Research Article
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Year 2012, Volume: 144 Issue: 144, 23 - 50, 01.01.2012

Orhan Kavak , Selami Toprak

Abstract


References

  • Altunsoy, M. and Özçelik, O., 1993. Organik Fasiyesler, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 43, 34 - 39.
  • Arfaouni, A., Montacer, M., Kamoun, F. and Rig ane, A., 2007. Comperative study be tween Rock-Eval pyrolysis and bio- markers parameters: a case study of Ypresian source rocks in central-northern Tunisia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 24, 566-578.
  • ASTM, 1983 and 1992. Annual book of ASTM Standarts. Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke (D-388-82, D-2798-79, D-3172-73, D- 2799-72, D-3174-82, D-3175-82): 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, 05.05, 520p.
  • Bechtel, A., Saschsenhofer, R. F., Zdravkov, A., Kostova, I. and Gratzer, R. 2005. Influence of floral assemblage, facies and diagen- esis on petrography and organic geo- chemistry of the Eocene Bourgas coal and the Miocene Maritza East lignite (Bulgaria): Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1498–1522.
  • Boggs, S. 1987. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Merill Publishing Company: A Bell and Howell Company, 784p., Columbus Toronto London Melbourne.
  • Bray, E. E. and Evans, E. D. 1961. Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue for recognition of source beds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 22, pp. 2-15.
  • Burwood, R., Leplat, P., Mycke, B. and Paulet, J. 1992. Rifted margin source rock deposition: a carbon isotope and bio- marker study of a West African Lower Cre- taceous “Lacustrine” Section”: Organic Geochemistry 19, 41-52.
  • Connan, J. 1993. Molecular geochemistry in oil exploration (in: M. L. Bordenave, Editor): Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Editions Technip, Paris, 175-204.
  • ———, Bouroullec J. and Dessort, Albrecht, P. 1986. The microbial input in carbonate - anhydrite facies of a sabkha paleoenvironment from Guatemala: a molecular approach: Organic Geochemistry 10, 29-50.
  • Dağyaran. Y. 1976. Bingöl – Karlıova - Selekan Linyit Sahasına Ait Jeoloji Raporu Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No. 6134, Ankara (unpublished)
  • Diessel, K. 1986. The correlation between coal facies and depositional environments. Advances in the Study of the Sydney Basin: Proceedings of 20 University of Newcastle, 19-22. th Symposium,
  • Durand, B. and Nicaise, G. 1980. Procedures for kerogen isolation. In: B. Durand, (Ed.), Kerogen- insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks): Paris, Editions Techniq, 35-53.
  • ——— and Paratte, M. 1983. Oil potential of coals: a geochemical approach (in: Brooks, J. (Ed.), Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe): Blackwell, Ox ford, 255-265. 51.
  • Erik. Y.N., Sancar, S. and Toprak, S. 2008. Hafik Kömürlerinin (Sivas) organik jeokimyasal ve organik petrografik özellikleri, TPJD Bülteni, Cilt 20, sayı 2, sayfa 9-33
  • Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F. 1985. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications (deuxiémepartie): Revue Institut Francais du Pétrole, v. 40, 755-784.
  • Flores, D. 2002. Organic facies and deposi-tional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal): International Journal of Coal Geology, 48, 181-195.
  • Fowler, M. G., Gentzis, T., Goodarzi, F. and Fos- colos, A. E., 1991. The petroleum potential of some Tertiary lignites from northern Greece as determined using pyrolysis and organic petrological tech-niques: Organic Geochemistry. 17, 805-826.
  • Georgakopoulos, A. and Valceva, S. 2000. Petrographic characteristics of Neogene Lignites from the Ptolemais and Servia basins, Northern Greece: Energy Sources, 22, 587-602.
  • Gökmen, V. Memikoğlu, O., Dağlı, M., Öz, D. and Tuncalı, E., 1993. Türkiye Linyit Envanteri, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Gümüşsu M. 1984. Bingöl İli Karlıova İlçesi Çilliköy Kömür Sahası Jeolojisi Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No. 7686, Ankara (unpublished)
  • Hanson, A. D., Zhang, C., Moldowan, J. M., Liang, D. G. and Zhang, B. M., 2000. Molecular organic geochemistry of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin 84, 1109-1128.
  • Heath, G.R. Moore, T.C. and Dauphin, J.P., 1977. Organic Carbon In Deep-Sea Sediments In: R.N.Andersen (Ed.), The Fate Of Fossil Fuel CO2 In The Oceans: Plenuem Press, New York.
  • Hubbard, B., 1950. Coal as a possible petroleum source rock: American Association Petro- leum Geology Bulletin 34 (12), 2347-2359.
  • Hunt, J.M. 1967. The Origin Of Petroleum In Carbonate Rocks, In G.V. Chilingar, H.J.Bissel And R.W. Farbridges eds, Car bonate Rocks, New York, Elsevier, 225-251.
  • ———, 1995. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology: W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 743p.
  • International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), 1998. The new vitrinite classification: Fuel 77, 349-358.
  • ———, 2001. The new inertinite classification: Fuel 80, 459-471.
  • Iordanidis, A. and Georgakopoulos, A. 2003. Pliocene lignites from Apofysis mine, Amynteo basin, Northwestern Greece: Petrographical depositional environment: International Journal of Coal Geology., 54, 57-68. and
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J. and Bennett, A. J. R., 1985. Regional facies and geochemical evolution of Southern Denison Trough: APEA Journ., 20, 143-158.
  • Kalkreuth, W., Keuser, C., Fowler, M., Li, M., Mcintyre, D., Püttmann, W and Richardson, R., 1998. The petrology, organic geochemistry and palynology of Tertiary age Eureka Sound Group coals, Arctic Canada: Organic Geochemistry 29, 799- 809.
  • Kavak, O., 2011. Organic Geochemical Comparison of Asphaltites of Şırnak Area with the Oils of the Raman and Dinçer Fields in Southeastern Turkey, Fuel, 90 (4), 1575- 1583.
  • ———, Connan, J., Erik, N.Y. and Yalçın, M.N., 2010. Organic Geochemical Char- acteristics of Şirnak Asphaltites in South- east Anatolia, Turkey, Oil Shale, 27 (1), 58–83.
  • Kavak, O. and Toprak, S. 2011. “Gölbaşı Harmanlı (Adıyaman) Kömürlerinin Organik Jeokim- yasal ve Petrografik Özellikleri”, Jeoloji Muhendisliği Dergisi, Cilt 35, Sayı 1, Sayfa 43-78, Haziran, JMO, Ankara.
  • Kolcon, I. and Sachsenhofer, R. F. 1999. Petrography, palynology and depositional environments of the early Miocene Oberdof lignite seam, (Styrian Basin, Austria): International Journal of Coal Geology., 4, 275-308.
  • Korkmaz, S. and Kara G. R., 2007. Organic geochemical characteristics and deposi- tional environments of the Jurassic coals in the Western Taurus of Southern Turkey: International Journal of Coal Geology., 70, 4, 292-304.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A. and Simoneit, B. R. T. 1990. Hydrothermal derived petroleum exam- ples from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of Califor- nia, and Escabana Trough, north-east Pacific Ocean: AAPG, 74, 223-237.
  • Langford, F. F. and Blanc-Valleron, M. M. 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of pyrolizable hydro-carbons vs. total organic carbon:. American Asso- ciation Petroleum Geology Bulletin 74, 799-804.
  • Moldowan, M., Seifert, W. K., and E. J., 1985. Gallegos, Relationship between petrole- um composition and depositional envi- ronment of petroleum source rocks: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 69, 1255-1268.
  • Mukhopadhyay, P. K., Wade, J. A. and Kruge, M. A., 1995. Organic facies and matura- tion of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks, and possible oil-source rock correlation based on pyrolysis of asphaltenes: Scotian Basin, Canada, Org. Geoch., 22 (1), 85- 104.
  • Peters, K. E. 1986. Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis: American Association Petro- leum Geology Bulletin., 70, 318-329
  • ——— and Moldowan, J. M. 1993. The Biomarker Guide: Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sedi-ments: Prenctile-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • ————, Walters, C.C. and Moldowan, J.M., 2004. The Biomarker Guide Volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History (second ed.): Cambridge, 475-1155.
  • ODTU,1984. Bingöl Karlıova Linyit Yatağı 100 MW Termik Santral İçin 1.115.000 Ton Yıl Üretim Kapasiteli Açık İşletme Projesi, Maden Mühendisliği Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.-Th., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G. H., Chandra, D. and Teich- müller, R., 1982. Stach’s textbook of coal petrology: Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 535p.
  • Şaroğlu. F. and Yılmaz. Y., 1987. Doğu Anadolu daki Neotektonik Dönemdeki Jeolojik Evrim ve Havza Modelleri Maden Tetkik Arama Dergisi Sayı 107. Ankara
  • Şengör. A. M. C., 1980. Türkiyenin Tektonik Esasları TJK Konferans Serisi 2-40 Ankara
  • Teichmuller, M. and Durand, B., 1983. Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinites in peat and coals, and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis: International Journal of Coal Geology., 2,197- 230.
  • Teichmuller, M. and Littke, R. and Taylor, G. H., 1998. The origin of organic matter in sedimentary rocks (In Taylor, G. H., Teicmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C. F. K., Littke, R., Robert, P., (eds)): Organic petrology, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 704p
  • Ten Haven, H. L., de Leeuw, J. W., Rullkotter, J. and Sinninghe Damste, J. S. 1987. Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a paleoenvironmental indicator: Nature 330, 641- 643.
  • Tissot, B. P. and Welte, D. H. 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 699p.
  • Toprak, S. 1996. Alpagut-Dodurga (Osmancık Çorum) bölgesi çevresindeki kömürlerin oluşum ortamları ve özelliklerinin belirlen- mesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi çalışması, Ankara. (un published)
  • ———, 2009. Petrographic properties of major coal seams in Turkey and their formation, International Journal of Coal Geology, V78, pp 263-275
  • Waples, D. W. and Machihara, T., 1991. Bio- markers for geologists-a practical guide to the application of steranes and triterpanes in petroleum geology: AAPG 9, p. 91.
  • Welte, D.H. 1965. Relation between Petroleum and Source Rock, American Association Petroleum Geology, Vol: 49, 2246-2267.
  • Wilkins, R. W. T. and George, S. C. 2002. Coal as a source rock for oil: a review: International Journal of Coal Geology., 50, 317–361.

ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS

Year 2012, Volume: 144 Issue: 144, 23 - 50, 01.01.2012

Orhan Kavak , Selami Toprak

Abstract

In this study, petrographic and organic geochemical characteristics of the Tertiary Karlıova-Halifancoals (Bingöl) were investigated. Determination of coal quality was based on chemical (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash) and elemental analyses (C, H, O, S, N). The values of the huminite reflectances in organic matter-rich coal levels change between 0.368 and 0.573 %, which correspond to low maturity levels. These parameters are in good agreement with their fluorescence colors, calorific value (average original-2266, dry-3177 Kcal/kg, upper calorific value) and average Tmax (417 oC) values. The organic material in studied coals shows low-grade transformation due to low lithostatic pressure. Therefore, the petrographic characteristics and quality values ofKarlıova Halifan coals suggest classification as sub-bituminous coal – Lignite. Rock Eval analysis results point to an immature to early mature hydrocarbon generation for hydrocarbon derivatives formed by type II/III and III kerogen with average Tmax values of 417 oC. The coals mainly constitute huminites, with small amounts of inertinite and liptinite type macerals. The Karlıova Halifan coals have high contents of ash and sulfur, clay and calcites as minerals, and gelinites as individual macerals

Keywords

Halifan Bingöl Karlıova Organic Geochemistry Organic Petrography Tertiary Coal

References

  • Altunsoy, M. and Özçelik, O., 1993. Organik Fasiyesler, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 43, 34 - 39.
  • Arfaouni, A., Montacer, M., Kamoun, F. and Rig ane, A., 2007. Comperative study be tween Rock-Eval pyrolysis and bio- markers parameters: a case study of Ypresian source rocks in central-northern Tunisia: Marine and Petroleum Geology, 24, 566-578.
  • ASTM, 1983 and 1992. Annual book of ASTM Standarts. Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke (D-388-82, D-2798-79, D-3172-73, D- 2799-72, D-3174-82, D-3175-82): 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, 05.05, 520p.
  • Bechtel, A., Saschsenhofer, R. F., Zdravkov, A., Kostova, I. and Gratzer, R. 2005. Influence of floral assemblage, facies and diagen- esis on petrography and organic geo- chemistry of the Eocene Bourgas coal and the Miocene Maritza East lignite (Bulgaria): Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1498–1522.
  • Boggs, S. 1987. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Merill Publishing Company: A Bell and Howell Company, 784p., Columbus Toronto London Melbourne.
  • Bray, E. E. and Evans, E. D. 1961. Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue for recognition of source beds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 22, pp. 2-15.
  • Burwood, R., Leplat, P., Mycke, B. and Paulet, J. 1992. Rifted margin source rock deposition: a carbon isotope and bio- marker study of a West African Lower Cre- taceous “Lacustrine” Section”: Organic Geochemistry 19, 41-52.
  • Connan, J. 1993. Molecular geochemistry in oil exploration (in: M. L. Bordenave, Editor): Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Editions Technip, Paris, 175-204.
  • ———, Bouroullec J. and Dessort, Albrecht, P. 1986. The microbial input in carbonate - anhydrite facies of a sabkha paleoenvironment from Guatemala: a molecular approach: Organic Geochemistry 10, 29-50.
  • Dağyaran. Y. 1976. Bingöl – Karlıova - Selekan Linyit Sahasına Ait Jeoloji Raporu Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No. 6134, Ankara (unpublished)
  • Diessel, K. 1986. The correlation between coal facies and depositional environments. Advances in the Study of the Sydney Basin: Proceedings of 20 University of Newcastle, 19-22. th Symposium,
  • Durand, B. and Nicaise, G. 1980. Procedures for kerogen isolation. In: B. Durand, (Ed.), Kerogen- insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks): Paris, Editions Techniq, 35-53.
  • ——— and Paratte, M. 1983. Oil potential of coals: a geochemical approach (in: Brooks, J. (Ed.), Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe): Blackwell, Ox ford, 255-265. 51.
  • Erik. Y.N., Sancar, S. and Toprak, S. 2008. Hafik Kömürlerinin (Sivas) organik jeokimyasal ve organik petrografik özellikleri, TPJD Bülteni, Cilt 20, sayı 2, sayfa 9-33
  • Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F. 1985. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications (deuxiémepartie): Revue Institut Francais du Pétrole, v. 40, 755-784.
  • Flores, D. 2002. Organic facies and deposi-tional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal): International Journal of Coal Geology, 48, 181-195.
  • Fowler, M. G., Gentzis, T., Goodarzi, F. and Fos- colos, A. E., 1991. The petroleum potential of some Tertiary lignites from northern Greece as determined using pyrolysis and organic petrological tech-niques: Organic Geochemistry. 17, 805-826.
  • Georgakopoulos, A. and Valceva, S. 2000. Petrographic characteristics of Neogene Lignites from the Ptolemais and Servia basins, Northern Greece: Energy Sources, 22, 587-602.
  • Gökmen, V. Memikoğlu, O., Dağlı, M., Öz, D. and Tuncalı, E., 1993. Türkiye Linyit Envanteri, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Gümüşsu M. 1984. Bingöl İli Karlıova İlçesi Çilliköy Kömür Sahası Jeolojisi Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No. 7686, Ankara (unpublished)
  • Hanson, A. D., Zhang, C., Moldowan, J. M., Liang, D. G. and Zhang, B. M., 2000. Molecular organic geochemistry of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin 84, 1109-1128.
  • Heath, G.R. Moore, T.C. and Dauphin, J.P., 1977. Organic Carbon In Deep-Sea Sediments In: R.N.Andersen (Ed.), The Fate Of Fossil Fuel CO2 In The Oceans: Plenuem Press, New York.
  • Hubbard, B., 1950. Coal as a possible petroleum source rock: American Association Petro- leum Geology Bulletin 34 (12), 2347-2359.
  • Hunt, J.M. 1967. The Origin Of Petroleum In Carbonate Rocks, In G.V. Chilingar, H.J.Bissel And R.W. Farbridges eds, Car bonate Rocks, New York, Elsevier, 225-251.
  • ———, 1995. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology: W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 743p.
  • International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), 1998. The new vitrinite classification: Fuel 77, 349-358.
  • ———, 2001. The new inertinite classification: Fuel 80, 459-471.
  • Iordanidis, A. and Georgakopoulos, A. 2003. Pliocene lignites from Apofysis mine, Amynteo basin, Northwestern Greece: Petrographical depositional environment: International Journal of Coal Geology., 54, 57-68. and
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J. and Bennett, A. J. R., 1985. Regional facies and geochemical evolution of Southern Denison Trough: APEA Journ., 20, 143-158.
  • Kalkreuth, W., Keuser, C., Fowler, M., Li, M., Mcintyre, D., Püttmann, W and Richardson, R., 1998. The petrology, organic geochemistry and palynology of Tertiary age Eureka Sound Group coals, Arctic Canada: Organic Geochemistry 29, 799- 809.
  • Kavak, O., 2011. Organic Geochemical Comparison of Asphaltites of Şırnak Area with the Oils of the Raman and Dinçer Fields in Southeastern Turkey, Fuel, 90 (4), 1575- 1583.
  • ———, Connan, J., Erik, N.Y. and Yalçın, M.N., 2010. Organic Geochemical Char- acteristics of Şirnak Asphaltites in South- east Anatolia, Turkey, Oil Shale, 27 (1), 58–83.
  • Kavak, O. and Toprak, S. 2011. “Gölbaşı Harmanlı (Adıyaman) Kömürlerinin Organik Jeokim- yasal ve Petrografik Özellikleri”, Jeoloji Muhendisliği Dergisi, Cilt 35, Sayı 1, Sayfa 43-78, Haziran, JMO, Ankara.
  • Kolcon, I. and Sachsenhofer, R. F. 1999. Petrography, palynology and depositional environments of the early Miocene Oberdof lignite seam, (Styrian Basin, Austria): International Journal of Coal Geology., 4, 275-308.
  • Korkmaz, S. and Kara G. R., 2007. Organic geochemical characteristics and deposi- tional environments of the Jurassic coals in the Western Taurus of Southern Turkey: International Journal of Coal Geology., 70, 4, 292-304.
  • Kvenvolden, K. A. and Simoneit, B. R. T. 1990. Hydrothermal derived petroleum exam- ples from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of Califor- nia, and Escabana Trough, north-east Pacific Ocean: AAPG, 74, 223-237.
  • Langford, F. F. and Blanc-Valleron, M. M. 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of pyrolizable hydro-carbons vs. total organic carbon:. American Asso- ciation Petroleum Geology Bulletin 74, 799-804.
  • Moldowan, M., Seifert, W. K., and E. J., 1985. Gallegos, Relationship between petrole- um composition and depositional envi- ronment of petroleum source rocks: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin. 69, 1255-1268.
  • Mukhopadhyay, P. K., Wade, J. A. and Kruge, M. A., 1995. Organic facies and matura- tion of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks, and possible oil-source rock correlation based on pyrolysis of asphaltenes: Scotian Basin, Canada, Org. Geoch., 22 (1), 85- 104.
  • Peters, K. E. 1986. Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis: American Association Petro- leum Geology Bulletin., 70, 318-329
  • ——— and Moldowan, J. M. 1993. The Biomarker Guide: Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sedi-ments: Prenctile-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • ————, Walters, C.C. and Moldowan, J.M., 2004. The Biomarker Guide Volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History (second ed.): Cambridge, 475-1155.
  • ODTU,1984. Bingöl Karlıova Linyit Yatağı 100 MW Termik Santral İçin 1.115.000 Ton Yıl Üretim Kapasiteli Açık İşletme Projesi, Maden Mühendisliği Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.-Th., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G. H., Chandra, D. and Teich- müller, R., 1982. Stach’s textbook of coal petrology: Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 535p.
  • Şaroğlu. F. and Yılmaz. Y., 1987. Doğu Anadolu daki Neotektonik Dönemdeki Jeolojik Evrim ve Havza Modelleri Maden Tetkik Arama Dergisi Sayı 107. Ankara
  • Şengör. A. M. C., 1980. Türkiyenin Tektonik Esasları TJK Konferans Serisi 2-40 Ankara
  • Teichmuller, M. and Durand, B., 1983. Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinites in peat and coals, and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis: International Journal of Coal Geology., 2,197- 230.
  • Teichmuller, M. and Littke, R. and Taylor, G. H., 1998. The origin of organic matter in sedimentary rocks (In Taylor, G. H., Teicmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C. F. K., Littke, R., Robert, P., (eds)): Organic petrology, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 704p
  • Ten Haven, H. L., de Leeuw, J. W., Rullkotter, J. and Sinninghe Damste, J. S. 1987. Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a paleoenvironmental indicator: Nature 330, 641- 643.
  • Tissot, B. P. and Welte, D. H. 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 699p.
  • Toprak, S. 1996. Alpagut-Dodurga (Osmancık Çorum) bölgesi çevresindeki kömürlerin oluşum ortamları ve özelliklerinin belirlen- mesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi çalışması, Ankara. (un published)
  • ———, 2009. Petrographic properties of major coal seams in Turkey and their formation, International Journal of Coal Geology, V78, pp 263-275
  • Waples, D. W. and Machihara, T., 1991. Bio- markers for geologists-a practical guide to the application of steranes and triterpanes in petroleum geology: AAPG 9, p. 91.
  • Welte, D.H. 1965. Relation between Petroleum and Source Rock, American Association Petroleum Geology, Vol: 49, 2246-2267.
  • Wilkins, R. W. T. and George, S. C. 2002. Coal as a source rock for oil: a review: International Journal of Coal Geology., 50, 317–361.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Orhan Kavak

Selami Toprak This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 144 Issue: 144

Cite

APA Kavak, O., & Toprak, S. (2012). ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 144(144), 23-50.
AMA Kavak O, Toprak S. ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. January 2012;144(144):23-50.
Chicago Kavak, Orhan, and Selami Toprak. “ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 144, no. 144 (January 2012): 23-50.
EndNote Kavak O, Toprak S (January 1, 2012) ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 144 144 23–50.
IEEE O. Kavak and S. Toprak, “ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS”, Bull.Min.Res.Exp., vol. 144, no. 144, pp. 23–50, 2012.
ISNAD Kavak, Orhan - Toprak, Selami. “ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 144/144 (January 2012), 23-50.
JAMA Kavak O, Toprak S. ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2012;144:23–50.
MLA Kavak, Orhan and Selami Toprak. “ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 144, no. 144, 2012, pp. 23-50.
Vancouver Kavak O, Toprak S. ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROGRAPHİCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KARLIOVA HALIFAN (BINGOL) COALS. Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2012;144(144):23-50.

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