Geological and geochemical characteristics of Cünür volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization (Kastamonu, Turkey)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 165 Sayı: 165, 77 - 96, 19.08.2021

Kurtuluş Günay

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.820436

Öz

Çangaldağ Metamorphic Complex (CMC) in Central Pontides is an accretionary complex consistingof Jurassic units. Mafic, felsic metavolcanics, metamorphic equivalents of deep marine sediments and mafic meta - lava/sill intercalations are the most distinct units of the complex. Cünür Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) mineralization is associated with metavolcanic units of CMC. Metavolcanic
units in the mineralization area contain volcanic rocks with compositions ranging from sub - alkali basalt to andesite and dacite (50.3 - 74.6 % SiO2). For 0.1 % Cu cut - off grade, 3,372,000 tons (t) of mineral resource with 0.28 % Cu, 0.50 % Zn and 0.19 ppm Au has been estimated. Ore paragenesis of the Cünür mineralization predominantly consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and lesser amounts of magnetite. The main ore textures are massive, semi - massive, disseminated, brecciated and fracture fillings. Pyrite - chalcopyrite grading and preserved silicified clasts within the massive ore indicate that mineralization has developed in relation to replacement processes. The most significant grade intercepts reported for the mineralization are 9 %, 9 %, 0.3 %, 3300 ppb and 79 ppm for Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, Ag, espectively. Cünür mineralization has similarities to bimodal - mafic (Noranda type) Cu - Zn dominated VMS deposits.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Island arc, Volcanism, Bimodal-mafic, Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)

Teşekkür

This study was carried out within the scope of the "Kastamonu Province and Surrounding Polimetal Mine Searches" project numbered 2011/202032- 13-05-01, under the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Mineral Research and Exploration Department. I would like to thank Mr. Cahit Dönmez, Head of Mineral Research and Exploration Department, whose confidence I feel in the execution and management of the project at every stage. I would like to thank Assoc. Dr. Vural Oyan, project advisor, for his scientific contributions at every stage of the project. I would like to thank Prof Dr. Halim Mutlu, who contributed to the development of this article with his criticism and editing, Technical Editor Oğuz Altun and Associate Editor Dr. Hafize Akıllı. "I would like to thank Geology Engineer Cüneyt Baran, Geology Engineer Kenan Coşkun, Geology Engineer Buğra Çavdar, Dr. Serdar Keskin, Geology Engineer Şenol Şahin and Geology Engineer Aysun Sözcü, who has made great efforts and contributions in the field studies, and Geology Engineer Yusuf Mehmet Erdem who made the reserve calculations. There is a great team behind all the work carried out in MTA. Thank you wholeheartedly to this great team,whose name is too many to write".

Kaynakça

• Abdioğlu, E., Arslan, M. 2009. Alteration mineralogy and geochemistry of the hydrothermaly altered rocks of the Kutlular (Sürmene) massive sulfide deposit, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 139-162.
• Akbulut, M., Oyman, T., Çiçek, M., Selby, D., Özgenç, İ., Tokçaer, M. 2016. Petrography, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion microthermometry and Re - Os geochronology of the Küre volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit (Central Pontides, Northern Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews 76, 1-18.
• Akıncı, Ö. T. 1985. The Eastern Pontide Volcano- Sedimentary Belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: Dixon, J.E. and Robertson, A.H.F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society Publication 17. Blackwell, Oxford, 415-427.
• Altun, Y., Yılmaz, H., Şiner, İ., Yazar, F. 2015. The secrets of massive sulfide deposits on mid-ocean ridge and Küre-Mağaradoruk copper deposit. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 150, 51-65.
• Aygül, M., Okay, A. I., Oberhänslı, R., Ziemann, M. A. 2015. Thermal structure of low- grade accreted Lower Cretaceous distal turbidites, the Central Pontides, Turkey: in- sights for tectonic thickening of an accretionary wedge. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 461-474.
• Barrie, C. T., Hannington, M. D. 1999. Classification of volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits based on host - rock composition. In: Barrie,C. T. and Hannington, M. D. (Ed.), Volcanic - associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings. Rewievs in Economic Geology 8, 1-10.
• Çağatay, M. N. 1993. Hydrothermal alteration associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: examples from Turkey. Economic Geology 85, 606-621.
• Çağatay, M. N., Boyle, D. R. 1977. Geochemical prospecting for volcanogenic sulphide deposits in the Eastern Black Sea Ore Province, Turkey. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 8, 49-71.
• Çakır, Ü. 1995. Geological characteristics of the Aşıköy - Toykondu (Küre - Kastamonu) massive sulfide deposits. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 117, 29-40.
• Çiftçi, E. 2019. Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits of Turkey. Pirajno, F., Ünlü, T., Dönmez C., Şahin, B. Mineral Resources of Turkey. Ed., Springer, 427-495.
• Çiftçi, E., Hagni, R. D. 2005. Mineralogy of the Lahanos deposit a Kuroko - type volcano - genic massive sulfide deposit from the eastern Pontides (Giresun, NE Turkey). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 48(1), 55-64.
• Çimen, O., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Sayit, K. 2016. Geochemistry of the metavolcanic rocks from the Çangaldağ Complex in the Central Pontides: implications for the Middle Jurassic arc - back - arc system in the Neotethyan Intra - Pontide Ocean. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 25, 491-512.
• Çimen, O., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Simonetti, A., Sayit, K. 2017. Whole rock geochemistry, zircon U - Pb and Hf isotope systematics of the Çangaldağ pluton: evidences for middle Jurassic continental arc magmatism in the Central Pontides, Turkey. Lithos 288-289C, 35-54.
• Çimen, O., Göncüoğlu, M. C., Simonetti, A., Sayit, K. 2018. New zircon U - Pb LA - ICP - MS ages and Hf isotope data from the Central Pontides (Turkey): geological and geo - dynamic constraints. The Journal of Geodynamics 116, 23-36.
• Doe, B. R. 1994. Zinc, copper, and lead in mid - ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn / Pb in ocean - ridge hydrothermal deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2215-2223.
• Dönmez, C., Keskin, S., Günay, K., Çolakoğlu, A. O., Çiftci, Y., Uysal, I., Türkel, A., Yıldırım, N. 2014. Chromite and PGE geochemistry of the Elekdag ophiolite (Kastamonu, northern Turkey): implications for deep magmatic processes in a supra - subduction zone setting. Ore Geology Reviews 57, 216-228.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Santosh, M., Keewook, Yi, Tuysuz, N., Korkmaz, S., Akaryalı, E., Dudas, F. O., Bektaş, O. 2014. The Eastern Black Sea - type Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits: Geochemistry, zircon U - Pb geochronology and an overview of the geody - namics of ore genesis. Ore Geology Reviews 59, 29-54.
• Franklin, J. M. 1993. Volcanic - associated massive sulphide deposits, Kirkham, R. V., Sinclair, W. D., Thorpe, R. I., and Duke, J. M., (Ed.), Mineral deposit modeling, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, 315-34.
• Franklin, J. M., Lydon, J. W., Sangster, D. F. 1981. Volcanic- associated massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary vol., 485-627.
• Galley, A. G., Hannington, M. D., Jonasson, I. R. 2007. Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, 141-161 Special Publication no. 5.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C. 2010. Introduction to the Geology of Turkey: Geodynamic evolution of the pre -alpine and alpine terranes. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Monography Series. 5-69.
• Gücer, M. A., Arslan, M., Sherlock, S., Heaman, L. M. 2016. Permo - Carboniferous grani - toids with Jurassic high temperature metamorphism in Central Pontides, Northern Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 943-964.
• Günay, K., Dönmez, C., Oyan, V., Yıldırım, N., Çiftçi, E., Yıldız, H., Özkümüş, S. 2018. Geology and geochemistry of sediment - hosted hanönü massive sulfide deposit (Kastamonu - Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews 101, 652-674. Günay, K., Dönmez, C., Oyan, V., Baran, C., Çiftçi, E., Parlak O., Yıldırım, N., Denge, H.X., Lif, C.,Yıldırım, E., Özkümüş, S. 2019a. Geology, geochemistry and Re - Os geochronology of the Jurassic Zeybek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit (Central Pontides, Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews 111, 102994.
• Günay, K., Dönmez, C., Baran, C., Coşkun, K., Akgöz, A., Erdem, Y.M. 2019b. Cünür - Sökü (Kastamonu - Devrekâni) Cu - Au - Zn (AR: 201500078 / ER: 3327597) Buluculuk Talebine Esas Maden Jeolojisi ve Kaynak Tahmin Raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Maden Etüt ve Arama Dairesi Başkanlığı, Rapor Arşiv No: 45892, 1-1789, Ankara (unpublished).
• Hamlyn, P. R., Keays, R. R., Cameron, W. E., Crawford, A. J., Waldron, H. M. 1985. Precious metals in magnesian low - Ti lavas: implications for metallogenesis and sülfid saturation in primary magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 1797-1811.
• Keays, R. R., Scott, R. B. 1976. Precious metals in ocean- ridge basalts; implications for basalts as source rocks for gold mineralization. Economic Geology 71, 705-720.
• Konya, S. 1988. Kastamonu Alt Bölgesi (Cu - Pb - Zn) Arama Projesi, Jeokimya Çalışmaları. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Arşiv No:41663 / 11.
• Köprübaşı, N., Çiftci, E., Cordan, S., Köprübaşı, N., Özkul, C., Tükel, F. Ş. 2014. Comparative geo - chemical study of soils developed on characteristic black and yellow polymetallic massive sulfide deposits in Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 23(2), 129-146.
• Lydon, J. W. 1984a. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. Part 1. Descriptive model. Geoscience Canada 11, 195-202.
• Lydon, J. W. 1984b. Some observations on the morphology and ore texture of volcanogenic sulphide deposits of Cyprus. Current Research. Part A.Geological Survey of Canada, vol. 84-1A, 601-610.
• Okay, A. I. 2008. Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis. Anschnitt, 21, 19-42.
• Okay, A. I., Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F., Seranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 156, 475-515.
• Okay, A. I., Gürsel, S., Sherlock, S., Altıner, D., Tüysüz, O., Kylander - Clark, A. R. C., Aygül, M. 2013. Early Creataceous sedimentation and orogeny on the active margin of Eurasia: Southern Central Pontides, Turkey. Tectonics 32, 1247-1271.
• Okay, A. I., Gürsel, S., Tüysüz, O., Sherlock, S., Keskin, M., Kylander - Clark, A. R. C. 2014. Low - pressure - high - temperature metamorphism during extension in a Jurassic magmatic arc, Central Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 32, 49-69.
• Pearce, J. A., Harris, N. B. W., Tindle, A. G. W. 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956-983.
• Piercey, S. J. 2011. The setting, style, and role of magmatism in the formation of volca - nogenic massive sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita 46, 449-471.
• Plank, T. 2014. The Chemical Composition of Subducting Sediments. Keeling, Ralph, F., Treatise on Geochemistry. Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 607- 629.
• Plank, T., Langmuir, C. H. 1998. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325- 394.
• Revan, M. K., Genç, Y., Maslennikov, V. V., Ünlü, T., Delibaş, O., Hamzacebi, S. 2013. Original findings on the ore - bearing facies of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the eastern Black Sea region (NE Turkey). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 147, 73-89.
• Revan, M. K., Genç, Y., Maslennikov, V.V., Maslennikova, S.P., Large, R.R., Danyushevsky, L.V. 2014. Mineralogy and trace - element geochemistry of sulfide minerals in hydrothermal chimneys from the Upper - Cretaceous VMS deposits of the Eastern Pontide orogenic belt (NE Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews 63, 129-149.
• Sun, S. S., McDonough, W. F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins Ed., Geological Society of London, Special Publication 42, 45-313. Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution, Geoscience Texts. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. 312p.
• Tekin, U. K., Göncüoğlu, M.C., Pandolfi, L., Marroni, M. 2012. Middle Late Triassic radiolarian cherts from the Arkotdağ melange in northern Turkey: implications for the life span of the northern Neotethyan branch. Geodinamica Acta 25, 305-319.
• Uğuz, M. F., Sevin, M., Duru, M. 2002. 1:500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Sinop Paftası: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A. H. F. 1999. Geochemical evidence used to test alternative plate tectonic models for pre - Upper Jurassic (Palaeotethyan) units in the Central Pontides. Geological Journal 34, 25-53.
• Winchester, J. A., Floyd, P. A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, 20, 325-343.
• Wolf, R., Anders, E. 1980. Moon and Earth: compositional differences inferred from siderophiles, volatiles, and alkalis in basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 2111-2124.
• Wood, D. A. 1980. The application of a Th - Hf / Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 11-30.
• Yıldırım, N., Dönmez, C., Kang, J., Lee, İ., Pirajno, F.,Yıldırım, E., Günay, K., Seo, J.H., Farguhar, J., Chang, S.W. 2012a. A magnetite - rich Cyprus- type VMS deposit in Ortaklar: A unique VMS style in the Tethyan metallogenic belt, Gaziantep, Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 79, 425-442.
• Yıldırım, N., İlhan, S., Yıldırım, E., Dönmez, C. 2012b. The geology, geochemistry and genetical features of the Ormanbaşı Hill (Sincik, Adıyaman) copper mineralization. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 144, 75-104.
• Yiğit, Ö. 2009. Mineral Deposits of Turkey in Relation to Tethyan Metallogeny: Implications for Future Mineral Exploration. Economic Geology 104(1),19-51.