Research Article
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A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials

Year 2024, , 189 - 201, 26.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931

Abstract

Determination of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of construction materials in the laboratory is tedious and time-consuming. There have been many attempts to indirectly predict UCS using simpler tools and techniques. One of them is the nail gun. The scope of this investigation is to design a nailer which can be applied all construction materials whose UCS range from 1-100 MPa. In the research, rocks, bricks, and concretes prepared in different cement/sand ratios with different strength ranges were used as materials. The unconfined compressive strength of the materials used in the experiments was first determined by conventional compression tests. The nail penetration depths were determined by conducting experiments on the same materials using a nailer with two different energy levels. An empirical relationship was developed by using nail penetration depths, driving energies, and nail diameters as the independent variables and the UCS determined by the conventional method as the dependent variable. According to the empirical relationship determined by multiple regression analysis, the UCS of building materials can be estimated with significance level of 99% by the nail penetration method. The research also revealed that the UCS of rocks might have a coefficient of variation as high as 30%.

Ethical Statement

The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.

Supporting Institution

The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.

Project Number

The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.

Thanks

The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.

References

  • Aoki, H., Matsukura, Y. 2008. Estimating the unconfined compressive strength of intact rocks from Equotip hardness. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 67, 23–29.
  • ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. ASTM Standard D5731.
  • ASTM. 2001. Standard test method for determination of rock hardness by rebound hammer method. ASTM Standard D5873.
  • ASTM. 2002. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of intact rock core specimen. ASTM D2938.
  • Bae, G. J., Lee, S. W., Chang, S. H., Park, H. G., Lee, M. S., Kim, J. K. 2004. Application of pneumatic pin penetration test to estimation of compressive strength of shotcrete in Korea. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 19, 432-440.
  • Broch, E., Franklin, J. A. 1972. Point-load strength test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 9(6), 241-246.
  • Felicetti, R., Gattesco, N. 1998. Apenetration test to study the mechanical response of mortar in ancient masonry buildings. Materials and Structures 31(5), 350-356.
  • ISRM. 1978. Suggested method for determining hardness and abrasiveness of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 15, 89–97.
  • ISRM. 1985. Suggested method for determining point-load strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 22, 53-60.
  • Kayabalı, K., Selçuk, L. 2010. Nail penetration test for determining the uniaxial compressive strength of rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 47, 265-271.
  • Li, X., Rupert, G., Summers, D. A., Santi, P., Liu, D. 2000. Analysis of impact hammer rebound to estimate rock drillability. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 33,1–13.
  • Liberatore, D., Spera, G., Cotugno, M. 2003. A new penetration test on mortar joints. On-site Control and Evaluation of Masonry Structures 191-202.
  • Malhotra, V. M., Carino, N. J. 1991. Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 384.
  • Maruto Corporation. 2006. Penetrometer for soft rock: Model SH-70 instruction manual.
  • Mishra, D. A., Basu, A. 2012. Use of the block punch test to predict the compressive and tensile strengths of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 51, 119-127.
  • Ngan-Tillard, D. J. M., Verwaal, W., Mulder, A., Engin, H. K., Ulusay, R. 2011. Application of the needle penetration test to a calcarenite, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Engineering Geology 123(3), 214-224.
  • Oakdale Engineering 2008. DATAFIT: Version 9.0, RC 101, 23 Tomey Road, Oakdale, PA, 15071 USA.
  • Palassi, M., Emami, V. 2014. A new nail penetration test for estimation of rock strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences (66), 124-127.
  • Pucinotti, R. 2005. Non destructive testing in the valuation of reinforced concrete structural degradation. L’Industria Italiana del Cemento 810, 446-460.
  • Pucinotti, R. 2009. In situ concrete strength assessment: Influence of the aggregate hardness on the Windsor probe test results. Journal of Building Appraisal 5(1), 75-85.
  • Selçuk, L., Kayabalı, K. 2015. Evaluation of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks using nail guns. Engineering Geology 195(3), 164-171.
  • Selçuk, L., Çoban, S., Kayabalı, K., Şimşek, O. 2012. A non- destructive testing technique: Nail penetration test. ACI Structural Journal 109(2), 245-252.
  • Szwedzicki, T. 1998. Indentation hardness testing of rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 35, 825–829.
  • Ulusay, R., Gökceoğlu, C., Sülükçü, S. 2001. Draft ISRM suggested method for determining block punch strength index (BPI). International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 38, 1113– 1119.
  • Van der Schrier, J. S. 1988. The block punch index test. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 38, 121-126.Verwaal, W., Mulder, A. 1993. Estimating rock strength with the Equotip hardness tester. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science Geomechanics Abstracts 30, 659–662.
  • Yılmaz, I. 2009. A new testing method for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46, 1349–1357.
  • Yılmaz, I., Sendir, H. 2002. Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young’s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey). Engineering Geology 66, 211–219.
Year 2024, , 189 - 201, 26.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931

Abstract

Project Number

The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.

References

  • Aoki, H., Matsukura, Y. 2008. Estimating the unconfined compressive strength of intact rocks from Equotip hardness. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 67, 23–29.
  • ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. ASTM Standard D5731.
  • ASTM. 2001. Standard test method for determination of rock hardness by rebound hammer method. ASTM Standard D5873.
  • ASTM. 2002. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of intact rock core specimen. ASTM D2938.
  • Bae, G. J., Lee, S. W., Chang, S. H., Park, H. G., Lee, M. S., Kim, J. K. 2004. Application of pneumatic pin penetration test to estimation of compressive strength of shotcrete in Korea. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 19, 432-440.
  • Broch, E., Franklin, J. A. 1972. Point-load strength test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 9(6), 241-246.
  • Felicetti, R., Gattesco, N. 1998. Apenetration test to study the mechanical response of mortar in ancient masonry buildings. Materials and Structures 31(5), 350-356.
  • ISRM. 1978. Suggested method for determining hardness and abrasiveness of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 15, 89–97.
  • ISRM. 1985. Suggested method for determining point-load strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 22, 53-60.
  • Kayabalı, K., Selçuk, L. 2010. Nail penetration test for determining the uniaxial compressive strength of rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 47, 265-271.
  • Li, X., Rupert, G., Summers, D. A., Santi, P., Liu, D. 2000. Analysis of impact hammer rebound to estimate rock drillability. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 33,1–13.
  • Liberatore, D., Spera, G., Cotugno, M. 2003. A new penetration test on mortar joints. On-site Control and Evaluation of Masonry Structures 191-202.
  • Malhotra, V. M., Carino, N. J. 1991. Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 384.
  • Maruto Corporation. 2006. Penetrometer for soft rock: Model SH-70 instruction manual.
  • Mishra, D. A., Basu, A. 2012. Use of the block punch test to predict the compressive and tensile strengths of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 51, 119-127.
  • Ngan-Tillard, D. J. M., Verwaal, W., Mulder, A., Engin, H. K., Ulusay, R. 2011. Application of the needle penetration test to a calcarenite, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Engineering Geology 123(3), 214-224.
  • Oakdale Engineering 2008. DATAFIT: Version 9.0, RC 101, 23 Tomey Road, Oakdale, PA, 15071 USA.
  • Palassi, M., Emami, V. 2014. A new nail penetration test for estimation of rock strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences (66), 124-127.
  • Pucinotti, R. 2005. Non destructive testing in the valuation of reinforced concrete structural degradation. L’Industria Italiana del Cemento 810, 446-460.
  • Pucinotti, R. 2009. In situ concrete strength assessment: Influence of the aggregate hardness on the Windsor probe test results. Journal of Building Appraisal 5(1), 75-85.
  • Selçuk, L., Kayabalı, K. 2015. Evaluation of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks using nail guns. Engineering Geology 195(3), 164-171.
  • Selçuk, L., Çoban, S., Kayabalı, K., Şimşek, O. 2012. A non- destructive testing technique: Nail penetration test. ACI Structural Journal 109(2), 245-252.
  • Szwedzicki, T. 1998. Indentation hardness testing of rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 35, 825–829.
  • Ulusay, R., Gökceoğlu, C., Sülükçü, S. 2001. Draft ISRM suggested method for determining block punch strength index (BPI). International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 38, 1113– 1119.
  • Van der Schrier, J. S. 1988. The block punch index test. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 38, 121-126.Verwaal, W., Mulder, A. 1993. Estimating rock strength with the Equotip hardness tester. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science Geomechanics Abstracts 30, 659–662.
  • Yılmaz, I. 2009. A new testing method for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46, 1349–1357.
  • Yılmaz, I., Sendir, H. 2002. Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young’s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey). Engineering Geology 66, 211–219.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kamil Kayabalı This is me 0000-0002-0228-0777

Turgay Beyaz This is me 0000-0001-5529-7559

İlknur Karaaslan Özdemir This is me 0000-0002-6894-5153

Deniz Yılmaz This is me 0000-0003-2860-6154

Project Number The funding for this research was provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) with grant number 120M030.
Early Pub Date April 28, 2023
Publication Date April 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Kayabalı, K., Beyaz, T., Karaaslan Özdemir, İ., Yılmaz, D. (2024). A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 173(173), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931
AMA Kayabalı K, Beyaz T, Karaaslan Özdemir İ, Yılmaz D. A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. April 2024;173(173):189-201. doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931
Chicago Kayabalı, Kamil, Turgay Beyaz, İlknur Karaaslan Özdemir, and Deniz Yılmaz. “A Simple and Practical Tool for Indirect Determination of the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Most Common Construction Materials”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 173, no. 173 (April 2024): 189-201. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931.
EndNote Kayabalı K, Beyaz T, Karaaslan Özdemir İ, Yılmaz D (April 1, 2024) A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 173 173 189–201.
IEEE K. Kayabalı, T. Beyaz, İ. Karaaslan Özdemir, and D. Yılmaz, “A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials”, Bull.Min.Res.Exp., vol. 173, no. 173, pp. 189–201, 2024, doi: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931.
ISNAD Kayabalı, Kamil et al. “A Simple and Practical Tool for Indirect Determination of the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Most Common Construction Materials”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 173/173 (April 2024), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931.
JAMA Kayabalı K, Beyaz T, Karaaslan Özdemir İ, Yılmaz D. A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2024;173:189–201.
MLA Kayabalı, Kamil et al. “A Simple and Practical Tool for Indirect Determination of the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Most Common Construction Materials”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 173, no. 173, 2024, pp. 189-01, doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.1267931.
Vancouver Kayabalı K, Beyaz T, Karaaslan Özdemir İ, Yılmaz D. A simple and practical tool for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength of most common construction materials. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2024;173(173):189-201.

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