Geological characteristics of the boundary between Bolkardağı-Bozkır Units and the Ulukışla Basin and the structural evolution of the region, Central Taurides, Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 165 Sayı: 165, 163 - 190, 19.08.2021

Tolga Esirtgen Veysel Işık

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.868515

Öz

The character of the boundary between the tectonic units in the Central Taurides and the Ulukışla Basin is controversial. The contact has been accepted as discordant or tectonic contact by different researchers. The deformation data of the units in the study area provide important information about the Mesozoic - Cenozoic period geological developments of the region. Regional compression in NW - SE direction has caused the development of fold, foliation and reverse fault type structures in the units in the study area. Similar structural deformations are observed in the rock units defined in the Ulukışla Basin as well. In this study, structural data were collected from the field in order to determine the deformation pattern and contact relations of the units in the region. Field data and structural analysis reveal that the  contact between the Ulukışla Basin deposits and the Bolkardağı Unit in the study area is of 70° - 80° southeast dipping reverse fault character. These structural data in the region were interpreted as the product of a movement from southeast to northwest.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tectonic contact, Structural analysis, Paleostress, Taurus Unit, Ulukışla Basin, Central Taurides.

Teşekkür

This study was carried out within the scope of “Orta Toroslar’daki Tektonik Hatların Kinematiği -Yaşlandırılması ve Evrimi” (so called the “Kinematics - Dating and Evolution of Tectonic Lines in the Central Taurides”) conducted by the Department of Geological Researches, MTA General Directorate, Ankara, Turkey and TÜBİTAK - 115Y140 project in 2016 - 2017. The authors are thankful to Assoc. Prof. Ayhan Ilgar, Assoc. Prof. Levent Karadenizli, Dr. Ayşe Çağlayan, Reza Saber and to Aycan Günay as they shared their opinions during field studies. Petrographic and paleontological examinations of the samples were carried out by Aylin Paçala and Fatma Gedik, respectively. The authors would also like to thank them for their assistance. The authors also appreciate to Prof. Dr. Yaşar Eren and two unknown referees for their supportive contributions and suggestions to make the article better.

Kaynakça

• Alan, İ., Şahin, Ş., Keskin, H., Altun, İ., Bakırhan, Balcı, V. B., Böke, N., Saçlı, L., Pehlivan, Ş., Kop, A., Hanilçi, N., Çelik, Ö. F. 2007. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Orta Torosların Jeodinamik Evrimi Ereğli (Konya) - Ulukışla (Niğde) - Karsantı (Adana) - Namrun (İçel) Yöresi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 11006, Ankara (unpublished).
• Alan, İ., Şahin, Ş., Bakırhan, B. 2011. 1:100.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Adana N-33 Paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, No: 166.
• Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N. C., Fisher, D. 2013. Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors & Tensors: Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press 289.
• Blumenthal, M. M. 1941. Un aperçu de la géologie du Taurus dans les vilayets de Niğde et d’Adana. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication B-6, 49-95.
• Blumenthal, M. M. 1952. Das Taurische Hochgebirge Aladag, neuere forschungen zu seiner Geographie, Stratigraphie und Tektonik. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication D-6.
• Blumenthal, M. M. 1956. Yüksek Bolkardağ’ın kuzey kenar bölgelerinin ve batı uzantılarının jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını Seri D, No: 7, 153, Ankara.
• Candan, O., Çetinkaplan, M., Oberhänsli, R., Rimmelé, G., Akal, C. 2005. Alpine high - P/low-T metamorphism of the Afyon Zone and implications for the metamorphic evolution of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 84(1-2), 102- 124.
• Clark, M., Robertson, A.H.F. 2002. The role of the Early Tertiary Ulukışla Basin, Southern Turkey, in suturing of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean. Journal of Geological Society, London 159, 673-690.
• Clark, M., Robertson, A. H. F. 2005. Uppermost Cretaceous- Lower Tertiary Ulukışla Basin, south - central Turkey: sedimentary evolution of part of a unified basin complex within an evolving Neotethyan suture zone. Sedimentary Geology 173, 15-51.
• Çalapkulu, F. 1978. Bolkardağ bölgesinin jeolojik evrimi. Türk. Jeol. Kurumu, 32. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurul. Bildiri özetleri, 7-8.
• Çalapkulu, F. 1980. Horoz Granodiyoritinin Jeolojik İncelemesi. Türk. Jeol. Kurumu 23, 59-68.
• Çelik, Ö. F., Delaloye, M., Feraud, G. 2006. Precise 40Ar - 39Ar ages from the metamorphic sole rocks of the Tauride Belt Ophiolites, southern Turkey: implications for the rapid cooling history. Geol. Mag. 143(02), 213.
• Çelik, Ö. F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R,. Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, F., Öz, I. 2011. Early - Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the İzmir - Ankara - Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey. Tectonophysics 509 (1-2), 120–134.
• Çevikbaş, A. 1991. Ulukışla - Çamardı (Niğde) Tersiyer havzasının jeodinamik evrimi ve maden yatakları yönünden önemi: Doktora tezi İ.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 235, İstanbul (unpublished).
• Çevikbaş, A., Öztunalı, Ö. 1992. Ulukışla - Çamardı (Niğde) Mestrihtiyen Sonrası Çökel Havzasının Jeolojisi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 114, 155-172.
• Demircioğlu, R., Eren, Y. 2000. Çamardı (Niğde) civarında Niğde Masifi örtü birimlerinin yapısal özellikleri, N.Ü. Aksaray Mühendislik Fakültesi, Haymana- Tuzgölü-Ulukışla basenleri uygulamalı çalışma (Workshop), Bildiri özleri, 6.
• Demircioğlu, R., Eren,Y. 2003. Niğde Masifi (Çamardı- Niğde) Tersiyer yaşlı örtü kayaçlarındaki Oligosen öncesi paleogerilme konumu, SDÜ Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi 20. Yıl Jeoloji Sempozyum, Bildiriler, 37.
• Demircioğlu, R., Eren, Y. 2017. Çamardı (Niğde Yöresinde Niğde Masifinin Yapısal Özellikleri. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 154, 15-26.
• Demirtaşlı, E. 1975. İran, Pakistan ve Türkiye’deki Alt Paleozoyik Yaşlı Kayaçların Stratigrafik Korelasyonu. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Yayını, Ankara, 204-222.
• Demirtaşlı, E., Bilgin, A. Z., Erenler, F., Işıklar, S., Sanlı, D. Y., Selim, M., Turhan, N. 1973. Bolkardağları’nın Jeolojisi. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Yayını 42-57, Ankara.
• Demirtaşlı, E., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A. Z., Selim, M. 1984. Geology of the Bolkar Mountains: In: Tekeli, O. and Göncüoğlu, M.C (eds), Geology of the Taurus Belt. 125-142.
• Demirtaşlı, E., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A. Z. 1986. Bolkar Dağları ile Ereğli - Ulukışla havzasının genel jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor no: 8097, Ankara (unpublished).
• Dilek, Y. 2006. Collision tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Causes and consequences. Geological Society of America Special Paper 409.
• Dilek, Y., Moores, E. 1990. Regional tectonics of the eastern Mediterranean ophiolites. In: Malpas, J., Moores, E., Panayiotou, A., Xenophontos, C. (Ed.), Ophiolites - Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Troodos Ophiolite Symposium Proceedings 295-309.
• Dilek, Y., Tekeli, O. 1992. Ophiolite geology of the Inner- Tauride belt, S. Turkey, and implications for Mesozoic tectonics of the eastern Mediterranean region. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 24, A280.
• Dilek, Y., Whitney, D. L. 1997. Counterclockwise P-T-t trajectory from the metamorphic sole of a Neo- Tethyan ophiolite (Turkey). Tectonophysics 280, 295-310.
• Dilek, Y., Thy, P., Hacker, B., Grundvig, S. 1999a. Structure and Petrology of Tauride ophiolites and mafic dike intrusions (Turkey) Implications for the Neotethyan ocean. GSA Bulletin 1999(111), 8, 1192-1216.
• Dilek, Y., Whitney, D. L., Tekeli, O. 1999b. Links Between Tectonic Processes and Landscape Morphology in an Alpine Collision Zone, South - Central Turkey. Z. Geomorph. N.E. 118, 147-164.
• Engin, C. 2013. Structural architecture and tectonıc evolutıon of the Ulukışla sedimentary basin in South - Central Turkey. PhD thesis, Miami University Oxford, Ohio.
• Esirtgen, T. 2014. Orta Toroslarda Bucakkışla Bölgesinin (GB Karaman) Tektono - Sedimanter Gelişimi,
• Tectono-Sedimantery Evolution of Bucakkışla Region (SW Karaman) In Central Taurides, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 148, 19-42, Ankara.
• Fleuty, M. J. 1964. The description of folds. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 75(4), 461-492.
• Gans, C. R., Beck, S. L., Zandt, G., Biryol, C. B., Özacar, A. A. 2009. Detecting the limit of slab break- off in central Turkey: New high - resolution Pn tomography results. Geophysical Journal International 179, 1566–1577.
• Garfunkel, Z. 2004. Origin of the Eastern Mediterranean basin: a reevluation. Tectonophysics 391, 11-34.
• Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Hallot, E., Dirik, K. 2002. Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: geological evidence for pre - Eocene unroofing of the Niğde Massif (central Anatolia, Turkey). Geol. Mag. 139 (5), 559-576.
• Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Bosse, V., Hallot, E., Dirik, K. 2008. Coeval extensional shearing and lateral underflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Niğde Massif, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonics 27, TC 1003.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C. 1986. Geochronological data from the southern part (Niğde area) of the Central Anatolian massif. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (Maden Tetkik ve Arama) Bulletin 105/106, 111-124.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C. 2011. Kütahya - Bolkardağ Kuşağının Jeolojisi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 142, 227-282.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Yalınız, K., Olgun,E. Rojay, B. 1992. Orta Anadolu Masifin Batı Kesiminin Jeolojisi. Vol. 2. Orta Kesim. Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) Reports, 3155.
• Göncüoğlu, M. C., Dirik, K., Kozlu, H. 1997. Pre - Alpine and Alpine terranes in Turkey: explanatory notes to the terrane map of Turkey. In: Papanikolaou, D., Sassi, F.P . (Ed.), IGCP Project no: 276; Paleozoic domains and their alpidic evolution in the Tethys. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 515- 536.
• Görür, N., Oktay, F. Y., Seymen, İ., Şengör, A. M. C. 1984. Paleotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, central Turkey: Sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure. In: The geological evolution of the eastern Mediterranean.(Ed. by Dixon, J. E. and Robertson, A. H. F.), Geol. Soc. London Spec. Paper 17; 467-482.
• Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., Şengör, A. M. C. 1998. Tectonic Evolution of the central Anatolian Basins. International Geology Review 40, 831-850.
• Gürer, D., Van Hinsbergen, D., Matenco, L., Kaymakçı, N., Corfu, F. 2014. Late Cretaceous to recent tectonic evolution of the Ulukışla Basin (Southern Central Anatolia). Geophysical Research Abstracts 16, EGU2014-12854.
• Gürer, D., Van Hinsbergen, D., Matenco, L., Kaymakci, N., Corfu, F., Cascella, A. 2016a. Kinematics of a former oceanic plate of the Neotethys revealed by deformation in the Ulukışla basin (Turkey). Tectonics.
• Gürer, D., Plunder, A., Kirst, F., Corfu, F., Schmid, S. F., Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J. 2016b. A long - lived extensional back - arc in Anatolia? AGU Fall Meeting, 12-16 December 2016.
• Gürer, D., Harin, M. D., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Umhoefer, P. J. 2017. Cenozoic Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Ulukışla and Sivas Basins (Central and Eastern Turkey). Geophysical Research Abstracts 19, EGU2017-18332.
• Işık, V., Lo, C. H., Göncüoğlu, C., Demirel, S. 2008. 39Ar/40Ar Ages from the Yozgat Batolith: Preliminary Data on the Timing of Late Cretaceous Extension in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey. The Journal of Geology 116 (5), 520-526.
• Işık, V., Uysal, I. T., Çağlayan, A., Seyitoğlu, G. 2014. The evolution of intraplate fault systems in central Turkey: Structural evidence and Ar - Ar and Rb- Sr age constraints for the Savcili Fault Zone. Tectonics 33, 1875-1899.
• Işık, V., Çağlayan, A., Saber, R., Esirtgen, T., Seyitoğlu, G., Ilgar, A., Zhao, J., Bolhar, R., Cenki-Tok, B., Günay, A. 2018. Orta Toroslar’da Bindirme Sisteminin Yapısal Analizi, Jeokronolojisi ve Bunların Tektonik Anlamları. TÜBİTAK 115Y140 Numaralı Proje 291.
• Jaffey, N., Robertson, A. 2005. Non - marine sedimentation associated with Oligocene-Recent exhumation and uplift of the Central Taurus Mountains, S. Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 53-89.
• Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denèle, Y., Brun, J. P., Philippon, M., Paul, A., Salaün, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monié, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A. I., Oberhänsli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L., Driussi, O. 2013. Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics 597-598, 1-33.
• Kaaden, G., van der, 1966. Türkiye’deki Glokofan Kayaçlarının Önemi ve Dağılışı. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 67, 36-67, Ankara.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Dilek, Y. 2009. Structure and geochemistry of the adakitic Horoz granitoid, Bolkar Mountains South central Turkey and its tectonomagmatic evolution. International Geology Review, 1-31.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Dilek, Y., Güleç, N., Foland, K. A. 2003. Tectonomagmatic evolution of bimodal plutons in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey. Journal of Geology 111, 671–690.
• Kadıoğlu, Y. K., Dilek, Y., Foland, K. A. 2006. Slab break - off and syncollisional origin of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Anatolian crystalline complex Turkey. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 409, 381-415.
• Karaoğlan, F. 2016. Tracking the uplift of the Bolkar Mountains (South - central Turkey): evidence from apatite fission track thermochronology. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 25, 64-80.
• Koç, A., Kaymakcı, N., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Kuiper, K. F., Vissers, R. L. M. 2012. Tectono - sedimentary evolution and geochronology of the Middle Miocene Altınapa Basin, and implications for the Late Cenozoic uplift history of the Taurides, southern Turkey. Tectonophysics 532–535, 134-155.
• Koçyiğit, A. 1983. Hoyran Gölü (Isparta Büklümü) Dolayının Tektoniği. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 26-1, 1-10.
• Koçyiğit, A. 1990. Üç Kent Kuşağı’nın Erzincan batısındaki (KD Türkiye) yapısal ilişkileri: Karakaya, İç Toros ve Erzincan Kenetleri. In: 8th Petrol Congress of Turkey, Proceedings, Ankara, 152-160.
• Mackintosh, P. W., Robertson, A. H. F. 2009. Structural and sedimentary evidence from the northern margin of the Tauride platform: testing models of Late Triassic ‘Cimmerian’ uplift and deformation in southern Turkey. Tectonophysics 473, 203–215.
• Okay, A. I. 1985. Distribution and characteristics of the north - west Turkish blueschists: Dixon, J.E. and Robertson, A. H. F., The Geological Evaluation of the Eastern Mediterranean, Spec. Pub. of the Geo. Soc. 17, Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, 848.
• Okay, A. I., Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F., Seranne, M. (Ed.), Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 156, 475– 515.
• Okay, A. I., Tansel, I., Tüysüz, O. 2001. Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 138, 117-142.
• Oktay, F. T. 1982. Ulukışla ve çevresinin stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 25, 15-23.
• Önen, P., Hall, R. 2000. Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks from NW Anatolia, Turkey. J. Metamorph. Geol. 18(5), 483-495.
• Özgül, N. 1971. Toroslar’ın kuzey kesiminin yapısal gelişiminde blok hareketlerinin önemi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 14-1, 85-101.
• Özgül, N. 1976. Torosların Bazı Temel Jeoloji Özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 19, 5-78.
• Özgül, N. 1984. Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Central Taurides, Geology of the Taurus belt. International Symposium, 77-90.
• Özgül, N. 1997. Bozkır - Hadim - Taşkent (Orta Torosların Kuzey Kesimi) Dolayında Yer Alan Tektono- Stratigrafik Birliklerin Stratigrafisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 119, 113-174.
• Parlak, O., Delaloye, M. 1999. Precise 40Ar/39Ar ages from the metamorphic sole of the Mersin ophiolite (southern Turkey). Tectonophysics 301, 145-158.
• Parlak, O., Robertson, A. H. F. 2004. The ophiolite - related Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: its role in the tectonic - sedimentary setting of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geol. Mag. 141 (3), 257-286.
• Parlak, O., Delaloye, E., Bingöl, E. 1996. Mineral chemistry of ultramafic and mafic cumulates as an indicator of the arc-related origin of the Mersin ophiolite (southern Turkey). Geol Rundsch 85, 647-661.
• Parlak, O., Yılmaz, H., Boztuğ, D. 2006. Origin and Tectonic Significance of the Metamorphic Sole and Isolated Dykes of the Divriği Ophiolite (Sivas, Turkey): Evidence for Slab Break - off prior to Ophiolite Emplacement. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 2006, 25-45.
• Parlak, O., Kop, A., Robertson, A., Karaoğlan, F., Neubauer, F., Koepke, J. 2014. Upper Cretaceous HP - LT metamorphism along the leading edge of the Mesozoic Bolkardağ platform, southern Turkey. Geophysical Research Abstracts 16, EGU2014- 3665-2.
• Pourteau, A. 2011. Closure of the Neotethys Ocean in Anatolia: structural, petrologic and geochronologic insights from low - grade high- pressure metasediments, Afyon Zone, Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam, PhD thesis.
• Pourteau, A., Candan, O., Oberhanslı, R. 2010. High- pressure metasediments in central Turkey: Constraints on the Neotethyan closure history. Tectonics 29, 1-18.
• Pourteau, A., Sudo, M., Candan, O., Lanari, P., Vidal, O., Oberhänsli, R. 2013. Neotethys closure history of Anatolia: insights from 40 Ar- 39 Ar geochronology and P-T estimation in high- pressure metasedimentary rocks. J. Metamorph. Geol., 31, 585–606.
• Pourteau, A., Bousquet, R., Vidal, O., Plunder, A., Duesterhoeft, E., Candan, O., Oberhänsli, R. 2014. Multistage growth of Fe - Mg - carpholite and Fe - Mg - chloritoid, from field evidence to thermodynamic modelling, Contrib. to Mineral. Petrol., 168(6), 1090.
• Rimmele, G., 2003. Structural and Metamorphic Evolution of the Lycian Nappes and the Menderes Massif (Southweat Turkey): Geodynamic Implications and Correlations with the Aegean Domain. PhD Thesis, Universität Potsdam, Deutschland.
• Rimmelé, G., Parra, T., Goffé, B., Oberhänsli, R., Jolivet, L., Candan, O. 2005. Exhumation Paths of High - Pressure - Low - Temperature Metamorphic Rocks from the Lycian Nappes and the Menderes Massif (SW Turkey): a Multi - Equilibrium Approach, J. Petrol., 46(3), 641–669, doi:10.1093/petrology/ egh092.
• Robertson, A. H. F. 1998. Mesozoic - Tertiary tectonic evolution of the East Mediterranean area: integration of marine and land evidence. In: Robertson, A. H. F., Emeis, K. C., Richter, C., Camerlenghi, A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 160, 723-782.
• Robertson, A. H. F. 2000. Mesozoic–Tertiary tectonic- sedimentary evolution of a south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in Southern Turkey. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.D.A. (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Spec. Publ. - Geol. Soc. Lond. 173, 97-138.
• Robertson, A. H. F., Dixon, J. D. 1984. Introduction: Aspects of the Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Dixon, J. E. & Robertson, A. H. F. (eds) The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17, 1–74.
• Robertson, A. H. F., Parlak, O. 2009. Overview of the Tectonic Setting of Genesis and Emplacement of Cretaceous Ophiolites in Turkey and the Adjacent Eastern Mediterranean region. 62nd Geological Kurultai of Turkey, 13−17 April 2009, MTA– Ankara, Turkey, 826-827.
• Robertson, A. H. F., Dixon, J. E., Brown, S. 1996. Alternative models for the Late Palaeozoic - Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean region. In: Morris, A. & Tarling, D. H. (eds) Palaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 105, 239-263.
• Robertson, A. H. F., Parlak, O., Ustaömer, T. 2009. Melange genesis and ophiolite emplacement related to subduction of the northern margin of the Tauride- Anatolide continent, Central and Western Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 311, 9-66.
• Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Dilek, Y., Winchester, J. A. 2012. Late Cretaceous subduction initiation and Palaeocene - Eocene slab breakoff magmatism in South - Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Geology Review 2012, 1-22.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V., Gürbüz, E., Gürbüz, A. 2017. The discovery of a low - angle normal fault in the Taurus Mountains the İvriz detachment and implications concerning the Cenozoic geology of southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 26, 189-205.
• Şengör, A. M. C. 1987. Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 15, 213-244.
• Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
• Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y., Ketin, İ. 1980. Remnants of a pre-Late Jurassic ocean in Northern Turkey: fragments of Permo-Triassic Paleo-Tethys?: Reply. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93, 932-936.
• Şengör, A.M.C., Altıner, D., Cin, A., Ustaömer, T., Hsü, K.J. 1988. Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1988, 37, 119-181.
• Ulu, Ü. 2002. 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları, No: 15 / Adana. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Ulu, Ü, 2006. Bolkar Dağları’nın Jeolojisi: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Raporu, No: 10776, 88 sayfa, Ankara (unpublished).
• Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Maffione, M., Plunder, A., Kaymakcı, N., Ganerød, M., Hendriks, B. W. H., Corfu, F., Gürer, D., de Gelder, G. I. N. O, Peters, K., McPhee, P.J., Brouwer, F. M., Advokaat, E. L., Vissers, R. L. M. 2016. Tectonic evolution and paleogeography of the Kırşehir Block and the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, Turkey. Tectonics 35(4), 983–1014.
• Warren, L. M., Beck, S. L., Biryol, C. B., Zandt, G., Özacar, A. A., Yang, Y. 2013. Crustal velocity structure of Central and Eastern Turkey from ambient noise tomography. Geophysical Journal International 1-14.
• Whitney, D. L., Dilek, Y. 1997. Core complex development in central Anatolia, Turkey. Geology 25, 11, 1023- 1026.
• Zorlu, K., İnan, S., Gül, M., İnan, M., Kurt, M. A., Alpaslan, M. 2011. Geological Evolution of the Ulukışla Basin (Late Cretaceous - Eocene) Central Anatolia, Turkey. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Bülteni, Yerbilimleri 32 (2), 151-170.