Geochemical characteristics of the Eocene Karataş volcanics (Northeast Sivas, Turkey) in the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone

Yıl 2020, , 55 - 74, 15.08.2020

Oktay Canbaz , Ahmet Gökce Taner Ekici Hüseyin Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.669717

Öz

Karataş volcanics, is the product of Eocene volcanics crop out in the form of two belts along the northern and southern boundaries of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone. According to geochemical data, these volcanics have alkaline basic-intermediate character and consist of basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite and trachyte. This volcanic activity has been controlled by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination from basaltic trachyandesite to trachyte. Orientation of the samples towards amphibole area on the Rb/Sr - Ba/Rb ratio diagrams, dispersion of the Zr/Ba ratios (0.08 - 0.33) in the lithospheric mantle range, increase in the Ba/Rb ratio, decreases in the MgO, Ni and Cr contents point out that this volcanism originated from enriched lithospheric mantle rather than asthenospheric mantle. Geochemical data show that this enriched lithospheric mantle material is upper continental crustal material, main part of enrichment resulted by the subduction related fluids and also the contribution of the sedimentary materials. This situation may be explained that; the melts, derived from N-MORB or OIB bearing material ascended into the continental crust in a pre-collisional period and were reactivated by extensional tectonic and/or delamination processes during the post-collisional period, possibly caused the partial melting within the upper continental crust and produced the Karataş volcanics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karataş volcanics, Sivas-Zara, Eocene, Geochemistry

Teşekkür

This study was supported as M-613 project by the Scientific Research Projects Unit in Sivas Cumhuriyet University. We thank Dr. M. Emrah Ayaz (previous Director of Sivas Regional Directorate of MTA) and Zara field camp personnel for supplaying MTA facilities during field studies and giving MTA’s drilling data. Dr. Biltan Kürkçüoğlu (Hacettepe Univ.) and two other anonymous referees are thanked for helpful comments improved the text.

Kaynakça

• Akçay, A. E., Beyazpirinç, M. 2017. The Geological Evolution of Sorgun (Yozgat)-Yıldızeli (Sivas) Foreland Basin, Petrographic, Geochemical Aspects and Geochronology of Volcanism Affecting The Basin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 155, 1-32.
• Akçay, A. E., Dönmez, M., Kara, H., Yergök, A. F., Esentürk,K. 2008. 1/100.000 Ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları, Kırşehir İ-34 paftası, No: 81. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Alpaslan, M. 2000. Pazarcık Volkanitinin (Yıldızeli- Sivas) Mineralojik Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 43(2), 49-60.
• Alpaslan, M., Terzioğlu, N. 1998. Pontidlerde çarpışma sonrası volkanizmaya bir örnek: Sürmeli Volkaniti (Taşova-Amasya). Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 15(1), 13-20.
• Altunkaynak, Ş. 2007. Collision Driven Slab Breakoff Magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. The Journal of Geology. https://doi. org/10.1086/509268.
• Altunkaynak, Ş., Dilek, Y. 2006. Timing and nature of postcollisional volcanism in western Anatolia and geodynamic implications. Geological Society of America Special Paper. https://doi. org/10.1130/2006.2409(17).
• Atakay Gündoğdu, E. 2009. Çorum güneybatısındaki volkanik kayaçların jeolojik ve petrolojik özellikleri ve Alaca Höyük kazısında jeoarkeolojik çalışmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. 212s.
• Başıbüyük, Z. 2006. Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy- petrography and geochemistry of Eocene volcanics: an example from quadrangle of Zara-Imranli-Susehri-Serefiye (Northeast of Sivas, Central Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Doktora Tezi. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Science Institute.
• Boynton, W. V. 1984. Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In Handerson P. (Ed.). Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. 1st ed. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 63-114.
• Bozkurt, E., Koçyiğit, A. 1995. Stratigraphy and geologic evolution of the Almus fault zone in Almus-Tokat region. Turkish Association Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 7(1), 1-16.
• Boztuğ, D. 2008. Petrogenesis of the Kösedag Pluton , Suşehri-NE Sivas. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 241-262.
• Boztuğ, D., Yılmaz, S., Keskin, Y. 1994. İç -Doğu Anadolu alkalin provelisindeki Kösedağ plütonu (Suşehri-KD Sivas) doğu kesiminin petrografisi, petrokimyası ve petrojenezi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 2, 1-14.
• Büyükönal, G. 1985. Distribution of he Major and Trace Elements in The Volcanic Rocks of Yozgat Area, Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 105(106), 97-111.
• Canbaz, O., Gürsoy, Ö., Gökçe, A. 2018. Detecting Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Alteration Areas with Integration of ASTER Image and Spectral Data in Kösedag-Zara (Sivas), Turkey. Journal of Geological Society of India 91(4), 389-516.
• Carlson, R. W., Hart, W. K. 1988. Flood basalt volcanism in the northwestern United States. Continental Flood Basalts. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94- 015-7805-9_2.
• Dalkılıç, H., Dönmez, M., Akçay, A. E. 2008. 1/100.000 Ölçekli açınsama nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Yozgat-Sheet İ35, No: 82. General Directorate Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.
• Ekici, T. 2016. Petrology and Ar/Ar chronology of Erdembaba and Kuyucak volcanics exposed along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey): Implications for the late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of Eastern Mediterranean region. Journal of the Geological Society of India. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0409-6.
• Erkan, Y. 1972. Petrografi ders notları. Hacettepe Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü, 118 (unpublished).
• Erkan, Y. 1994. Kayaç Oluşturan Önemli Minerallerin Mikroskopta İncelenmesi. TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayın No: 42.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Dudas, F. O., Thorkelson, D., Zhu, D. C.,Liu, Z., Chatterjee, N., Keewook, Y., Santosh, M. 2017. Eocene granitoids of northern Turkey: Polybaric magmatism in an evolving arc-slab window system. Gondwana Research. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.05.008.
• Fitton, J. G., James, D., Kempton, P. D., Ormerod, D. S., Leeman, W. P. 1988. The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of late cenozoic basic magmas in the western united states. Journal of Petrology. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/ Special_Volume.1.331.
• Genç, Ş., Yilmaz, Y. 1997. An example of the post- collisional magmatism in northwestern Anatolia: the Kızderbent volcanics (Armutlu Peninsula, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 6, 33- 62
• Gill, J. B. 1981. Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Springer, Berlin. 390p.
• Göçmengil, G., Karacık, Z., Genç, Ş. C. 2016. Çarpışma Sonrası Ortamda Kalk-alkali/Alkali Volkanizmadan- Şoşonitik Volkanizmaya Geçişe Bir Örnek: Almus(Tokat) ve Yıldızeli (Sivas) Orta Eosen Volkanikleri. 3-5 Ekim 2016, 1. Volkanoloji Kurultayı. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara / Türkiye.
• Göçmengil, G., Karacık, Z., Genç, C., Billor, M. Z. 2018. 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and petrogenesis of postcollisional trachytic volcanism along the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone (NE, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 27(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1708-4.
• Görür, N., Tüysüz, O. 1997. Petroleum geology of the southern Continental Margin of the Black Sea. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG memoir no. 68.
• Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., Celal Şengör, A. M. 1998. Tectonic Evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins. International Geology Review. https://doi. org/10.1080/00206819809465241
• Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., Şengör, A. M. C. 2010. Tectonic Evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins Tectonic Evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins. 6814(1998). https://doi. org/10.1080/00206819809465241
• Haase, K. M., Mühe, R., Stoffers, P. 2000. Magmatism during extension of the lithosphere: Geochemical constraints from lavas of the Shaban Deep, northern Red Sea. Chemical Geology. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00221-1.
• Hall, A. 1989. M. Wilson. Igneous Petrogenesis: a Global Tectonic Approach. London (Unwin Hyman), 1989, xx + 466 pp. Mineralogical Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.372.15.
• Hawkesworth, C. J., Turner, S. P., McDermott, F., Peate, D. W., Van Calsteren, P. 1997. U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: Implications for element transfer from the subducted crust. Science 276(5312) 551-555. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5312.551.
• Hibbard, M. J. 1991. Textural anatomy of twelve magma mixed granitoid systems. In: Didier, J. ve Barbarin, B. (eds), Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Development in Petrology 13. Elseiver, 431-444.
• Hofmann, Albrecht W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012- 821X(88)90132-X.
• Hofmann, A. W., Jochum, K. P., Seufert, M., White, W. M. 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. https://doi. org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90038-5.
• Ionov, D. A., Griffin, W. L., O’Reilly, S. Y. 1997. Volatile- bearing minerals and lithophile trace elements in the upper mantle. Chemical Geology. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00061-2.
• Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A. 1971. A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8(5), 523-548. https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-055.
• Kalkancı, Ş. 1974. Etüde geologique et petrochimique du sud de la region de Suşehri. Geochronologie du massif syenitique de Kösedağ (Sivas Turquie). These de doctoral de 3 e cycle, L’universite de Grenoble,135p.
• Kaymakçı, N., Duermeijer, C. E., Langereis, C., White, S. H., Van Dijk, P. M. 2003. Palaeomagnetic evolution of the Çankiri Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): Implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation. Geological Magazine. https://doi. org/10.1017/S001675680300757X.
• Kerrich, R., Wyman, D. A. 1997. Review of developments in trace-element fingerprinting of geodynamic settings and their implications for mineral exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 44(4), 465-487. https://doi. org/10.1080/08120099708728327.
• Keskin, M., Genç, Ş. C., Tüysüz, O. 2004. Tectonic setting and petrology of collision-related Eocene volcanism around the Çankırı basin, north central Turkey. 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, Italy, August 20-28, Abstracts, Part 2, p. 1299.
• Keskin, M., Genç, Ş. C., Tüysüz, O. 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey: Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean. Lithos 104(1-4), 267-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.12.011.
• Kirchenbaur, M., Münker, C., Schuth, S., Garbe-schönberg, D., Marchev, P. 2012. Tectonomagmatic constraints on the sources of Eastern Mediterranean K-rich lavas. Journal of Petrology 53(1), 27-65. https:// doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr055.
• Koçbulut, F., Yılmaz Şahin, S.,Tatar, O. 2001. Akdağmadeni (Yozgat)- Yıldızeli (Sivas) Arasındaki Kaletepe Volkanitinin Mineralojik-Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 14(1-2), 77-91.
• Kürkçüoğlu, B., Pickard, M., Şen, P., Hanan, B. B., Sayit, K., Plummer, C., Şen, E., Yürür, T., Furman, T. 2015. Geochemistry of mafic lavas from Sivas, Turkey and the evolution of Anatolian lithosphere. Lithos. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.07.006.
• LeMaitre, R. W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., LeBas, M. J., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., Bellieni, G., Dudek, A., Efremova, S., Keller, J., Lameyre, J., Sabine, P.A. Schimid, R., Sorensen, H., Woolley, A. R. 1989. Igneous Rocks: A classification and glossary of terms. International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0016756803388028.
• MacKenzie, W. S., Guilford, C. 1980. Atlas of rock forming minerals in thin section. John Wiley and Soons, Inc, New York.
• Menzies, M. A., Kyle, P. R., Jones, M., Ingram, G. 1991. Enriched and Depleted Source Components for Tholeiitic and Alkaline Lavas from Zuni-Bandera, New Mexico: Inferences About Intraplate Processes and Stratified Lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 96(B8), 13645-13671p.
• Moorhouse, W. W. 1969. The study of rocks in thin section. Harper and Row, New York, 514.
• MTA. 2002. 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Sivas Paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Okay, A. I., Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 156(1), 475-515. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22.
• Okay, A., Satır, M. 2006. Geochronology of Eocene plutonism and metamorphism in northest Turkey: evidence for a possible magmatic arc. Geodinamica Acta. https://doi.org/10.3166/ ga.19.251-266.
• Özdemir, K. F. 2016. Sivas’ın Doğusundaki Eosen Yaşlı Karataş ve Neojen Yaşlı Şerefiye Volkanitlerinin Petrolojisi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 83 s.
• Pearce, J. A. 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks, 525-548.
• Pearce, J. A. 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: Hawkesworth, C.J. and Norry, M.J. eds. Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths, Nantwich, Cheshire: Shiva Publications, pp. 230- 249.
• Plank, T. 2005. Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents. Journal of Petrology. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi005.
• Sun, S. S., McDonough, W. F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42(1), 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL. SP.1989.042.01.19.
• Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Geological Magazine 122(06), 673. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0016756800032167.
• Temizel, I., Arslan, M., Yücel, C., Abdioğlu, E., Ruffet, G. 2016. Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene-aged volcanic rocks around the Bafra (Samsun, N Turkey) area: Constraints for the interaction of lithospheric mantle and crustal melts. Lithos. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. lithos.2016.04.023.
• Tiryaki, C., Ekici, T. 2012. Çarpışma Sonrası Kalk-Alkalin Yozgat Volkaniklerinin Petrolojisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 55(1), 19-42.
• Tommasini, S., Avanzinelli, R., Conticelli, S. 2011. The Th/ La and Sm/La conundrum of the Tethyan realm lamproites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.023.
• Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W. H., Siebel, W., Satir, M., Dokuz, A. 2005. Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: The Eocene Saraycık granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0022-y.
• Topuz, G., Okay, A.I., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W.H., Siebel, W. Zack, T., Satır, M., Şen, C. 2011. Post-collisional adakite-like magmatism in the Ağvanis Massif and implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos 125, 131-150.
• Tüysüz, O., Dellaloğlu, A. A. 1992. Çankırı havzasının tektonik birlikleri ve havzanın tektonik evrimi. In: Proceedings of 9th Turkish Petroleum Congress Turkey, Ankara. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists 333-349.
• Tüysüz, O., Dellaloǧlu, A. A., Terzioǧlu, N. 1995. A magmatic belt within the Neo-Tethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of northern Turkey. Tectonophysics. https://doi. org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00197-H.
• Yardley, B. W. D., MacKenzie, W. S., Guilford, C. 1990. Atlas of metamorphic rocks and their textures. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, NewYork. 120p.
• Yılmaz, A., Okay, A., Bilgiç, T. 1985. Yukarı Kelkit Çayı yöresi ve güneyinin temel jeoloji özellikleri ve sonuçları. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 7777. 124 s, (unpublished).
• Yılmaz, A., Uysal, Ş., Yusufoğlu, H., Ağan, A., İnal, A., Aydın, N., Bedi, Y., Havzoğlu, T., Göç, D., İnal, E., Erkan, E.N. 1994. Akdağmasifi (Sivas) dolayının jeolojik incelemesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No:9721, Ankara (unpublished).
• Yılmaz, A., Uysal, S., Bedi, Y., Atabey, E., YusufoğIu, H., HavzoğIu, T., Aydın, N. 1997. 1/100.000 Ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları, Sivas-F22 paftası, No: 46. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlügü, Ankara.
• Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O. 1984. Kastamonu-Boyabat-Vezir- köprü-Tosya arasındaki bölgenin jeolojisi (Ilgaz- Kargı masiflerinin etüdü). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 275, 275 s, (unpublished).
• Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Ruffet, G. 2017. Evolution of K-rich magmas derived from a net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.016.