Depositional Environments and Petrography of Denizli Travertines

Year 2002, Volume: 125 Issue: 125, 13 - 29, 01.06.2002

Mehmet Özkul Baki Varol M. Cihat Alçiçek

Abstract

Quaternary to Recent travertines in the Denizli basin are distinguished in 9 lithofacies according to the field and microscopic features. These are: 1) Crystalline crust, 2) Shrub, 3) Pisolith, 4) Paper-thin raft, 5) Coated gas bubble, 6) Reed, 7) Lithoclast, 8) Pebbly travertines and 9) Palaeosols. Various combinations of the distinguished lithofacies are deposited on the slope, depression, mound, fissure ridge and channel depositional environments. In addition, these main depositional environments are divided into subenvironments. As to isotope analysis made of some travertine samples, d3C and d8O values show a wide distribution. The d13C values are between 0.35%o and 6.70%o; d18O values are -6.47%o to -15.10 %o. Consequently, an isotopic grouping has been brought up based on lithofacies variation and depositional environments.

Keywords

-

References

• Allen, E. T. and Day, A. L, 1935, Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park: Carnegie Inst., Wash. Publ., 466, 525 pp
• Altunel, E., 1996, Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve neotektonik önemler: M T A Derg., 118, 47-64.
• and Hancock, P. L., 1993a, Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey: Geological Journal, 28; 335 - 346.
• and , 1993b, Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western Turkey: Z. Geomorph. N. E. 285 - 302.
• Baker, G. and Frostick, A. C., 1951, Pisoliths, ooliths and calcareous growths in limestone cavesat Port Campbell, Victoria, Australia: Jour. Sed. Pet., 21, 85-104.
• Bargar, K. E., 1978, Geology and thermal history of Mammoth hot springs. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1444, 55.
• Black, D. M., 1953, Aragonite rafts in Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico: Science, 117, 84-85.
• Bozkuş, C.;Kumsar, H.;Özkul, M. and Hanger, M., 2000, Seismicity of Active Honaz fault under an extensional tectonic regime. In International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Dokuz Eylül Univ., Dept. of. Geology, Izmir-Turkey. (Edited by O. Ö. Dora, İ. Özgenç and H. Sözbilir), Proceedings, p. 7-16.
• Canik, B., 1978, Denizli - Pamukkale sıcak su kaynaklarının sorunları: Jeoloji Mühendisliği Derg., 5, 29 -33.
• Chafetz, H. S. and Meredith, J. C. 1983, Recent travertine pisoliths (pisoliths) from southeastern Idaho, U.S.A.: In: Coated Grains, Ed. by T.M. Peryt, 450-455, Springer - Verlag, Berlin.
• and Folk, R. L., 1984, Travertines: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents: Jour. Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 1,289-316.
• ; Rush, P. F. and Utech, N. M., 1991 a, Microenvironmental controls on mineralogy and habit of CaCO3 precipitates: an example from an active travertine system: Sedimentology, 38, 107-126.
• ; Utech, N. M., and Fitzmaurice, S. P., 1991b, Differences in the d18O and d13C signatures of seasonal laminae comprising travertine stromatolites: Jour. Sedimentary Petrology,61,6, 1015- 1028.
• and Lawrence, J.R., 1994, Stable isotopic variability within modern travertines: Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 48, 257-273.
• Chafetz, H.S. and Guidry, S.A., 1999, Bacterial shrubs, crystal shrubs, and ray-crystal crusts: Bacterially induced vs abiotic mineral precipitation, Sedimentary Geology, v. 126, p. 57-74.
• Çakır, Z., 1999, Along - strike discontinuity of active normal faults and its Influence on Quaternary travertine deposition: Examples from western Turkey: Tr. J. of Earth Sciences, 8, 67 - 80.
• Demirkıran, Z. and Çalapkulu, R, 2001, KaklıkKocabaş travertenlerinin litolojik, morfolojik özellikleri ve sınıflandırılması: Mersem 2001, Türkiye III. Mermer Sempozyumu Bildiriler kitabı, 17-31, TMMOB Maden Müh. Odası Afyon II Temsilciliği, Afyon.
• Ekmekçi, M.; Günay, G. and Şimşek, S., 1995, Morphology of rimstone pools, Pamukkale, western Turkey: Cave Karst Sci., 22, 103-106.
• Eşder, T. and Yılmazer, S., 1991, Pamukkale jeotermal kaynakları ve travertenlerin oluşumu: (Editor: N. Özer) Tıbbi Ekoloji ve Hidroklimatoloji Dergisi, Özel sayı
• Folk, R. L. and Chafetz, H. S., 1983, Pisoliths (pisoliths) in Quaternary travertines of Tivoli, Italy: In: Coated Grain (Ed. by T. M. Peryt), 474-487. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• ; and Tiezzi, P. A., 1985, Bizarre forms of depositional and diagenetic calcite in hot spring travertines, central Italy: In: Carbonate Cements (Ed. by N. Schneidermann and P. Harris), Spec. Publ. S.E.P.M., 36, 349-369.
• Gökgöz, A., 1994, Pamukkale - Karahayıt - Gölemezli Hidrotermal Karstının Hidrojeolojisi: Doktora tezi, Süleyman Demirel Univ. Fen Bil. Enst. 263s., Isparta.
• and Filiz, S., 1998, Pamukkale- Karahayıt dolayındaki sıcak ve mineralli sularla travertenleri kirleten etkilerin değerlendirilmesi ve bunların önlenmesi: Yerbilimleri (Geosound), 32, 29-43.
• Guo, L., 1993, Fabrics and facies of Quaternary travertines, Rapolano Terme, central Italy. PhD thesis, Universty of Wales, Cardiff, 237 pp.
• Guo, L. and Riding, R., 1994, Origin and diagenesis of Quaternary travertine shrub fabrics, Rapolano Terme, central Italy: Sedimentology, 41, 499-520. , Andrews, J., Riding, R., Dennis, P. and Dresser, Q, 1996, Possible microbial effects on stable carbon isotopes in hot-spring travertines: Jour. Sedim. Res., 66, 468-473.
• and Riding, R., 1998, Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, Late Pleistocene Rapolano Terme, Italy: Sedimentology, 45, 163-180.
• and , 1999, Rapid facies changes in Holocene fissure ridge hot spring travertines, Rapolano Terme, Italy: Sedimentology, 46, 1145-1158.
• Kahle, C. F., 1977, Origin of subaerial Holocene calcareous crusts: role of algae, fungi and sparmicritization: Sedimentology, 24, 413- 435.
• Koçak, A., 1971, Denizli-Pamukkale ve Karahayıt kaplıcalarının hidrojeolojik etüdü: MTA Rep. 5670, 21s. (unpublished). Ankara
• Özkul, M. and Alçiçek, M. C., 2000, Facies variation in Recent to Quaternary fissure ridge hot spring travertines, Denizli Basin, Interior Western Turkey: International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Dokuz Eylül Univ. Engineering Faculty, Dept of Geology, Izmir, Turkey, Poster display, Proceedings Abstracts, p. 91,
• ; ; Heybeli, H., Semiz, B. and Erten, H., 2001, Denizli sıcak su travertenlerinin depolanma özellikleri ve mermercilik açısından değerlendirilmesi: Mersem 2001, Turkiye III. Mermer Sempozyumu Bildiriler kitabi, 57- 72, TMMOB Maden Müh. Odası Afyon II Temsilciliği, Afyon.
• Özpınar, Y. M.; Heybeli, H.; Semiz, B.; Baran, H. A. and Koçan, B., 2001, Kocabaş ve Denizli travertenlerinin jeolojik, petrografik özellikleri ve oluşumunun incelenmesi, teknik açıdan değerlendirilmesi: Mersem 2001, Turkiye III. Mermer Sempozyumu Bildiriler kitabi, 133-148, TMMOB Maden Müh. Odası Afyon Il Temsilciliği, Afyon.
• Pentecost, A., 1990, The formation of travertine shrubs: Mammoth Hot Spring, Wyoming: Geol. Mag.,127, 159-168.
• , 1993, British travertines: A review: Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 104, 23-29.
• and Tortora, P., 1989, Bagni di Tivoli, Lazio: A modern travertine- deposition site and its associated microorganisms: Bull. Soc. Geol. Ital., 108, 315-324.
• ; Bayan, S. and Yesertener, C., 1997, Phototrophic microorganisms of the Pamukkale Travertine, Turkey: Their distribution and influence on travertine deposition: Geomicrobiology Jour., 14, 269-283.
• Srdoc, D.; Chafetz, H.S. and Utech, N., 1989,Radiocarbon dating of travertine deposits, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, Radiocarbon, 31,619-626.
• ; Osmond, J. K., Horvatincic, N., Dabous, A., A.and Obelic, B., 1994, Radiocarbon and uranium-series dating of the Plitvice Lakestravertines, 36, 2, 203-219.
• Sun, S., 1990, Denizli Uşak arasının jeolojisi ve linyit olanakları, MTA Rep. 9985, Ankara (unpublished), Ankara
• Şentürk, R, Sayman, Y, Yalçın, H. and Ağacık, G., 1971, Pamukkale sıcak suları ve travertenleri üzerinde araştırma, DSİ. Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ara rapor. Rapor No. Ki - 507,Ankara.
• Taner, G., 2001, Denizli bölgesi Neojen'ine ait katların stratigrafik konumlarmda yeni düzenleme : 54.Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri özleri, 7-10Mayıs, Ankara, 54-79.
• Usdovski E. and Hoefs, J., 1990, Kinetics 13C/12C and18O/16O effects upon dissolution and outgassing of CO2 in the system CO2 - H2O: Chemicial Geology, Isotop Geoscience, 80, 109-118.
• Westaway, R., 1990, Block rotationin western Turkey. 1. Observational evidence: Journal of Geophysical Research, 95,19857-19884.
• , 1993, Neogene evolution of the Denizli region of western Turkey: Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 37-53.