmaz, Y. 2001. The Çubukludağ graben, south of İzmir: its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of the western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta 14, 45-55.
- Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W., Güngör T. 2001. An active bivergent rollinghinge detachment system: central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology 29(7), 611–614.
- Gessner, K., Gallardo, L. A., Markowitz, V., Ring, U., Thomson, S. N. 2013. What caused the denudation of the Menderes massif: review of crustal evolution, litho-sphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research 24(1), 243-274.
- Göktaş, F. 1990. 1/25.000 ölçekli Denizli M22b1, b2 ve b3 paftalarının jeoloji haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Gürer, F. Ö., 2023. A new look at the origin of N-S trending young basins of western Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 170, 117-146. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1066949
- Gürer, Ö. F., Yılmaz, Y. 2002. Geology of the Oren and surrounding areas SW Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1–13.
- Gürer, Ö. F, Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Yılmaz, Y. 2001. Neogene basin development around SokeKuşadası (western Anatolia) and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region. Geodinamica Acta 14, 57–69.
- Gürer, Ö. F., Sarıca-Filoreau, N., Özburan, M., Sangu, E., Doğan, B. 2009. Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 146(5), 652–673.
- Hakyemez, H. Y., Erkal, T., Göktaş, F. 1999. Late Quaternary evolution of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, western Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(4–5), 549-554.
- Hançer, M. 2013. Study of the structural evolution of the Babadağ-Honaz and Pamukkale fault zones and the related earthquake risk potential of the Buldan Region in SW Anatolia, east of the Mediterranean. Journal of Earth Science 24(3), 397-409.
- Hançer. M. 2019. Structural evolution of the northeast– southwest trending tectonic lineament and a model for graben formation in the Denizli region of Western Anatolian (west of the Zagros Foldand-Thrust Belt). Tectonics 3, 83-100.
- Heineke, C., Hetzel, R., Nilius, N. P., Zwingmann, H., Todd, A., Mulch, A., Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Akal, C., Dunkl, I., Raven, M., Hampel, A. 2019. Detachment faulting in a bivergent core complex constrained by fault gouge dating and low temperature thermochronology. Journal of Structural Geology 127, 103865.
- Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 639–654.
- Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denèle, Y., Brun, J.-P., Philippon, M., Paul, A., Salaün, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monié, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A., Oberhänsli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L., Driussi, O. 2013. Aegean tectonics: strain localization, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics 597– 598, 1–33.
- Kaymakçı, N. 2006. Kinematic development and paleo stress analysis of the Denizli Basin (western Turkey): implications of spatial variation of relative paleo stress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 207–222.
- Kaypak, B., Gökkaya, G. 2012. 3-D imaging of the upper crust beneath the Denizli geothermal region by local earthquake tomography, western Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 211–212, 47-60.
- Kele, S., Özkul, M., Gökgöz, A., Fórizs, I., Baykara, M. O., Alçiçek, M. C., Németh, T. 2011. Stable isotope geochemical and facies study of Pamukkale travertines: new evidence of low-temperature non-equilibrium calcite-water fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 238, 191-212.
- Koçyiğit, A. 2005. The Denizli graben-horst system and the eastern limit of western anatolian continental extension: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18(3–4), 167-208.
- Koçyiğit, A., Deveci, Ş. 2007. An N-S-trending active extensional structure, the Şuhut (Afyon) graben: commencement age of the extensional neotectonic period in the Isparta angle, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 391–416.
- Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H., Bozkurt, E. 1999. Evidence from the gediz graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of London 156, 605–616.
- Lacassin, R., Arnaud, N., Leloup, P. H., Armijo, R., Meijer, B. 2007. Exhumation of metamorphic rocks in N Aegean: the path from shortening to extension and extrusion. Earth 2, 51–63.
- Le Pichon, X., Angelier, J. 1979. The Hellenic Arc and trench system: a key to the Neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1-42.
- Lips, A. L. W., Cassard, D., Sözbilir, H., Yılmaz, H. 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 781-792.
- Luttig, G., Steffens, D. 1976. Explanatory notes for the paleogeographic atlas of Turkey from Oligocene to Pleistocene. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 64.
- Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., Aytaç, A. S., Schoorl, J. M., Scaife, R., Boomer, I., Stemerdink, C., Van DerSchriek, T., Aksay, S., Lievens, C. 2020. Early Pleistocene river terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: the role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertines in their genesis. Geomorphology 358, 107102.
- McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A. A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gürkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, M., Veis, G. 2000. Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus: Journal of Geophysical Research 105(B3), 5695–5720.
- McKenzie, D. P. 1978. Active tectonic of the Mediterranean belt, Aegean sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal International 30(2), 109-185.
- McKenzie, D., Yılmaz, Y. 1991. Deformation and volcanism in western Turkey and the Aegean. Bulletin Technical University of Istanbul Special Issues on Tectonics 44, 345-373.
- Meulenkamp, J. E., Wortel, M. J. R., Van Wamel, W. A., Spakman, W., Strating, E. H. 1988. On the Hellenic subduction zone and the geodynamical evolution of Crete since the Late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 146, 203-215.
- MTA. 2002. 1/500000 scale geology map of Turkey, Denizli Sheet. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey.
- Ocakoğlu, F. 2020. Rapid Late Quaternary denudation of the Karacasu Graben in response to subsidence in the Büyük Menderes Corridor: Insights from morphotectonics and archaeogeology. Geomorphology, 107107.
- Öner, Z., Dilek, Y. 2011. Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: the Aegean province of western Anatolia. Turkey. The Geological Society of America 123(11-12), 2115–2141.
- Öner, Z., Dilek, Y. 2012. Fault kinematics in supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey. Tectonophysics 608, 1394-1412.
- Özburan, M., Gürer, Ö. F. 2012. Late Cenozoic polyphase deformation and basin development, Kütahya region, western Turkey. International Geology Review 54(12), 1401-1418.
- Özkul, M., Kele, S., Gökgöz, A., ChouShen, C., Jones, B., Baykara, O. M., Fόrizs, I., Németh, T., Chang, Y., Alçiçek, M. Ç. 2013. Comparison of the Quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data. Sedimentary Geology 294, 179-204.
- Özkaymak, Ç. 2015. Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications. Geodinamica Acta 27(2-3).
- Özpolat, E., Yıldırım, C., Görüm, T. 2020. The Quaternary landforms of the Büyük Menderes graben system: the southern Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Maps 16(2), 405-419.
- Piccardi, L. 2007. The AD 60 Denizli Basin earthquake and the apparition of Archangel Michael at Colossae (Aegean Turkey). Masse, W. B. (Ed.). Geological Society of Special Publications 273, 95-105.
- Philippon, M., Brun, J. P., Gueydan, F., Sokoutis, D. 2014. The interaction between Aegean backarc extension and Anatolia escape since Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 631, 176-188.
- Purvis, M., Robertson, A. H. F. 2004. A pulsed extension model for the Neogene–Recent E-W-trending Alasehir Graben and the NE-SW-trending Selendi and Gordes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, 171–201.
- Reilenger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Çakmak, R., Özener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliyev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M. 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111(B5).
- Reilenger, R., McClusky, S., Paradises, D., Ergintav, S., Vernant, P. 2010. Geodetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Aegean region and strain accumulation along the Hellenic subduction zone. Tectonophysics 488, 22-30.
- Ring, U., Gessner, K., Thomson S. 2017. Variations in faultslip data and cooling history reveal corridor of heterogeneous back arc extension in the eastern Aegean Sea region. Tectonophysics 700, 108-130.
- Rojay, B., Toprak, V., Demirci, C., Suzen, L. 2005. Plioquaternary evolution of the Küçük Menderes Graben southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 317–331.
- Sarıca, N. 2000. The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: Mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35(1), 1–24.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B. 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine 128, 155-166.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B. C. 1996. Age of the Alaşehir Graben (West Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal 31(1), 1-11.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V., Çemen, İ. 2004. Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova 16, 358-363.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Tunçel, E., Kaypak, B., Esat, K., Gökkaya, E. 2022. The Anatolian diagonal: a broad left-lateral shear zone between the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the Aegean/Cyprus. ArcTürkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 65(2), 93-116 .
- Sözbilir, H. 2005. Oligo-Miocene extension in the Lycian Orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 255–282.
- Sümer, Ö., İnci, U., Sözbilir, H. 2013. Tectonic evolution of the Söke Basin: Extension-dominated transtensional basin formation in western part of the Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics 65, 148–175.
- Sümer, Ö., Sözbilir, H., Uzel, B. 2020. Büyük Menderes Grabeni’nin rolling hinge (yuvarlanan reze) modelinde supra-detachment (sıyrılma üstü) havzadan rift havzasına evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63, 241-276.
- Şaroğlu, F., Güler, B. 2020. Batı Anadolu tektonik kaması’nın güncel deformasyonu: batıya doğru kaçıştan kaynaklanan blok hareketleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63(2), 161-194.
- Şenel, M. 1997. 1/100000 scale geological map of Turkey, Denizli-J9 Quadrangle, and accompanying 18 page explanatory booklet. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.
- Şenel, M. 2010. 1:100.000 scale geological maps of Turkey Denizli N23 sheet. Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey (MTA), Ankara.
- Şengör, A. M. C. 1979. Türkiye’nin Neotektoniği’nin esasları. Jeoloji Kurumu Yayını, 30.
- Şengör, A. M. C. 1987. Cross-fault and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of lowangle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. Coward, M. P., Dewey, J. F., Hancock, P. L. (Ed.). Continental Extensional Tectonics.Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, 575-589.
- Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Türkiye’de Tetis’in evrimi, levha içi tektoniği açısından bir Yaklaşım. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Özel Dizi.
- Şimşek, Ş. 1984. Denizli-Sarayköy-Buldan alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji kaynakları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi 3(1–2), 145162.
- Şimşek, Ş., Günay, G., Elhatip, H., Ekmekçi, M. 2000. Environmental protection of geothermal waters and travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geothermics 29 (4-5), 557-572.
- Tan, O., Cengiz, M., Tapırdamaz, A. Y. 2008. The earthquake catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 17(2), 405-418.
- Taner, G. 2001. Denizli Bölgesi Neojeni’ne ait katların stratigrafik konumlarinda yeni düzenleme. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildirisi, 54-79.
- Ten Veen, J. H., Boulton, S. J., Alçiçek, M. C. 2009. From palaeotectonics to neotectonics in the NeoTethys realm: the importance of kinematic decoupling and inherited structural grain in SW Anatolia (Turkey). Tectonophysics 473, 261–281.
- Toker, E., Kayseri-Özer, M. S., Özkul, M., Kele, S. 2015. Depositional system and palaeoclimatic interpretations of Middle to Late Pleistocene travertines: Kocabaş, Denizli, SW Turkey. Sedimentology 62(5), 1360-1383.
- Utku, M. 2009. Etkinlik ve yığınsal etkinlik dönemlerine göre Denizli depremlerinin analizi, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 138, 9-34.
- Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. 2010. A key extensional metamorphic complex reviewed and restored: the Menderes Massif of western Turkey. EarthSciences Reviews 102(1-2), 60-76.
- Van Noten, K., Claes, H., Soete, J., Foubert, A., Özkul, M., Swennen, R. 2013. Fracture networks and strike-slip deformation along reactivated normal faults in Quaternary travertine deposits, Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 588, 154170.
- Van Noten, K., Topal, S., Baykara, M. O., Özkul, M., Claes, H., Aratman, C., Swennen, R. 2019. PleistoceneHolocene tectonic reconstruction of the Ballık travertine (Denizli Graben, SW Turkey): deformation of large travertine geobodies at intersecting grabens. Journal of Structural Geology 118, 114-134.
- Westaway, R. 1993. Neogene evolution of the Denizli region of Western Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology 15(1), 37–53.
- Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Yurtmen, S., Demir, T., Scaillet, S., Rowbotham, G. 2005. Constraints on the timing and regional conditions at the start of the present phase of crustal extension in western Turkey, from observations in and around the Denizli region. Geodinamica Acta 18, 209-238.
- Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Heineke, C., Nilius, N. P., Hetzel, R., Hampel, A., Akal, C., Dunkl, I., Christl, M. 2017. Late Cenozoic cooling history of the central Menderes Massif: timing of the Büyük Menderes detachment and the relative contribution of normal faulting and erosion to rock exhumation. Tectonophysics 717, 585–598.
- Wortel, M. J. R., Spakman, W. 2000. Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region. Science 290, 1910-1917.
- Yılmaz, Y. 1997. Geology of Western Anatolia. Theme 3: General Geology. Active Tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia-The Marmara Polyproject. A Multidisiplinary approach by Space–Geodesy, Hydrology, Geothermics and Seismology. vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, Zurich.
- Yılmaz, Y., Genç, S. C., Gürer, Ö. F., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, S., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Elmas, A. 1999. Ege Denizi ve Ege Bölgesi’nin jeolojisi ve evrimi. Görür, N. (Ed.). Türkiye Denizleri, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 211–337.
- Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş. C., Gürer, Ö. F., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş., Elmas, A. 2000. When did the Western Anatolian Grabens begin to develop Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A., Piper, J. D. A. (Ed.). Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society of London Special Publications 173, 353-384.
- Yılmaz, Y. 2017a. Morphotectonic development of Anatolia and the surrounding regions. Çemen, İ., Yılmaz, Y. (Ed.). Active Global Seismology; Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geophysical Monograph 225, American Geophysical Union, Wiley, New York, 11-91.
- Yılmaz, Y. 2017b. Major problems of Western Anatolian geology. Çemen, İ., Yılmaz, Y. (Ed.). Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Geophysical Monograph Book Series 225, 141187.
Year 2022,
, 1 - 15, 05.12.2022
Yücel Yılmaz
References
- Alçiçek, M. C. 2007. Tectonic development of an orogentop rift recorded by its terrestrial sedimentation pattern: the Neogene Eşen Basin of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 200, 117–140.
- Alçiçek, H. 2010. Stratigraphic correlation of the Neogene basins in southwestern Anatolia: regional palaeogeographical, palaeoclimatic, and tectonic implications. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291, 297–318.
- Alçiçek, M. C., Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, E., Liotta, D., Meccheri, M. 2013. Superimposed basin formation during Neogene–Quaternary extension in SW-Anatolia (Turkey): insights from the kinematics of the Dinar fault zone. Tectonophysics 608, 713–727.
- Alçiçek, M. C., Mayda, S., Ten Veen, J. Y., Boulton, S. J., Neubauer, T. A., Alçiçek, H., Tesakov, A. S., Saraç, G., Hakyemez, Y. H., Göktaş, F., Murray, M. A., Titov, V. V., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Büyükmeriç, Y., Wesselingh, F. P., Bouchal, J. M., Demirel, A., Kaya, T. T., Halaçlar, K., Bilgin, M., Van den Hoek Ostende, L. 2019. Reconciling the stratigraphy and depositional history of the Lycian orogentop basins, SW Anatolia. Paleaobiodiversity and Paleoenvironments 99, 551-570.
- Altunel, E. 1996. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve Neotektonik önemleri. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 118, 47-64.
- Altunel, E. 2000. Hierapolis ve yakın çevresinde tarihsel deprem aktivitesi (Lattivita Sismica a Hierapolise Nelle Zone Limitrofe). Ricerche Archeologiche Turche Nella Valle Del Lykos, Lykos Vadisi Türk Arkeoloji Araştırmaları, 229-325.
- Altunel, E., Hancock, P. L. 1993 Active fissuring and faulting in Quatemary travertines at Pamukkale, Western Turkey. Stewart, I. S., Vita-Finzi, I. C., Owen, L. A. (Ed.). Neotectonics and Active Faulting. Zeitschrift Geomorphologie Supplementary 94, 285-302.
- Altunel, E., Barka, A. 1996. Evaluation of archaeoseismic damages at Hierapolis. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 39, 65-74.
- Angelier, J., Dumont, J. F., Karamanderesi, İ. H., Poisson, A., Şimşek, Ş., Uysal, Ş. 1981. Analyses of fault mechanism and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since Late Miocene. Tectonophysics 75, T1–T9.
- Angelier, J. N., Le Pichon, L. X., Barrier, E., Huchon, P. 1982. The tectonic development of the Helennic Arc and the Sea of Crete: a synthesis. Tectonophysics 86, 159–196.
- Aratman, C., Özkul, M., Swennen, R., Hollis, C., Erthal, M. M., Zahra Mohammadi, H. C. E. 2020. The giant quaternary Ballık travertine system in the Denizli basin (SW Turkey): a paleoenvironmental analysis (Le système de travertin quaternaire géant de Ballik dans le bassin de Denizli (sud-ouest de la Turquie): une analyse paléoenvironnementale. Quaternaire 31(2).
- Asti, R., Faccenna, C., Rossetti, F., Malusà, M. G., Gliozzi, E., Faranda, C., Lirer, F., Cosentino, D. 2019. The Gediz supradetachment system (SW Turkey): magmatism, tectonics, and sedimentation during crustal extension. Tectonics 38(4), 1414-1440.
- Atabey, E., Ateş, R. C., Bayülken, N. 1982. The 19 August 1976 Denizli, Turkey, earthquake: evaluation of the strong motion accelerograph record. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72(1982), 1635-1649.
- Agostini, S., Ryan, J. G., Tonarini, S., Innocenti, F. 2008. Drying and dying of a subducted slab: coupled Li and B isotope variations in Western Anatolia Cenozoic volcanism. Earth Planetary Science Letters 272, 139-147.
- Aydan, Ö., Kumsar, H., Tano, H. 2005. Multiparameter changes in the earth’s crust and their relation to earthquakes in Denizli region of Turkey. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, 24-29 April 2005, 1-10.
- Batı, Z., Yazman, M., Özdemir, İ. 1998. Alkaşehir grabeni ve Alaşehir-1 prospektinin değerlendirme raporu. TPAO, Rapor No: 3864, 147.
- Beccaletto, L., Steiner, C. 2005. Evidence of two-stage extensional tectonics from the northern edge of the Edremit Graben, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 283-297.
- Becker-Platen, J. D. 1970. Lithostratigraphisce Untersuchungen im Känozoikum Südwest- Anatoliens (Türkei). Beihefte zum geologischen Jahrbuch, 97, 1–244.
- Benda, L. 1971. Principles of the palynologic subdivision of the Turkish Neogene. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 1-3, 23–26.
- Benda, L., Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Radicati, F., Steffens, P. 1974. Stratigraphic and radiometric data of the Neogene in northwest Turkey. Journal of Applied and Regional Geology 125(2), 183-193.
- Benda, L., Meulenkamp, J. E., Schmidt, R. R., Steffens, P. 1977. Biostratigraphic correlations in the eastern Mediterranean Neogene. Correlation between sporomorph associations and marine microfossils from the Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene of Turkey Newsletters on Stratigraphy 6, 1–22.
- Bozcu, M. 2010. Geology of Neogene basins of BuldanSarıcaova region and their implications in western Anatolian neotectonics. International Journal of Earth. Science 99(4), 851-861.
- Bozkurt, E. 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes graben, Western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. Geological Society London of Special Publications 173, 385–403.
- Bozkurt, E. 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 16, 61–81.
- Bozkurt, E. 2009. Extensional contractional origin for the southern Menderes shear zone, SW Turkey: tectonics and metamorphic implications. Geological Magazine 144(1), 1-20.
- Bozkurt, E., Park, R. G. 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of London 151, 213-216.
- Bozkurt, E., Sözbilir, H. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, twostage extension in Western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141(1), 63-79.
- Bozkurt, E., Rojay, B. 2005. Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz basin abd Bozdağ Horst. Geodinamica Acta 18(3), 299-316.
- Bozkurt, E., Satır, M., Buğdaycıoğlu, C. 2011. Surprisingly young Rb/Sr ages from the Simav extensional detachment fault zone, northern Menderes Massif, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics 52, 406–431.
- Bozkuş, C., Kumsar, H., Özkul, M., Hançel, M. 2001. Seismicity of active Honaz Fault under an extensional tectonic regime. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, İzmir, Turkey, 7-16.
- Buscher, J. T., Hampel, A., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Glotzbach, C., Struffert, A., Akal, C., Rätz, M. 2013. Quantifying rates of detachment faulting and erosion in the central Menderes Massif. by thermochronology and cosmogenic. Journal of the Geological Society 170(4), 669-683.
- Chatzaras, V., Xypolias, P., Kokkalas, S., Koukouvelas, I. 2011. Oligocene-Miocene thrusting in central Aegean: insights from the Cycladic island of Amorgos. Geological Journal 46(6), 619-636.
- Çakır, Z. 1999. Along-strike discontinuity of active normal faults and its influence on Quaternary travertine deposition, examples from Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 67–80.
- Çemen, I., Catlos, E. J., Göğüş, O. 2006. Post collisional extensional tectonics and exhumation of the Menderes Massif in the Western Anatolia Extended Terrane, Turkey. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 409, 353-379.
- Çiftçi, N. B., Bozkurt, E. 2009. Evolution of the Miocene sedimentary ll of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 216(3-4), 49-79.
- Çiftçi, N. B., Bozkurt, E. 2010. Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey: temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research, 22(6), 846-873.
- De Filippis, L., Faccenna, C., Billi, A., Anzalone, E., Brilli, M., Özkul, M., Soligo, M., Tuccimei, P., Villa, M. 2012. Growth of fissure ridge travertines from geothermal springs of Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 124(2012), 1629-1645.
- Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Cenozoic crustal evolution and mantle dynamics of post-collisional magmatism in western Anatolia. International Geology Review 49(5), 431-453.
- Dilsiz, C. 2006. Conceptual hydrodynamic model of Pamukkale hydrothermal field, southwestern Turkey, based on hydrochemical and isotope data. Hydrology Journal 14, 562-572.
- Emre, T., Sözbilir, H. 1997. Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens Western Anatolia. Proceedings of International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, I, 73-93.
- Emre, T., Sözbilir, H. 2007. Tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: evidence for compression/uplift-related basin formation overprinted by extensional tectonics in West Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16(4), 441-470.
- Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H., Can, T. 2018. Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16(8), 3229-3275.
- Ergin, M., Kadir, S., Keskin, Ş., Turhan-Akyüz, N., Yaşar, D. 2007. Late quaternary climate and sea-level changes recorded in sediment composition of the Büyük Menderes Delta (eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey). Quaternary International 167-168, 162176.
- Erinç, S. 1954. Orta Ege Bölgesi’nin jeomorfolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 2217, Ankara (unpublished).
- Ersoy, Y. E., Helvacı, C., Palmer, M. R. 2011. Stratigraphic, structural, and geochemical features of the NE– SW trending Neogene volcanosedimentary basins in western Anatolia: implications for associations of supra-detachment and transtensional strike-slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Science 41, 159-183.
- Ersoy, E. Y., Çemen, İ., Helvacı, C., Billor, Z. 2014. ̇Tectonostratigraphy of the Neogene basins in Western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution of the Aegean extended region. Tectonophysics 635, 3358.
- Faccenna, C., Piromallo, C., Crespo-Blanc, A., Jolivet, L., Rossetti, F. 2004. Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the western Mediterranean arcs.Tectonics 23, TC1012.
- Genç, Ş. C, Yılmaz, Y. 2000. Aliağa dolayının jeolojisi ve genç tektoniği (Geology and young tectonics of the Aliağa region). Batı Anadolu Depremselliği Sempozyumu (BAD-SEM) Bildiriler Kitabı, İzmir, 152-159.
- Genç, C. Ş., Altunkaynak, Ş., Karacık, Z., Yazman, M., Yılmaz, Y. 2001. The Çubukludağ graben, south of İzmir: its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of the western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta 14, 45-55.
- Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W., Güngör T. 2001. An active bivergent rollinghinge detachment system: central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology 29(7), 611–614.
- Gessner, K., Gallardo, L. A., Markowitz, V., Ring, U., Thomson, S. N. 2013. What caused the denudation of the Menderes massif: review of crustal evolution, litho-sphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research 24(1), 243-274.
- Göktaş, F. 1990. 1/25.000 ölçekli Denizli M22b1, b2 ve b3 paftalarının jeoloji haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Gürer, F. Ö., 2023. A new look at the origin of N-S trending young basins of western Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 170, 117-146. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1066949
- Gürer, Ö. F., Yılmaz, Y. 2002. Geology of the Oren and surrounding areas SW Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1–13.
- Gürer, Ö. F, Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Yılmaz, Y. 2001. Neogene basin development around SokeKuşadası (western Anatolia) and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region. Geodinamica Acta 14, 57–69.
- Gürer, Ö. F., Sarıca-Filoreau, N., Özburan, M., Sangu, E., Doğan, B. 2009. Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 146(5), 652–673.
- Hakyemez, H. Y., Erkal, T., Göktaş, F. 1999. Late Quaternary evolution of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, western Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(4–5), 549-554.
- Hançer, M. 2013. Study of the structural evolution of the Babadağ-Honaz and Pamukkale fault zones and the related earthquake risk potential of the Buldan Region in SW Anatolia, east of the Mediterranean. Journal of Earth Science 24(3), 397-409.
- Hançer. M. 2019. Structural evolution of the northeast– southwest trending tectonic lineament and a model for graben formation in the Denizli region of Western Anatolian (west of the Zagros Foldand-Thrust Belt). Tectonics 3, 83-100.
- Heineke, C., Hetzel, R., Nilius, N. P., Zwingmann, H., Todd, A., Mulch, A., Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Akal, C., Dunkl, I., Raven, M., Hampel, A. 2019. Detachment faulting in a bivergent core complex constrained by fault gouge dating and low temperature thermochronology. Journal of Structural Geology 127, 103865.
- Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 639–654.
- Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denèle, Y., Brun, J.-P., Philippon, M., Paul, A., Salaün, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monié, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A., Oberhänsli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L., Driussi, O. 2013. Aegean tectonics: strain localization, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics 597– 598, 1–33.
- Kaymakçı, N. 2006. Kinematic development and paleo stress analysis of the Denizli Basin (western Turkey): implications of spatial variation of relative paleo stress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 207–222.
- Kaypak, B., Gökkaya, G. 2012. 3-D imaging of the upper crust beneath the Denizli geothermal region by local earthquake tomography, western Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 211–212, 47-60.
- Kele, S., Özkul, M., Gökgöz, A., Fórizs, I., Baykara, M. O., Alçiçek, M. C., Németh, T. 2011. Stable isotope geochemical and facies study of Pamukkale travertines: new evidence of low-temperature non-equilibrium calcite-water fractionation. Sedimentary Geology 238, 191-212.
- Koçyiğit, A. 2005. The Denizli graben-horst system and the eastern limit of western anatolian continental extension: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18(3–4), 167-208.
- Koçyiğit, A., Deveci, Ş. 2007. An N-S-trending active extensional structure, the Şuhut (Afyon) graben: commencement age of the extensional neotectonic period in the Isparta angle, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 391–416.
- Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H., Bozkurt, E. 1999. Evidence from the gediz graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of London 156, 605–616.
- Lacassin, R., Arnaud, N., Leloup, P. H., Armijo, R., Meijer, B. 2007. Exhumation of metamorphic rocks in N Aegean: the path from shortening to extension and extrusion. Earth 2, 51–63.
- Le Pichon, X., Angelier, J. 1979. The Hellenic Arc and trench system: a key to the Neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1-42.
- Lips, A. L. W., Cassard, D., Sözbilir, H., Yılmaz, H. 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 781-792.
- Luttig, G., Steffens, D. 1976. Explanatory notes for the paleogeographic atlas of Turkey from Oligocene to Pleistocene. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 64.
- Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., Aytaç, A. S., Schoorl, J. M., Scaife, R., Boomer, I., Stemerdink, C., Van DerSchriek, T., Aksay, S., Lievens, C. 2020. Early Pleistocene river terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: the role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertines in their genesis. Geomorphology 358, 107102.
- McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A. A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gürkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, M., Veis, G. 2000. Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus: Journal of Geophysical Research 105(B3), 5695–5720.
- McKenzie, D. P. 1978. Active tectonic of the Mediterranean belt, Aegean sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal International 30(2), 109-185.
- McKenzie, D., Yılmaz, Y. 1991. Deformation and volcanism in western Turkey and the Aegean. Bulletin Technical University of Istanbul Special Issues on Tectonics 44, 345-373.
- Meulenkamp, J. E., Wortel, M. J. R., Van Wamel, W. A., Spakman, W., Strating, E. H. 1988. On the Hellenic subduction zone and the geodynamical evolution of Crete since the Late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 146, 203-215.
- MTA. 2002. 1/500000 scale geology map of Turkey, Denizli Sheet. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey.
- Ocakoğlu, F. 2020. Rapid Late Quaternary denudation of the Karacasu Graben in response to subsidence in the Büyük Menderes Corridor: Insights from morphotectonics and archaeogeology. Geomorphology, 107107.
- Öner, Z., Dilek, Y. 2011. Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: the Aegean province of western Anatolia. Turkey. The Geological Society of America 123(11-12), 2115–2141.
- Öner, Z., Dilek, Y. 2012. Fault kinematics in supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey. Tectonophysics 608, 1394-1412.
- Özburan, M., Gürer, Ö. F. 2012. Late Cenozoic polyphase deformation and basin development, Kütahya region, western Turkey. International Geology Review 54(12), 1401-1418.
- Özkul, M., Kele, S., Gökgöz, A., ChouShen, C., Jones, B., Baykara, O. M., Fόrizs, I., Németh, T., Chang, Y., Alçiçek, M. Ç. 2013. Comparison of the Quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data. Sedimentary Geology 294, 179-204.
- Özkaymak, Ç. 2015. Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications. Geodinamica Acta 27(2-3).
- Özpolat, E., Yıldırım, C., Görüm, T. 2020. The Quaternary landforms of the Büyük Menderes graben system: the southern Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Maps 16(2), 405-419.
- Piccardi, L. 2007. The AD 60 Denizli Basin earthquake and the apparition of Archangel Michael at Colossae (Aegean Turkey). Masse, W. B. (Ed.). Geological Society of Special Publications 273, 95-105.
- Philippon, M., Brun, J. P., Gueydan, F., Sokoutis, D. 2014. The interaction between Aegean backarc extension and Anatolia escape since Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 631, 176-188.
- Purvis, M., Robertson, A. H. F. 2004. A pulsed extension model for the Neogene–Recent E-W-trending Alasehir Graben and the NE-SW-trending Selendi and Gordes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, 171–201.
- Reilenger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Çakmak, R., Özener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliyev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M. 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111(B5).
- Reilenger, R., McClusky, S., Paradises, D., Ergintav, S., Vernant, P. 2010. Geodetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Aegean region and strain accumulation along the Hellenic subduction zone. Tectonophysics 488, 22-30.
- Ring, U., Gessner, K., Thomson S. 2017. Variations in faultslip data and cooling history reveal corridor of heterogeneous back arc extension in the eastern Aegean Sea region. Tectonophysics 700, 108-130.
- Rojay, B., Toprak, V., Demirci, C., Suzen, L. 2005. Plioquaternary evolution of the Küçük Menderes Graben southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 317–331.
- Sarıca, N. 2000. The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: Mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35(1), 1–24.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B. 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine 128, 155-166.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Scott, B. C. 1996. Age of the Alaşehir Graben (West Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal 31(1), 1-11.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V., Çemen, İ. 2004. Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova 16, 358-363.
- Seyitoğlu, G., Tunçel, E., Kaypak, B., Esat, K., Gökkaya, E. 2022. The Anatolian diagonal: a broad left-lateral shear zone between the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the Aegean/Cyprus. ArcTürkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 65(2), 93-116 .
- Sözbilir, H. 2005. Oligo-Miocene extension in the Lycian Orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 255–282.
- Sümer, Ö., İnci, U., Sözbilir, H. 2013. Tectonic evolution of the Söke Basin: Extension-dominated transtensional basin formation in western part of the Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics 65, 148–175.
- Sümer, Ö., Sözbilir, H., Uzel, B. 2020. Büyük Menderes Grabeni’nin rolling hinge (yuvarlanan reze) modelinde supra-detachment (sıyrılma üstü) havzadan rift havzasına evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63, 241-276.
- Şaroğlu, F., Güler, B. 2020. Batı Anadolu tektonik kaması’nın güncel deformasyonu: batıya doğru kaçıştan kaynaklanan blok hareketleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 63(2), 161-194.
- Şenel, M. 1997. 1/100000 scale geological map of Turkey, Denizli-J9 Quadrangle, and accompanying 18 page explanatory booklet. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.
- Şenel, M. 2010. 1:100.000 scale geological maps of Turkey Denizli N23 sheet. Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey (MTA), Ankara.
- Şengör, A. M. C. 1979. Türkiye’nin Neotektoniği’nin esasları. Jeoloji Kurumu Yayını, 30.
- Şengör, A. M. C. 1987. Cross-fault and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of lowangle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. Coward, M. P., Dewey, J. F., Hancock, P. L. (Ed.). Continental Extensional Tectonics.Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, 575-589.
- Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Türkiye’de Tetis’in evrimi, levha içi tektoniği açısından bir Yaklaşım. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Özel Dizi.
- Şimşek, Ş. 1984. Denizli-Sarayköy-Buldan alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji kaynakları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi 3(1–2), 145162.
- Şimşek, Ş., Günay, G., Elhatip, H., Ekmekçi, M. 2000. Environmental protection of geothermal waters and travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geothermics 29 (4-5), 557-572.
- Tan, O., Cengiz, M., Tapırdamaz, A. Y. 2008. The earthquake catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 17(2), 405-418.
- Taner, G. 2001. Denizli Bölgesi Neojeni’ne ait katların stratigrafik konumlarinda yeni düzenleme. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildirisi, 54-79.
- Ten Veen, J. H., Boulton, S. J., Alçiçek, M. C. 2009. From palaeotectonics to neotectonics in the NeoTethys realm: the importance of kinematic decoupling and inherited structural grain in SW Anatolia (Turkey). Tectonophysics 473, 261–281.
- Toker, E., Kayseri-Özer, M. S., Özkul, M., Kele, S. 2015. Depositional system and palaeoclimatic interpretations of Middle to Late Pleistocene travertines: Kocabaş, Denizli, SW Turkey. Sedimentology 62(5), 1360-1383.
- Utku, M. 2009. Etkinlik ve yığınsal etkinlik dönemlerine göre Denizli depremlerinin analizi, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 138, 9-34.
- Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. 2010. A key extensional metamorphic complex reviewed and restored: the Menderes Massif of western Turkey. EarthSciences Reviews 102(1-2), 60-76.
- Van Noten, K., Claes, H., Soete, J., Foubert, A., Özkul, M., Swennen, R. 2013. Fracture networks and strike-slip deformation along reactivated normal faults in Quaternary travertine deposits, Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 588, 154170.
- Van Noten, K., Topal, S., Baykara, M. O., Özkul, M., Claes, H., Aratman, C., Swennen, R. 2019. PleistoceneHolocene tectonic reconstruction of the Ballık travertine (Denizli Graben, SW Turkey): deformation of large travertine geobodies at intersecting grabens. Journal of Structural Geology 118, 114-134.
- Westaway, R. 1993. Neogene evolution of the Denizli region of Western Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology 15(1), 37–53.
- Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Yurtmen, S., Demir, T., Scaillet, S., Rowbotham, G. 2005. Constraints on the timing and regional conditions at the start of the present phase of crustal extension in western Turkey, from observations in and around the Denizli region. Geodinamica Acta 18, 209-238.
- Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Heineke, C., Nilius, N. P., Hetzel, R., Hampel, A., Akal, C., Dunkl, I., Christl, M. 2017. Late Cenozoic cooling history of the central Menderes Massif: timing of the Büyük Menderes detachment and the relative contribution of normal faulting and erosion to rock exhumation. Tectonophysics 717, 585–598.
- Wortel, M. J. R., Spakman, W. 2000. Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region. Science 290, 1910-1917.
- Yılmaz, Y. 1997. Geology of Western Anatolia. Theme 3: General Geology. Active Tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia-The Marmara Polyproject. A Multidisiplinary approach by Space–Geodesy, Hydrology, Geothermics and Seismology. vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, Zurich.
- Yılmaz, Y., Genç, S. C., Gürer, Ö. F., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, S., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Elmas, A. 1999. Ege Denizi ve Ege Bölgesi’nin jeolojisi ve evrimi. Görür, N. (Ed.). Türkiye Denizleri, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 211–337.
- Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş. C., Gürer, Ö. F., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş., Elmas, A. 2000. When did the Western Anatolian Grabens begin to develop Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A., Piper, J. D. A. (Ed.). Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society of London Special Publications 173, 353-384.
- Yılmaz, Y. 2017a. Morphotectonic development of Anatolia and the surrounding regions. Çemen, İ., Yılmaz, Y. (Ed.). Active Global Seismology; Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Geophysical Monograph 225, American Geophysical Union, Wiley, New York, 11-91.
- Yılmaz, Y. 2017b. Major problems of Western Anatolian geology. Çemen, İ., Yılmaz, Y. (Ed.). Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Geophysical Monograph Book Series 225, 141187.