THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE PAN-AFRICAN AND TRIASSIC METAGRANITOIDS IN THE MENDERES MASSIF, WESTERN ANATOLIA, TURKEY

Year 2011, Volume: 142 Issue: 142, 69 - 119, 01.11.2011

O. Ersin Koralay , Osman Candan Cüneyt Akal , O. Özcan Dora Fukun Chen Muharrem Satır Roland Oberhänslı

Abstract

The Menderes Massif is a metamorphic complex cropping out on a large region in the Alpine
orogenic belt in Western Anatolia. The massif mainly, is made up of a Precambrian basement and the overlying
Palaeozoic-Early Tertiary cover series. The basement comprises Late Proterozoic metaclastics composed of
paragneiss and high grade micaschists, syn to post-tectonical Pan-African orthogneisses that have intruded into
them, and metagabbros which have partly turned into eclogitic form. Cover series unconformably overlying the
basement are divided into two units, in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Early Tertiary ages. The basement and cover
series were influenced by an effective Alpine contractional deformation and a regional metamorphism in Tertiary
time. Geological and geochronological data in the Menderes Massif, indicate the presence of three acidic
magmatic activities of i) Pan-African, ii) Triassic and iii) Miocene in ages. The acidic magmatics forming the
protolithes of Pan-African orthogneisses can be divided into three main types according to their textural and
mineralogical compositions as; 1) Biotite orthogneiss, 2) Tourmaline leucocratic orhogneiss and 3) Amphibole
orthogneiss. The relations of primary granites of these orthogneisses present a clear intrusive contact relationship
among them and with the metaclastics of Late Proterozoic age. The contact relationships show that these
orthogneiss types can be ordered as biotite orthogneisses, tourmaline leucocratic orthogneisses and amphibole
orthogneisses ranging from old to young, with respect to relative aging. Although there has been some problems
originating from the definition of samples dated in previous studies, it is noted that radiometric data mainly show
a consistency with this relative relationship (biotite orthogneiss: 550-570 Ma; tourmaline leucocratic orthogneiss:
541-547 Ma and amphibole orthogneiss: 531 Ma). These radiometric data indicate that different orthogneiss types
in the Massif are differentiated products of the same Late Proterozoic - Early Cambrian acidic magmatic activity.
When the paleogeographical position of the Massif in Early Cambrian and the close temporal relation of the metamorphic
stage of cover series and the acidic magmatism are assessed with the geochemical character of
orthogneisses, this widespread magmatic activity with an average age of about 550 Ma which is related to the
Pan-African orogenesis can be attributed to proccesses of closure of the Mozambique Ocean, collision of East
and West Gondwanaland, crustal thickening and partial melting of the lower crust. Triassic leucocratic
orthogneisses constitutes the second effective acidic magmatic activity in the Menderes Massif with dimensions
of 6-7 km. These plutonic leucocratic orthogneisses in 6-7 km dimensions are exposed in Ödemiþ-Kiraz and
Demirci-Gördes submassifs. They show well-preserved intrusive contact relationships with Late Proterozoic
metaclastics of the Pan-African basement and with metasediments of Late Palaeozoic cover series. Geochemical
data show that protolithes of leucocratic orthogneisses are in calc alkaline and S type in character. Based on
single zircon Pb/Pb evaporation method, these were radiometrically dated as ranging from 227 to 246 Ma. These
ages are interpreted as the age of emplacement of protolithes of orthogneisses in Middle Triassic. The existence
of Early-Middle Triassic magmatic activity is widely known not only in the Massif but also at the tectonical zones
of the Anatolides, at the Karaburun peninsula, in Cyclades and at the inner Hellenides. When the regional
character of Triassic magmatic activities is considered, it is suggested that there is a close genetical relationship
between these leucocratic orthogneisses and Triassic magmatics. It is also considered that it can be attributed to
the opening of Neothethys Ocean. 

Keywords

Menderes Massif, Pan-African, Cadomian, Triassic, magmatism, geochronology

References

• Akal, C., Candan, O., Koralay, O.E., Chen, F., and Oberhänsli, R., 2007a. Afyon Zonu'na ait olasýlý Erken Triyas yaþlý metavolkaniklerin jeokimyasý, jeokronolojisi ve tektonik ortamlarý. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araþtýrma Kurumu Project No 103Y011.
• ,Koralay, O.E., Oberhänsli, R., Chen, F., and Candan, O., 2007b. Karaburun Yarýmadasý ký- rýntýlý seri içindeki Triyas diyorit-granodiyoritinin jeokimyasý, jeokronolojisi ve tektonik ortamý. 60. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý Bildiri Özleri, Ankara, 229-231 p.
• ,Candan, O., Koralay, O.E., Okay, A., Oberhänsli, R. and Chen, F., 2008. Afyon Zonu'nundaki Erken Devoniyen Asidik Magmatizmaya ait jeolojik, jeokimyasal ve jeokronolojik ön bulgular. 61. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý Bildiri Özetleri Kitabý, 204 p.
• Akat, U., Öztürk, Z., Öztürk, E. and Çaðlayan, A., 1975. Menderes Masifi güneyi-GB Toros Kuþaðý iliþkisi (ön rapor), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüðü Raporlarý, no:548, Ankara (unpublished).
• Akdeniz, N. and Konak, N., 1979. Menderes Masifi'nin Simav dolaylarýndaki kaya birimleri ve metabazik, metaultramafik kayalarýn konumu. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý Bülteni, 22, pp.175- 183
• Akkök, R., 1981. Menderes Masifi'nin gnayslarýnda ve þistlerinde metamorfizma koþullarý, Alaþehir / Manisa. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, C 24, pp.11-20.
• ,1983. Structural and metamorphic evolution of the northern part of the Menderes Massif: New data from the Derbent area and their implication for the tectonics of the massif. Journal of Geology, 91, 342-350.
• ,Satýr, M. and Þengör, A.M.C., 1984. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif and its implications. 38th Scientific and Technical Congress of the Geological Society of Turkey, 9-11.
• Alkanaoðlu, E., 1978. Geologisch-Petrographische und Geochemische Untersuchungen am Südostrand des Menderes-Massivs in West Anatolien / Turkei. Dissertation, Universität Bochum, 166 p.
• Anders, B., Reischmann, T. and Kostopoulos, D., 2007. Zircon geochronology of basement rocks from the Pelagonian Zone, Greece: constrains on the pre-Alpine evolution of the westernmost Internal Hellenides. International Journal of Earth Science, 96, 639-661.
• Ayalew, T. and Gichile, S., 1990. Preliminary U-Pb ages from southern Ethiopia. In G.Rocci, M. Deschamps (eds), Recent data in African Earth Sciences, CIFEG Occ. Publ. 22, 127-130.
• Bandres, A., Eguiluz, L., Pin, C., Paquette, J.L., Ordonez, B., Le Fevre, B., Ortega, L.A. and Ibarguchi, G.J.A., 2004. The northern OssaMorena Cadomian batholith (Iberian Massif): magmatic arc origin and early evolution. International Journal Earth Science, 93, 860- 885.
• Baþarýr, E., 1970. Bafa gölünün doðusunda kalan Menderes Masifi güney kanadýnýn jeolojisi ve petrografisi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Ýlmi Raporlar Serisi No: 102, 1-44.
• Bingöl, E., Delaloye, M. and Ataman, G., 1982. Granitic intrusions in western Anatolia: a contribution to the geodynamic study of this area. Eclogea Geologica Helvetica, 75, 437-446.
• Bozkaya, Ö., Gürsu, S. and Göncüoðlu, M.C., 2006. Textural and mineralogical evidence for a Cadomian tectonothermal event in the eastern Mediterranean (Sandýklý-Afyon area, western Taurides, Turkey). Gondwana Research, 10, 301-315.
• Bozkurt, E., 1994. Effects of Tertiary extension in the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey. PhD Thesis, University of Keel, 395 p.
• ,2004. Granitoid rocks of the southern Menderes Massif: field evidence for Tertiary magmatism in an extensional shear zone. International Journal of Earth Science, 93, 52- 71.
• ,Park, R.G. and Winchester, J.A., 1992. Evidence against the core/cover concept in the southern sector of the Menderes Massif. International Workshop: Work in progress on the Geology of Turkey, Keel-England, 9-10 April 1992, Abstracts, 22 p.
• , and , 1993. Evidence against the core/cover interpretation of the southern sector of the Menderes Massif, west Turkey. Terra Nova 5, 445-451.
• and , 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal Geologe Society London 151, 213-216
• ,Winchester, J.A. and Park, R.G., 1995. Geochemistry and tectonic significance of augen gneisses from the southern Menderes Massif (West Turkey). Geological Magazine, 132, 287-301.
• and Park, R.G., 1997a. Evolution of a midTertiary extensional shear zone in the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique France, t.168,1, 2-14.
• and , 1997b. Microstructures of deformed grains in the augen gneisses of southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey) and their tectonic significance. Geologische Rundschau, 86, 103-119
• Bozkurt, E., Winchester, A. J., Mittwede, S. and Ottley, C., 2006. Geochemistry and tectonic implications of leucogranites and tourmalines of the southern Menderes Massif, southwest Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 19/5, 363-390.
• and Park, G., 2001. Discussion on the evolution of the Southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. Journal Geological Society, 158, 393-395.
• Candan, O., 1994. Alaþehir kuzeyinde (Menderes Masifi, Demirci -Gördes Asmasifi) gözlenen metagabrolarýn petrografisi ve metamorfizmasý. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 37, 29-40.
• ,1995. Menderes Masifi'ndeki kalýntý granulit fasiyesi metamorfizmasý. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 4, 35-55.
• ,1996. Aydýn - Çine Asmasifi'ndeki (Menderes Masifi) gabrolarýn metamorfizmasý ve diðer asmasiflerle karþýlaþtýrýlmasý. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 123-139.
• ,Dora, Ö., Dürr, St. and Oberhänsli, R., 1994. Erster Nachweis von Granulit und Eklogit - Relikten im Menderes - Massif / Türkei. Göttingen Abr. Geol. Paläont. Sb.1 5.Symposium TSK, 217-220.
• , , Oberhänsli, R., Ölsner, F. and Dürr, St., 1997. Blueschist relics in the Mesozoic cover series of the Menderes Massif and correlations with Samos Island, Cyclades. Schweiz Mineral. Petrol. Mitt., 77, 95-99.
• and , 1998. Menderes Masifi'nde granulit, eklojit ve mavi þist kalýntýlarý: Pan-Afrikan ve Tersiyer metamorfik evrimine bir yaklaþým. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 41/1, 1-35.
• , , , Çetinkaplan, M., Partzsch, J.H., Warkus, F. and Dürr, S., 2001. Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the Precambrian basement of the Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science (Geologische Rundschau), 89, 4, 793-811.
• ,Koralay, E., Dora, O., Chen, F., Oberhänsli, R., Akal, C., Satýr, M. and Kaya, O., 2006. Menderes Masifi'nde Pan-Afrikan Sonrasý Uyumsuzluk: Jeolojik ve Jeokronolojik Bir Yaklaþým. 59. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý Bildiri özleri, Ankara, 25-27.
• Candan, O. Koralay, E. Dora, Ö. Chen, F. Oberhansli, R. Çetinkaplan, M. Akal, C. Satýr, M. and Kaya, O.,, 2007. Menderes Masifi'nin Pan-Afrikan temelin stratigrafisi ve örtü - çekirdek serilerinin ilksel dokanak iliþkisi. Menderes Masifi Kolokyumu, Ýzmir.
• ,Dora, O.Ö., Oberhaensli, R., Koralay, O.E., Çetinkaplan, M., Akal, C., Satýr, M., Chen, F. and Kaya, O., 2010. Menderes Masifi'nin PanAfrikan Temelin Stratigrafisi ve Gondvana'nýn Geç Neoproterozoyik/Kambriyen Evrimi Ýle Ýliþkisi. Menderes Masifi Kolokyumu, Ýzmir.
• Catlos, E.J. and Çemen, Ý., 2005. Monazite ages and the evolution of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science, 94, 204-217.
• Chen, F., Siebel, W., Satýr, M. and Terzioðlu, M.N., 2002. Geochronology of the Karadere basement (NW Turkey) and implications for the geological evolution of the Ýstanbul Zone. International Journal of Earth Science, 91, 469- 481.
• Çaðlayan, A.M. Öztürk, E.M. Öztürk, Z. Sav, H. and Akat, U., 1980. Menderes Masifi güneyine ait bulgular ve yapýsal yorum. Jeoloji Mühendisliði, 10: 9-17.
• Çetinkaplan, M., 1995. Geochemical, mineralogical and petrographical investigation of the eclogites in southern part of Tire area, Ödemiþ- Kiraz submassif of the Menderes Massif. Unpublished master theses, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Ýzmir, 92p.
• ,Candan, O. Oberhansli, R. and Bousquet, R., 2008. Pressure-temperature evolution of lawsonite eclogites in sivrihisar, Tavþanlý zone, Turkey. Lithos, 104, 12-32.
• Dalziel, I.W.D., 1991. Pasific margins of Laurentia and east Antartica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: Evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent. Geology, 19, 598-601.
• Dannat, C., 1997. Geochemie, geochronologie und Nd-Sm Isotopie der granitoiden Kerngneiss des Menderes Massivs, SW-Turkey. PhD thesis, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz.
• and Reischmann, T., 1998. Single zircon ages of migmatites from the Menderes Massif, SW Turkey. Program des Workshops 'Das Menderes Massif (Türkei) und seine nachbargebiete'. Mainz, Germany.
• Delaloye, M. and Bingöl, E., 2000. Granitoids from Western and Northwestern Anatolia: Geochemistry and modelling of geodynamic evolution. International Geology Review, 42, 241-268.
• Dora, O.Ö., 1975. Menderes Masifi'nde alkali feldspatlarýn yapýsal durumlarý ve bunlarýn perojenetik yorumlarda kullanýlmasý. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 24, 91-94.
• ,1976. Die Feldspäte als petrogenetischer Indikator im Menderes Massiv / Westanatolien. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abh., 127, 289-310.
• Dora, O.Ö., Kun, N. and Candan, O., 1990. Metamorphic history and geotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif. Proc. of International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Regions, Ýzmir/Turkey, Vol. 2, 102-115.
• ,Candan, O., Kun, N., Koralay, O.E. and Akal, C., 1994. Ödemiþ-Kiraz Asmasifi'ndeki yeni jeolojik bulgular ve sorunlar. 47. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, pp. 32-33.
• , , Dürr, S. and Oberhänsli, R., 1995. New evidence on the geotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Eagean Region, IzmirTurkey, V.1, 53-72.
• , ,Kaya, O. Koralay, E. and Dürr, S., 2001. Revision of the so-called "leptite-gneisses" in the Menderes Massif: A supracrustal metasedimentary origin. International Journal of Earth Science (Geologische Rundschau), 89/4, 836- 851.
• Dora, O.Ö., Candan, O., Kaya, O. and Koralay, E., 2002. Menderes Masifi'ndeki Leptit - Gnays - larýn Kökenlerinin Yeniden Yorumlanmasý, Metamorfizmalarý ve Jeotektonik Ortamlarý YDABÇAG - 554 nolu TÜBÝTAK projesi, 165p.
• , , , and Akal, C., 2005. Menderes Masifi Çine Asmasifi'ndeki Koçarlý - Bafa - Yataðan - Karacasu arasýnda uzanan gnays / þist dokanaðýnýn niteliði: Jeolojik, tektonik, petrografik ve jeokronolojik bir yaklaþým. YDABÇAG - 101 Y 132 nolu TÜBÝTAK projesi, 197p.
• Dürr, St., 1975. Über Alter und geotektonische Stellung des Menderes Kristallins / SW - Anatolien und seine Äquivalente in der Mittleren Aegean. Habilitation thesis University of Marburg, 1-107.
• ,Alther, R., Keller, J., Okrusch, M. and Seidel, E., 1978. The median Aegean crystalline belt: Stratigraphy, structure, metamorphism, magmatism. In: Closs, H., Roeder, D.R., Schmidt, E. (eds), Alps, Apennines, Hellenides. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 445-477.
• Ercan, T., Türkecan, A. and Satýr, M., 2000. Karaburun Yarýmadasý'nýn Neojen volkanizmasý. Cumhuriyetin 75. yýldönümü Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabý, 1, 1-18.
• Erdoðan, B., 1992. Problem of core - mantle boundary of Menderes Massif. In proceedings of the international Symposium of Eastern Mediterranean Geology. Geosound, 314-315.
• ,1993. Menderes Masifi'nin kuzey kanadýnýn stratigrafisi ve çekirdek örtü iliþkisi. Özetler, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, 56p.
• and Güngör, T., 2004. The problem of the core - cover boundary of the menderes Masif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granite, Western Anatolia Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 13, 15-36.
• Friedl, G., Finger, F., Paquette, J.L., von Quadt. A., McNaughton, N.J. and Fletcher, I.R., 2004. Pre-Variscan geological events in the Austrian part of the Bohemian Massif deduced from U Pb zircon ages. International Journal of Earth Science, 93, 802-823.
• Gessner, K., Piazolo, S., Güngör, T., Ring, U., Kröner, A. and Passchier, C.W., 2001. Tectonic significance of deformation in granitoid rocks of the Menderes nappes, Anatolide belt, southwest Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science, 89, 766-780.
• ,Collins A. Ring, U. and Güngör, T., 2004. Structural and thermal history of poly-orogenic basement: U-Pb geochronology of granitoid rocks in the southern Menderes Massif, Western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 161, 93-101.
• Glodny, J. and Hetzel, R., 2007. Precise U-Pb ages of syn-extensional Miocene intrusions in the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 144(2), 235-246.
• Goodenough, K.M., Thomas, R.J., De Waele, B., Key, R.M., Schofield, D.I., Bauer, W., Tucker, R.D., Rafahatelo, J.M., Rabarimanana, M., Ralison, A.V. and Randriamananjara, T., 2010. Postcollisional magmatism in the central East African Orogen: The Maevarano Suite of North Madagascar. Lithos, 116, 18-34.
• Göncüoðlu, M.C., Turhan, N. and Tekin, K., 2003. Evidence for the Triassic rifting and opening of the Neotethyan Ýzmir -Ankara Ocean, northern edge of the Tauride-Anatolide Platform, Turkey. Bulletin of Geological Society Italy, Special Volume 2, 203-212.
• Graciansky, P., 1965. Menderes Masifi'nin güney kýyýsý boyunca (Türkiye'nin GB'sý) görülen metamorfizma hakkýnda açýklamalar. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüðü Bülteni, 64, 8-22.
• Gradstein, Ogg, J.G., Smith A.G.B. and Lourens, L.J., 2004. A new Geological Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene. Episodes, 27, 83-100.
• Gürsu, S., Göncüoðlu, M.C. and Bayhan, H., 2004. Geology and geochemistry of Pre-early Cambrian rocks in the Sandýklý area: Implication for the Pan-African evolution of NW Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 7, 923-935.
• Gürsu, S. and Göncüoðlu, M.C., 2005. Early Cambrian back-arc volcanism in the Western Taurides, Turkey: implications for the rifting along northern Gondwanan margin. Geological Magazine, 142(5), 617-631.
• , and Turhan, N., 2005. Geology adn petrology of Cadomian felsic magmatism in Afyon area, western central Turkey. International Earth Sciences Colloquim on the Aegean Regions, Abstracts, pp. 46-47.
• and , 2006. Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Cadomian felsic igneous rocks, Sandýklý area of the western Taurides, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science, 95, 741-757.
• Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. and Troesch, M., 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southern Turkey. Journal Geological Society, London, 152, 639-654.
• and Reischmann, T., 1996. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geological Magazine 133(5): 565 - 572.
• ,Romer, R. Candan, O. and Passchier, C.W., 1998. Geology of the Bozdað area, central Menderes Massif, SW Turkey: Pan - African basement and Alpine deformation. Geologische Rundschau, 87, 394-406.
• Himmerkus, F., Reischmann, T. and Kostopoulos, D., 2009. Triassic rift-related meta-granites in the Internal Hellenides, Greece. Geological Magazine, 146 (2), 252-265.
• Hölzl, S. Hofmann, A.W. Todt, W. and Köhler, H., 1994. U-Pb geochronology of the Sri Lankan basement. Precambrian Research, 66, 123-149.
• Iþýk, V. and Tekeli, O., 2001. Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation. International Journal of Earth Science, 89, 757-765.
• Iþýk, V., Tekeli, O. and Seyitoðlu, G., 2004. The Ar/Ar age of extentional deformation and gran ntrusion in the northern Menderes core complex: implications for the initiation of extentional tectonics in western Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 23, 555-566.
• Jacobshagen, V., 1986. Geologie von Griechenland. Beitrage zur regionalen Geologie de Erde Band 1, Gebrueder Bornrüder Berlin, 363 p.
• Key, R.M. Charsley, T.J. Hackman, B.D. Wilkinson, A.F. and Rundle, C.C., 1989. Superimposed Upper Proterozoic collision-controlled orogenies in the Mozambique orogenic belt of Kenya. Precambrian Research, 44, 197-225.
• Konak, N., 1985. Menderes Masifi'nde çekirdek - örtü iliþkilerinin yeni gözlemler ýþýðýnda tartýþýlmasý. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, bildiri özleri, 33p.
• ,Akdeniz, N. and Öztürk, E.M., 1987. Geology of the south of Menderes Massif, I.G.C.P. project no:5, Correlation of Variscan and pre-Variscan events of the Alpine Mediterranean mountain belt, field meeting, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, Turkey, 42-53.
• ,Çakmakoðlu, A., Elibol, E., Havzoðlu, T., Hepþen, N., Karamanderesi, I.H., Keskin , H., Sarýkaya, H., Sav, H. and Yusufoðlu, H., 1994.
• Development of thrusting in the median part of the Menderes Massif. Abstracts 47th Geological Congress Turkey-Ankara: 34p. (Abstract).
• Koralay, O.E., 2001. Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of granitic gneisses and leucocratic orthogneisses at the eastern part of Ödemiþ-Kiraz submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African and Triassic magmatic activities. PhD Thesiss, Graduate School of Natural Science, Dokuz Eylül University, Ýzmir, 191 p.
• and Dora, O.Ö., 1999. Menderes Masifi'nde Derbent (Alaþehir) yöresinin jeolojisi ve olasýlý Kimmeriyen metamorfizmasý. Yerbilimleri (Geosound), 34, 151-172.
• ,Satýr, M. and Dora, O.Ö., 2001. Geochemical and geochronological evidence for Early Triassic calc-alkaline magmatism in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science, 89, 822-835.
• Koralay, O.E., Dora, O.Ö., Candan, O., Chen, F. and Satýr, M., 2003. Menderes masifindeki paragnayslarýn ilksel çökelme yaþýna tek zirkon Pb/Pb evaporasyon jeokronolojisi yöntemi ile yaklaþým. 56. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý, 64-65.
• , , Chen, F., Satýr, M. and Candan, O., 2004. Geochemistry and geochronology of orthogneisses in the Derbent (Alaþehir) area, Eastern part of the Ödemiþ - Kiraz submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African magmatic activity. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 13, 37-61.
• ,Chen, F., Candan, O., Dora, O.Ö., Satýr, M. and Oberhänsli, R., 2005. Pb-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from Neoproterozoic paragneisses in the Menderes Massif, Turkey. International Earth Sciences Colloquim on the Aegean Regions, Ýzmir-Turkey, 69p.
• ,Candan, O., Dora, Ö., Satýr, M., Oberhänsli, R. and Chen, F., 2007. Menderes Masifi'ndeki Pan-Afrikan ve Triyas yaþlý metamagmatik kayaçlarýn jeolojisi ve jeokronolojisi, Batý Anadolu, Türkiye. Menderes Masifi Kolokyumu, Ýzmir.
• Kröner, A., 1984. Late Precambrian plate tectonics and orogeny: a need to redefine the term PanAfrican. In: Klerkx, J. ve Michot, J. (eds) African Geology, pp.23-28. Tervuren: Musccc. R. I'Afrique Centrale.
• and Þengör, A.M.C., 1990. Archean and Proterozoic ancestry in the Late Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic crustal elements of southern Turkey as revealed by single zircon dating. Geology, 18, 1186-1190.
• and Stern, R.J., 2005. Pan-African Orogeny. Encyclopedia Geology, Volume-I, A to E, 1-12, Elsevier.
• ,Willner, A.P., Hegner, E., Frischbutter, A., Hofmann, J. and Bergner, R., 1995. Latest Precambrian (Cadomian) zircon ages, Nd isotopic systematics and P-T evolution of granitoid orthogneisses of the Erzgebirge, Saxony and Czech Republic. Geologische Rundschau, 84, 437-456.
• Kulaksýz, S., 1978. Sivrihisar kuzeybatý yöresi eklojitleri. Yerbilimleri, 4, 89-94.
• Lips, A.L.W., Cassard, D., Sözbilir, H., Yýlmaz, H. and Wijbrans, J.R., 2001. Multistage exhumation of the menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey) International Journal of Earth Science, 89, 781-792.
• Loos, S., 1995. Alterbestimmungen im SW Menderes Massiv, Türkei, mit der einzirkon - Pb/Pb evaporatýosmethode. Diplomarbeit, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, 95p.
• and Reischmann, T., 1999. The evolution of the southern Menderes massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. Journal Geological Society London, 156, 1021-1030.
• Micheletti, F., Barbey, P., Fornelli, A., Piccarreta, G. and Deloule, E., 2007. Latest Precamrian to Early Cambrian U-Pb zircon ages of augen gneisses from Calabria (Italy), with inference to the Alboran microplate in the evolution of the peri-Gondwana terranes. International Journal of Earth Science, 96, 843-860.
• Mittwede, S.K., Karamanderesi, Ý.H. and Helvacý, C., 1995a. Tourmaline-rich rocks of the southern part of the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, 1995 Excursion Guide, Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Geological Engineering, Ýzmir, 25p.
• , Sinclair, W.D., Karamanderesi, Ý.H. and Helvacý, C., 1995b. Geochemistry of quartztourmaline nodules from Irmadan (MuðlaYataðan), Türkiye. Abstracts of the Second International Turkish Geology Wrokshop, September 6-8, 1995, Sivas, Turkey, 74p.
• ,Sinclair, W.D., Helvacý, C. and Karamanderesi, Ý.H., 1997. Quartz-tourmaline nodules in leucocratic metagranite, southern flank of the Menderes Massif, SW Turkey. Tourmaline 97, International Syposium on Tourmaline, Abstract Volume, Czech Republic, 57-58.
• Monod, O., Kozlu, H., Ghienne, W., Dean, W.T., Günay. Y., Herisse, A. and Paris. F., 2003. Late Ordovician glajiation in southern Turkey. Terra Nova, 15, 4, pp.249-257.
• Müller, B., Klötzli, U.S. and Flisch, M., 1995. U-Pb and Pb-Pb zircon dating of the older orthogneiss suite in the Silvretta nappe, eastern Alps: Cadomian magmatism in the upper AustroAlpine realm. Geologische Rundschau, 84, 457-465.
• Neubauer, F., 2002. Evolution of Late Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic tectonic elements in central and southern European Alpine mountain belt: review and syntesis. Tectonophysics, 352, 87- 103.
• Oberhänsli, R. Candan, O. Dora, O.Ö. and Dürr, St., 1997. Eclogites within the Menderes Crystalline Complex / western Turkey / Anatolia. Lithos, 41, 135-150.
• , and Wilke, W., 2009. Geochronologic Evidence of Pan-African Eclogites from the Menderes Massif, Turkey. Precambrian Research (submitted).
• Ocshner, A., 1993. U-Pb geochronology of the Upper Proterozoic-Lower Palaeozoic geodynamic evolution in the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberia): constraints on the on the timing of the Cadomian Orogeny. PhD Thesis no. 10392, ETH, Zurich Switzerland, 430.
• Okay, A.I., 1984. Distribution and characteristics of the northwestern Turkish Blue schists. In: Dixon, J.E. ve Robertson, A.H.F. (eds). The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society Special Publication 17, 455- 466.
• ,2001. Stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the central Menderes Massif: a new structural modal. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 709-727.
• and Kelley, S.P., 1994. Tectonic setting, petrology and geochronology of jadeite + glaucophane and chloritoid + glaucophane schists from northwest Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 12, 455-466.
• ,Bozkurt, E, Satýr, M., Yiðitbaþ, E., Crowley, Q.G. and Shang, C.K., 2008. Defining the southern margin of Avalonia in the Pontides: Geochronological data from the Late Proterozoic and Ordovician granitoids from NW Turkey. Tectonophysics, 461, 252-264.
• Özer, S., Sözbilir, H., Özkar, I., Toker, V. and Sarý, B., 2001. Stratigraphy of Upper CretaceousPalaeogene sequences in the southern and eastern Menderes Massif (Western Turkey). International Journal of Earth Science, 89(4), 852-866.
• and , 2003. Presence and tectonic significance of Cretaceous rudist species in the so-called Permo-Carboniferous Göktepe Formation, central Menderes metamorphic massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Science, 92 (3), 397-404.
• Öztunalý, O., 1973. Petrology and geochronology of Uludað (NW Anatolia) and Eðrigöz (W Anatolia) massifs. Ýstanbul University Science Faculty Monograph, 23, 1-115.
• Öztürk, A. and Koçyiðit, A., 1983. Menderes grubu kayalarýnýn temel-örtü iliþkisine yapýsal bir yak laþým (Selimiye-Muðla). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 26, 99-106.
• Paquette, J.L., Nedelec, A., Monie, B. and Rakotondrazafy, M., 1994. U-Pb single zircon Pb-evaporation and Sm-Nd isotopic of granulitic domain in SE Madagascar. Journal of Geology, 102, 523-538.
• Partzsch, J. H. Oberhänsli, R. Candan, O. and Warkus, F., 1998. The Menderes Massif, WTurkey: A complex nappe pile recording 1.0 Ga of geological history. Third International Turkish Geology Symposium, Middle East Technical Universýty - Ankara, 281p.
• Pupin, J.P., 1980. Zircon and granite petrology. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology, 73, 207- 220.
• and Turko, G., 1974. Application a quelques roches endogenes du massif franco-italien de l'Argentera-Mercantour, d'une typologie originale du zircon accessoire. Etude comparative avec la methode des R.M.A. Bulletin Society For Mineral Cristallography. 97, 59-69.
• Reischmann, T., 1998. Pre-Alpine origin of tectonic units from the metamorphic complex of Naxos, Greece, identified by single zircon Pb/Pb dating. Bull. of the Geol. Soc. of Greece, Proceedings of the 8th International Congress, Patras, XXXII/3, 101-111.
• ,Kröner, A., Todt, W., Dürr, S. and Þengör, A.M.C., 1991. Episodes of crustal growth in the menderes Massif, W Turkey, inferred from zircon dating. Terra Absracts, 3, 34p.
• Ring, U. Gessner, K. Güngör, T. and Passcchier, C., 1999.The Menderes Massif of western Turkey and the Cycladic Massif in the Aegean-do they really correlate? Journal of Geological Society London, 155, 3-6.
• ,Kröner A. Buchwald, R. Toulkeridis, T. and Later, P., 2002. Shear zone patters and eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of northern Malawi, east-central Africa: implication for assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 116, 19-56.
• Satýr, M. and Friedrichsen, H., 1986. The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: A rubidium/ strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geologische Rundschau, 75/3, 703-714.
• Schuiling, R.D., 1962. On petrology, age and structure of the Menderes migmatite complex (SW - Turkey). Bulletin Mineral Research Exploration Institut,Turkey, 58, 71-84.
• Shiraishi, E.D.J., Hiroi, Y., Fanning, C.M., Motoyoshi, Y. and Nakai, Y., 1994. Cambrian orogenic belt in east Antartica and Sri Lanka: Implications for Gondwana assembly. Journal Geology, 102, 47-65.
• Stern, R.J., 1994. Arc assembly and continental collusion in the Proterozoic east African orogen: Implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 319-351.
• Þengör, A.M.C. and Yýlmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75: 181-241.
• ,Satýr, M. and Akkök, R., 1984. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey. Tectonics, 3(7), 693-707.
• Teklay, M., Kröner, A., Mezger, K. and Oberhänsli, R., 1998. Geochemistry, Pb-Pb single zircon ages and Nd-Sr isotope composition of Precambrian rocks from southern and eastern Ethiopia: implications for crustal evalution in East Africa. Journal of African Earth Science, 26/2, 207- 227.
• Thomson, S.N. and Ring, U., 2006. Thermochronologic evaluation of postcollision extension in the Anatolide orogen, western Turkey. Tectonics, 25, TC3005, doi: 10.1029/ 2005TC001833.
• Unrug, R., 1996. The assembly of Gondwanaland. Episodes, 19, 1-2, 11-20.
• Ustaömer, P.A., 1999. Pre-Early Ordovician Cadomian arc-type granitoids, the Bolu Massif, West Pontides, northern Turkey: geochemical evidence. International Journal of Earth Science, 88, 2-12.
• and Kipman, E., 1998. An example for a PreOrdovician Arc magmatism from northern Turkey: geochemical investigation of Çaþurtepe Formation (Bolu, W Pontides). Bulletin Mineral Research Exploration Institute, 120, 61-77.
• and Rogers, G., 1999. The Bolu Massif: remnant of a pre-Early Ordovician active margin in the west Pontides, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine, 136(5), 579-592.
• Ustaömer, P.A., Mundil, R. and Renne, P.R., 2005. U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages for arc-related intrusions of the Bolu Massif (W Pontides, NW Turkey): evidence for Late Precambrian (Cadomian) age. Terra Nova, 17/3, 215-223.
• ,Ustaömer, T., Collins, A.S. and Robertson, A.H.F., 2009. Cadomian (Ediacaran-Cambrian) arc magmatism in the Bitlis Massif, SE Turkey: Magmatism along the developing northern margin of Gondwana. Tectonophysics, 473, 99- 112.
• Veevers, J.J., 2004. Gondwanaland from 650-500 Ma assembly through 320 Ma merger in Pangea to 185-100 Ma break up: supercontinental tectonics via stratigraphy and radimetric dating. Earth-Science Reviews, 68, 1-132.
• Wilson, T.J., Grunow, A.M. and Hanson, R.E., 1997. Gondwana assembly: The view from southern Africa and East Gondwana. Journal of Geodynamics. 23, ¾, 263-286.
• Yibas, B., Reimold, W.U., Armstrong, R., Koeberl, C., Anhaeusser, C.R. and Phillips, D., 2002. The tectonostratigraph, granitoid gechronology and geological evolution of the Precambrian of southern Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Science, 34, 57-84.
• Zelazniewicz, A., Dörr, W., Bylina, P., Franke, W., Haack, U., Heinisch, H., Schastok, J., Grandmontagne, K. and Kulicki, C., 2004. The eastern continuation of the Cadomian orogen: U-Pb zircon evidence from Saxo-Thuringian granitoids in south-western Poland and the northern Czech Republic. International Journal Earth Science, 93, 773-781