Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2018, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 131 - 158, 01.12.2018

Duygu Demiröz Hilal Tunca

Abstract

Chemical control with synthetic insecticides, the most preferred method against insect

pests in agricultural ecosystems. Chemical control is considered effective, easier and relatively

inexpensive method for many farmers. However, serious major problems are associated with

chemical control. Pest resistance to chemicals is one of the important problems in chemical pest

control management programmes. It is common for insect and mite pests to develop resistance against

chemical insecticide, whereas as resistance against natural enemies is known. Moreover, the mechanisms of resistance for natural enemies is also different to insect pest. Unlike insect pest, the

development of insecticide resistance in natural enemy populations is seen as an advantage and also

valuable in integrated pest management. In the literature review, results of the several studies will

clarify to this subject.

Keywords

Natural enemy insecticide resistance integrated pest control

References

  • Abbas, N., M.M. Mansoor, S.A. Shad, A.K. Pathan, A.Waheed, M.Ejaz, M. Razaq and M.A. Zulfiqar. 2014.
  • Fitness cost and realized heritability of resistance to spinosad in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 104. 707–715.
  • Adams, J.B. 1960. Effects of spraying 2,4-D amine on coccinellid larvae. Can. J. Zool. 38. 285-288.
  • Adams, C.H., and W.H. Cross. 1967. Insecticide resistance in Bracon mellitor, a parasite of the boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 60. 1016–1020.
  • Ahmed, M.K. 1955. Comparative effect of systox and schradan on some predators of aphids in Eqypt. J. Econ. Entomol. 48. 530-532.
  • APRD – Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database, Michigan State University. http:// ww.pesticideresistance.org.
  • Argolo, P.S., J.A. Jacas and A.Urbaneja. 2014. Comparative toxicity of pesticides in three phytoseiid mites with different life-style occurring in citrus: Euseius stipulatus, Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 62. 33–46. Ascerno, M. E., Z. Smilowitz and A.A. Hower. 1980. Effects of the insect growth regulator hydroprene on diapausing Microctonus aethiopoides, a parasite of the alfalfa weevil. Environ. Entomol. 9. 262-264.
  • Attalah, Y. H. and L.D. Newsom. 1966. Ecological and nutritional studies on Coleomegilla maculata De Geer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).III. The effect of DDT, toxaphene, and endrin on the reproductive and survival potentials. J. Econ. Entomol. 59. 1181-1187.
  • Avella, M., D. Fournier, M. Pralavorio and J.B. Berge. 1985. Sélection pour la résistance à la deltaméthrine d’une souche de Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Agronomie. 5. 177–180.
  • Bacci, L., M.C. Picanço, J.F. Rosado, G.A. Silva, A.L.B. Crespo, E.J.G. Pereira and J.C. Martins. 2009. Conservation of natural enemies in brassica crops: comparative selectivity of insecticides in the management of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 44. 103–113.
  • Baker, J.E., J.A. Fabrick and K.Y. Zhu. 1998. Characterization of esterases in malathion-resistant and susceptible strains of the pteromalid parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28. 1039–1050.
  • Barbar, Z., M.S. Tixier and S. Kreiter. 2007. Assessment of pesticide susceptibility for Typhlodromus exhilaratus and Typhlodromus phialatus strains (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from vineyards in the south of France. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 42. 95–105.
  • Bartlett, B.R. 1964. Integration of chemical and biological control. In P. DeBach (Ed.), Biological control of insect pests and weeds (pp. 489-511). London: Chapman & Hall
  • Bellows, T.S., J.G. Jr. Morse, D.G. Hadjidemetriou and Y. Iwata. 1985. Residual toxicity of 4 insecticides used for control of citrus thrips Scirtothrips cirri (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on 3 beneficial species in a citrus agroecosystem. J. Econ. Entomol. 78. 681-686.
  • Bellows, T.S. and T.W. Fisher. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control. Principles and Applications of Biological Control. Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK.
  • Bielza, P. 2008. Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest. Manag. Sci. 64. 1131–1138.
  • Bielza, P. 2016. Insecticide Resistance in Natural Enemies. Chapter 16.
  • Bonafos, R., E.Serrano, P.Auger and S. Kreiter. 2007. Resistance to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl in some populations of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant)(Acari: Phytoseiidae) from vineyards in the south-west of France. Crop Prot. 26. 169–172.
  • Borgemeister, C., H.M. Poehling, A. Dinter and C. Holler, 1993. Effects of insecticides on life history parameters of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hym: Aphidiidae). Entomophaga. 38. 245-255.
  • Boyce, A.M. 1936. The citrus red mite Paratetranychus citri McG. İn California and its control J. Econ. Entomol. 29. 125-130.
  • Bull, D.L. and R.J. Coleman. 1985. Effects of pesticides on Trichogramma spp. Southwest. Entomol. 8 (Suppl.). 156-168.
  • Busvine, J.R. 1971. A critical review of the techniques for testinginsecticides (2nd ed.). Slough, United Kingdom: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.
  • Calvo, F.J., K. Bolckmans and J.E. Belda. 2012. Release rate for a pre-plant application of Nesidiocoris tenuis for Bemisia tabaci control in tomato. BioControl. 57(6). 809–817.
  • Campbell, C.D., J.F. Walgenbach and G.G. Kenneday. 1991. Effect of parasitoids on Lepidoptera pests in insecticide-treated and untreated tomatoes in western North Carolina. J.Econ. Entomol. 84. 1662-1667.
  • Chandler, L.D. 1985. Response of Liriomyza trifolii to selected insecticides with notes on hymenopterous parasites. Southwest. Entomol. 10. 228-235.
  • Cohen, E., H. Podoler and M. E1-Hamlauwi. 1988. Effect of malathionbait mixture on two parasitoids of the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.). Crop Protect. 7. 91-95.
  • Critchley, B.R. 1972. A laboratory study of the effects of some soil applied organo-phosphorus pesticides on Carabidae (Coleoptera). Bull. Entomol. Res. 62. 229-242.
  • Croft, B.A. and R.H. Meyer. 1973. Carbamate and organophosphorus resistance patterns in populations of Amblyseius fallacis. Environ. Entomol. 2. 691–696.
  • Croft, B.A. and A.W.A. Brown. 1975. Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20. 285–335.
  • Croft, B.A., J. Briozzo, and J.B. Carbonell. 1976. Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in a predaceous mite, Amblyseius chilenensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 69. 563–565.
  • Croft, B.A. 1977. Susceptibility surveillance to pesticides among arthropod natural enemies: Modes of uptake and basic responses. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 84, 140-157.
  • Croft, B.A. and J.G. Morse. 1979. Research advances on pesticide resistance in natural enemies. Entomophaga. 24. 3-11.
  • Croft, B.A. 1982. Developed resistance to insecticides in apple artho- pods: A key to pest control failures and successes in North America. Entomol. Exp. et App. 31. 88-110.
  • Croft, B.A. 1990. Natural enemies and pesticides: An historical overview. In B. A. Croft (Ed.), Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides (pp. 3-15). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Croft, B.A. and K. Strickler. 1983. Natural enemy resistance to pesticides: Documentation, characterization, theory and application. In G. P. Georghiou & T. Saito (Eds.), Pest resistance to pesticides (pp. 669-702). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Croft, B.A. and M.T. Aliniazee. 1983. Differential resistance to insecticides in Typhlodromus arboreus Chant and associate phytoseiid mites of apple in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Environ. Entomol. 12. 1420–1423.
  • Croft, B.A. and C.A. Mullin, 1984. Comparison of detoxification enzyme systems in Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the ectoparasite, Oncophanes americanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Entomol. 13. 1330-1335.
  • Delorme, R., A. Berthier and D. Auge. 1985. The toxicity of two pyrethroids to Encarsia formosa and its host Trialeurodes vaporariorum prospecting for a resistant strain of the parasite. Pesticide Sci.16. 332-336.
  • Dempster, J.P. 1968. The sublethal effect of DDT on the rate of feding by the ground-beetle Harpalus rufipes. Entomol. Exp. et App. 11. 51- 54.
  • Desneux, N., A. Decourtye and J.M. Delpuech. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52. 81-106.
  • Dunley, J.E., R.H. Messing and B.A. Croft. 1991. Levels and genetics of organophosphate resistance in Italian and Oregon biotypes of Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 84. 750–755.
  • Duso, C., M. Fanti, A. Pozzebon and G. Angeli. 2009. Is the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans a candidate for the control of phytophagous mites in European apple orchards BioControl. 54. 369–382.
  • Elzen, G.W. 1989. Sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial parasitoids. In P. C. Jepson (Ed.), Pesticides and non-target invertebrates (pp. 129-150). Wimborne, Dorset, United Kingdom: Intercept.
  • Fernández, E., C .Grávalos, P.J. Haro, D. Cifuentes and P. Bielza, 2009. Insecticide resistance status of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype in south-eastern Spain. Pest Manag. Sci. 65. 885–891.
  • Flanders, R.V., L.W. Bledsoe and C.R. Edwards. 1984. Effects of insecticides on Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environ. Entomol. 13. 902- 906.
  • Flanders, S.E. 1943. The susceptibility of parasitic Hymenoptera to sulfur. J. Econ. Entomol. 36. 469.
  • Fleshner, C.A. and G.T. Scriven. 1957. Effect of soil-type and DDT on ovipositional responses of Chrysopa californica (Coq.) on lemon. J. Econ. Entomol. 50. 221-222.
  • Georghiou, G.P. 1972. The evolution of resistance to pesticides. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 3. 133-168.
  • Georghiou, G.P. 1986. The magnitude of the resistance problem. In: Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
  • Georghiou, G.P., and C.E. Taylor. 1986. Factors influencing the evolu- tion of resistance. In Pesticide resistance: Strategies and tactics for management (pp. 143-146). Washington, DC: National Academy.
  • Gordon, H.T. 1961. Nutritional factors in insect resistance to chemicals. Annual Review of Entomology, 6, 27-54.
  • Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. and M.A. Hoy. 1985. Short-term effects of permethrin and fenvalerate on oviposition by Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 78. 955-959.
  • Graur, D. 1985. Gene diversity in Hymenoptera. Evolution, 39, 190- 199. Graves, J.B., R.B. Mohamad and D.F. Clower. 1978. Beneficial insects also developing “resistance”. Lousiana Agric. 22. 10–11.
  • Grosch, D.S. 1970. Reproductive performance of a braconid after heptachlor poisoning. J. Econ. Entomol.63. 1348-1349.
  • Hadam, J.J., M.T. AliNiazee and B.A. Croft. 1986. Phytoseiid mites (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) of major crops in Willamette Valley, Oregon, and pesticide resistance in Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. Environ. Entomol. 15, 1255–1263.
  • Hassan, S.A. 1985. Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticideson natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. EPPO Bull. 15. 214-255.
  • Hassan, S.A., R. Albert, F.Bigler, P. Blaisinger, H. Bogenschuetz and E.Boiler. 1987. Results of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods. J. Appl. Entomol. 103. 92-107.
  • Havron, A., G. Kenan and D. Rosen. 1991a. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis. II. A. lingnanensis, a parasite of the California red scale. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 229–235.
  • Havron, A., D. Rosen, H. Prag and Y. Rössler. 1991b. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis: I. A. holoxanthus, a parasite of the Florida red scale. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 221–228.
  • Head, R., W.W. Neel, C.F. Sartor and H. Chambers. 1977. Methyl parathion and carbaryl resistance in Chrysomela scripta and Coleomegilla maculata. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17. 163–164.
  • Heathcote, G.D. 1963. The effect of coccinellids on aphids infesting insecticide-treated sugar-beet. Plant Pathology. 12. 80-83.
  • Herbert, D.A. and J.D. Harper. 1986. Bioassays of a beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis against Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)J. Econ. Entomol. 79. 592-595.
  • Hodek, I. 2014. Biology of coccinellidae. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Horn, D.J. and R.W. Wadleigh. 1988. Resistance of aphid natural enemies to insecticides, pp. 337–347. In A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijn (eds.), Aphids, their biology, natural enemies, and control, Vol. B. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Hoy, M.A. 1985. Recent advances in genetics and genetic improvement of the Phytoseiidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 30. 345-370. Hoy, M.A. 1990. Pesticide resistance in arthropod natural enemies: Varability and selection responses. In R. T Roush & B. E. Tabashnik (Eds.), Pesticide resistance in arthropods (pp. 203-236). London: Chapman & Hall.
  • Hoy, M.A., F.E.Cave, R.H. Beede, J. Grant, W.H. Krueger. and W.H. Olson. 1990. Release, dispersal and recovery of a laboratory-selected strain of the walnut aphid parasite Trioxys pallidus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) resistant to azinphosmethyl. J. Econ. Entomol. 83. 89–96.
  • Huffaker, C.B. 1971. The ecology of pesticide interference with insect populations. In J. E. Swift (Ed.), Agricultural chemicals: Harmony or discord for food, people and the environment (pp. 92-104).
  • Berkeley: University of California Division of Agricultural Science.
  • Huffaker, C.B., F.J. Simmonds and J.E. Laing. 1976. The theoretical and empirical basis of biological control. In C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (Eds.), Theory and practice of biological control (pp. 41- 78). New York: Academic Press.
  • Irving, S.N. and I.J. Wyatt. 1973. Effects of sublethal doses of pesticides on the oviposition behavior of Encarsia formosa. Ann. App. Biol. 75. 57-62.
  • Jackson, G.J. and J.B. Ford. 1973. The feeding behavior of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), particularly as affected by certain pesticides. Ann. App. Biol. 75. 165-171.
  • Jalali, S.K., S.P. Singh, T. Venkatesan, K.S. Murthy and Y. Lalitha, 2006. Development of endosulfan tolerant strain of an egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 44. 584.
  • Javier, P.A., A. Havron, B. Morallo-R ejesus, and D. Rosen. 1991. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis: III. Male selection. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 237–245.
  • Jiu, G. D. and J.K. Waage. 1990. The effect of insecticides on the distribution of foraging parasitoids Diaeretiella rapae (Hym: Braconidae) on plants. Entomophaga. 35. 49-56.
  • Johnson, M.W. and B.E. Tabashnik. 1994. Laboratory selection for pesticide resistance in natural enemies. (pp. 91-105). In S. K. Narang, A. C. Bartlett, & R. M. Faust (Eds.), Applications of genetics to arthropods of biological control significance. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Johnson, M.W. and B.E. Tabashnik. 1999. Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity Handbook of Biological Control. Chapter 13. 297-318.
  • Kawai, A. 1997. Prospect for integrated pest management in tea cultivation in Japan. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q . 31. 213–218.
  • Kennett, C.E. 1970. Resistance to parathion in the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius hibisci. J. Econ. Entomol. 63. 1999–2001.
  • Kiritani, K. and S. Kawahara. 1973. Food-chain toxicity of granular formulations of insecticides to a predator, Lycosa pseudoannulata, of Nephotettix cincticeps. Botyu-Kagaku. 38. 69-75.
  • Kumral, N.A., N.S.Gencer, H. Susurluk, and C. Yalçın. 2011. A comparative evaluation of the susceptibility to insecticides and detoxifying enzyme activities in Stethorus gilvifrons (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Int. J. Acarol. 37. 255–268.
  • Lawrence, P.O., S.H. Kerr and W.H. Whitcomb. 1973. Chrysopa rufilabris: Effect of selected pesticides on duration of third larval stadium, pupal stage and adult survival. Environ. Entomol. 2. 477-480.
  • Leslie, T.W., D.J. Biddinger, C.A. Mullin and S.J. Fleischer. 2009. Carabidae Population Dynamics and temporal partitioning: response to coupled neonicotinoid-transgenic technologies in maize. Environ. Entomol. 38. 935-943.
  • Li, Y.X. and S.S. Liu. 2001. Insecticide resistance in insect parasitoids. Chin. J. Biol. Control 17. 81–85 (in Chinese).
  • Liu, S.S., Y. X. Li and Z. H. Tang. 2003. Host resistance to an insecticide favors selection of resistance in the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biol. Control. 28. 137–143.
  • Liu, S.S., Z.M.Li, Y.Q.Liu, M.G. Feng and Z.H. Tang. 2007. Promoting selection of resistance to spinosad in the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae by integrating resistance of hosts to the insecticide into the selection process. Biol. Control. 41. 246–255.
  • Longley, M. and P.C. Jepson. 1996. Effects of honeydew and insecticide residues on the distribution of foraging aphid parasitoids under glasshouse and field conditions. Entomol. Exp. et App. 81. 259- 269.
  • Luff, M.L. 2002. Carabid beetles: their ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems. In: Holland JM (ed), The agroecology of carabid beetles. Intercept, Andover, MD: 41-80.
  • Lundgren, J.G. 2009. Nutritional aspects of non-prey foods in the life histories of predaceous Coccinellidae. Biol. Control. 51. 294-305.
  • Mansoor, M.M., N. Abbas, S.A. Shad, A.K Pathan and M. Razaq. 2013. Increased fitness and realized heritability in emamectin benzoate-resistant Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology. 22. 1232–1240.
  • Markwick, N.P.1986. Detecting variability and selecting for pesticide resistance in two species of phytoseiid mites. Entomophaga 31. 225–236.
  • May, R. M. and A.P. Dobson. 1986. Population dynamics and the rate of evolution of pesticide resistance. In Pesticide resistance: Strategies and tactics for management (pp. 170-193). Washington, DC: National Academy of Science Press.
  • Messing, R. and B.A. Croft. 1990. Sublethal influences. In B. A. Croft (Ed.), Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides (pp. 157- 183). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mochizuki, M. 1994. Variations in insecticide susceptibility of the predatory mite, Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), in the Tea Fields of Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29. 203–209.
  • Motoyama, N., G.C. Rock and W.C. Dauterman. 1970. Organophosphorus resistance in an apple Orchard population of Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) fallacis. J. Econ. Entomol. 63. 1439–1442.
  • Mullin C.A., M.C. Saunders, T.W. Leslie, D.J. Biddinger and S.J. Fleischer. 2005. Toxic and behavioral effects to Carabidae of seed treatments used on Cry3Bb1- and Cry1Ab/c-protected corn. Environ. Entomol. 34. 1626-1636.
  • O'Brien, P.J., G.W. Elzen and S.B. Vinson. 1985. Toxicity of azinphosmethyl and chlordimeform to parasitoid Bracon mellitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Lethal and reproductive effects. Environ. Entomol. 14. 891-894.
  • Pathan, A.K., A.H. Sayyed, M. Aslam, M. Razaq, G. Jilani and M.A. Saleem. 2008. Evidence of field evolved resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101. 1676–1684.
  • Pérez-Mendoza, J., J.A. Fabrick, K.Y. Zhu and J.E. Baker. 2000. Alterations in esterases are associated with malathion resistance in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93. 31–37.
  • Pielou, D.P. and R.F. Glasser. 1952. Selection for DDT resistance in a beneficial insect parasite. Science. 115. 117–118.
  • Plapp, F.W., Jr., and S.B. Vinson. 1977. Comparative toxicities of some insecticides to the tobacco budworm and its ichneumonid parasite. Environ. Entomol. 6. 381- 384.
  • Plewka, T., J. Kot and T. Krukierek. 1975. Effect of insecticides on the longevity and fecundity of Trichogramma evanescens Westw. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Polish Ecological Studies (PECTDR). 1. 197-210.
  • Poletti, M. and C. Omoto. 2005. Variabilidades inter e intraespecífica na suscetibilidade de ácaros fitoesídeos à deltametrina em citros no Brasil. Man. Integr. Plagas. Agroecol. 75. 32–37.
  • Poletti, M. and C. Omoto. 2012. Susceptibility to deltamethrin in the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) populations in protected ornamental crops in Brazil. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 58. 385–393
  • Pollen, K.M., M.W. Johnson and B.E. Tabashnik 1995. Stability of fenvalerate resistance in the leaf miner parasitic Diglyphs begin (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88. 192–197.
  • Powell, W., G.J. Dean and R.Bardner. 1985. Effects of pirimicarb, dimethoate and benomyl on natural enemies of cereal aphids in winter wheat. Ann. App. Biol. 106. 235-242.
  • Pree, D.J., D.E. Archibald and R.K. Morrison. 1989. Resistance to insecticides in the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in southern Ontario. J. Econ. Entomol. 82. 29–34
  • Press, J. W., B.R. Flaherty and L.L. McDonald. 1981. Survival and reproduction of Bracon hebetor on insecticide-treated Ephestia cautella larvae. Ji Georg. Entomol. Soc. 16. 227-231.
  • Rajakulendran, S.V. and F.W. Jr Plapp. 1982. Comparative toxicities of 5 synthetic pyrethroids to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and ichneumonid parasite Campoletis sonorensis and a predator Chrysopa carnea. J. Econ. Entomol. 75. 769-772.
  • Rathman, R., M. W. Johnson, J.A. Rosenheim and B.E. Tabashnik. 1990. Carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the leafminer parasitoid Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83. 2153-2158.
  • Rathman, R.J., M.W. Johnson, B.E. Tabashnik, and K.M. Spollen. 1995. Variation in susceptibility to insecticides in the leafminer parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88. 475–479.
  • Rodrigues, A.R.S., J.R. Ruberson, J.B. Torres, H.Á.A. Siqueira and J.G. Scott, 2013a. Pyrethroid resistance and its inheritance in a field population of Hippodamia convergens (Guérin- Méneville)(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 105.135–143.
  • Rodrigues, A.R., J.B.Torres, H.A. Siqueira and D.P. Lacerda. 2013b. Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in the predator lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar)(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control. 64. 217–224.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and M.A. Hoy. 1986. Intraspecific variation in levels of pesticide variation in field populations of a parasitoid, Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): The role of past selection pressures. J. Econ. Entomol. 79. 1161-1173.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and M.A. Hoy. 1988a. Sublethal effects of pesticides on the parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81. 476-483.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and Hoy, M.A. 1988b. Genetic improvement of a parasitoid biological control agent: Artificial selection for insecticide resistance in Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81. 1539-1550.
  • Roush, R.T. and M.A. Hoy. 1980. Selection improves Sevin resistance in spider mite predator. Calif. Agric. 34. 11–14.
  • Sato, M.E., M. Silva, L.R. Gonçalves, M.F. SouzaFilho, and A. Raga, 2002. Toxicidade diferencial de Agroquímicos a Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em Morangueiro. Neotr. Entomol. 31. 449–456.
  • Sato, M.E., M.Z. Silva, M.F. SouzaFilho, A.L. Matioli, and A. Raga. 2007. Management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberry fields with Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and acaricides. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 42. 107–120.
  • Satpathy, J.M. G.K. Padhi, and D.N. Dutta. 1968. Toxicity of eight insecticides to the coccinellid predator Chilomenes sexmaculata F. Ind. J. Entomol. 27. 72-75.
  • Sayyed, A.H., A.K. Pathan and U. Faheem. 2010. Cross-resistance, genetics and stability of resistance to deltamethrin in a population of Chrysoperla carnea from Multan, Pakistan. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 98. 325–332.
  • Sharma, H. C. and R.L. Adlakha. 1981. Selective toxicity of some insecticides to the adults of ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae. Ind. J. Entomol. 43. 92- 99.
  • Silva, M.Z., M.E. Sato, C.A.L. Oliveira and D.S. Rais. 2011. Toxicidade diferencial de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros para Neoseiulus californicus, Euseius concordis e Brevipalpus phoenicis. Bragantia. 70 (1). 87-95
  • Sparks, T.C., and R. Nauen. 2014. IRAC: mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 121. 122–128.
  • Stern, V. M., R. F. Smith, R.Van den Bosch and K.S. Hagen. 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia. 29. 81-101.
  • Stiling, P. 1990. Calculating the establishment rates of parasitoids in classical biological control. Am. Entomol. 36. 225-230.
  • Tabashnik, B.E., and B.A. Croft. 1982. Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthopod complexes: Interactions between biological and opera- tional factors. Environ. Entomol. 11. 1137-1144.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. and B.A. Croft. 1985. Evolution of pesticide resistance in apple pests and their natural enemies. Entomophaga. 30. 37-49.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. 1986. Evolution of pesticide resistance in predator/prey systems. Bulletin of the Entomol. Soc. Am. 32. 156-161.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. and M.W. Johnson. 1999. Evolution of pesticide resistance in natural enemies. In: Fisher TW, Bellows TS, Caltagirone LE, Dahlsten DL, Huffaker CB, Gordh G (eds) Handbook of biological control: principles and applications of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 673–689.
  • Takeda, T., Y. Nakamatsu and T. Tanaka. 2006. Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae enhances detoxifying enzyme activity in Plutella xylostella. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 86.15–22.
  • Tang, Z.H., K.Y. Gong and Z.P. You. 1988. Present status and countermeasures of insecticide resistance in agricultural pests in China. Pestic. Sci. 23. 189–198.
  • Tang, L.D., B.L. Qiu, A.G.S. Cuthbertson and S.X. Ren. 2015. Status of insecticide resistance and election for imidacloprid resistance in the ladybird beetle Propylaea japonica (Thunberg). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 123. 87–92.
  • Theiling, K.M. and B.A. Croft. 1988. Pesticide effects on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 21. 191- 218.
  • Tirello, P., A. Pozzebon and C. Duso. 2012. Resistance to chlorpyrifos in the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans Exp. Appl. Acarol. 56. 1–8.
  • Torres, J.B., C.S. Silva-Torres and R. Barros. 2003. Relative effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam on the predator Podisus nigrispinus and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci in nectaried and nectariless cotton. Pest. Manag. Sci. 59. 315-323.
  • Torres, J.B. and J.R. Ruberson.2007. Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Annal. Appl. Biol. 150. 27-39.
  • Torres, J.B., E.M. Barros, R.R. Coelho and R.M.M. Pimentel. 2010. Zoophytophagous pentatomids feeding on plants and implications for biological control. Arthrop. Pl. Interac. 4. 219-227.
  • Torres, J.B. 2012. Insecticide Resistance in Natural Enemies - Seeking for Integration of Chemical and Biological Controls. J. Biofert. Biopest. 3. e104. doi: 10.4172/2155-6202.1000e104 Brazil.
  • Umoru, P. A., W. Powell and S. J. Clark. 1996. Effect of pirimicarb on the foraging behavior of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on host-free and infested oilseed rape plants. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86. 193- 201.
  • Urbaneja, A., H. Montón, and O. Molla. 2009. Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey or Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. J. Appl. Entomol. 133(4). 292–296.
  • Ünal, G. ve M.O. Gürkan. 2001. İnsektisitler Kimyasal Yapıları, Toksikolojileri ve Ekotoksikolojileri, Ankara. pp. 159.
  • Van Leeuwen, T., J.Vontas, A. Tsagkarakou, W. Dermauw and L. Tirry. 2010. Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other important Acari: a review. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40. 563–572.
  • Waage, J. K., M.P. Hassell and H.C.J. Godfray. 1985. The Dynamics of pest-parasitoid-insecticide interactions. J. App. Ecol. 22. 825-838.
  • Waage, J.K. 1989. The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions. In P. C. Jepson (Ed.), Pesticides and non-target invertebrates (pp. 81-93). Wimborne, Dorset, United Kingdom: Intercept.
  • Wäckers, F.L., J. Romeis and P.V. Rijn. 2007. Nectar and pollen feeding by insect herbivores and implications for multitrophic interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52. 301-323.
  • Whalon, M.E., D. Mota-Sanchez, R.M. Hollingworth and L. Duynslager. 2011. Arthropod pesticide resistance database.
  • Wiedl, S.C. 1977. The effects of sublethal concentrations of dieldrin on the predatory efficiency of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis. Environ. Entomol. 6. 709- 711.
  • Wiles, J. A. and P.C. Jepson. 1994. Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin residues on the within-crop behavior and distribution of Coccinella septempunctata. Entomol. Exp. et App. 72. 33-45.
  • Wright, D. J. and R.H.J. Verkerk. 1995. Integration of chemical and biological control systems for arthropods: Evaluation in a multitrophic context. Pesticide Sci. 44. 207- 218.
  • Wu, G., Y.W. Lin, T. Miyata, S.R. Jiang, and L.H. Xie. 2009. Positive correlation of methamidophos resistance between Lipaphis erysimi and Diaeretiella rapae and effects of methamidophos ingested by host insect on the parasitoid. Insect Sci. 16. 165–173.
  • Xu, J., A.M. Shelton and X. Cheng. 2001. Variation in susceptibility of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to permethrin. J. Econ. Entomol. 94. 541–546.
  • Yorulmaz Salman, S. and R. Ay. 2013. Analysis of hexythiazox resistance mechanisms in laboratory selected predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Turk. entomol. derg.37 (4). 409-422.
  • Yorulmaz Salman, S., F. Aydinli and R. Ay. 2015. Selection for resistance: cross-resistance, inheritance, synergists and biochemical mechanisms of resistance to acequinocyl in Phytoseiulus persimilis AH (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Crop. Prot. 67. 109–115.
  • Zhuang, H.M., C.W. Li and G. Wu. 2014. Identification and characterization of ace2-type acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant and-susceptible parasitoid wasp Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Mol. Biol. Rep. 41. 7525–7534.

Doğal Düşmanlarda İnsektisit Direnci

Year 2018, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 131 - 158, 01.12.2018

Duygu Demiröz Hilal Tunca

Abstract

Sentetik kökenli inseksitlerle yapılan kimyasal mücadele, tarımsal ekosistemlerde zararlılara
karşı tercih edilen mücadele seçeneklerinin başında gelmektedir. Kimyasal mücadele özellikle
üreticiler tarafından etkili, kolay uygulanabilir ve ucuz bir yöntem olarak görülse de beraberinde
önemli ciddi sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Zararlı böceklerde görülen direnç, bu problemlerin başlıcaları
arasında yer almaktadır. İnsektisitlere direnç gelişimi zararlı türlerin yanında bazı doğal düşmanlarda
da belirlenmiştir. Ancak doğal düşmanlarda görülen direnç mekanizmaları, zararlı böceklerde
olduğundan biraz daha farklıdır. Zararlılardaki durumun aksine, doğal düşman popülasyonlarında
direnç gelişimi bir avantaj olarak görülmektedir ve entegre mücadele stratejisi kapsamında dirençli
doğal düşmanların kimyasal mücadele ile birlikte kullanılabilirliği konusuna, bu derlemede yer
verilen araştırma sonuçlarıyla bir düzeyde açıklık getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Doğal düşman insektisit direnci entegre mücadele

References

  • Abbas, N., M.M. Mansoor, S.A. Shad, A.K. Pathan, A.Waheed, M.Ejaz, M. Razaq and M.A. Zulfiqar. 2014.
  • Fitness cost and realized heritability of resistance to spinosad in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 104. 707–715.
  • Adams, J.B. 1960. Effects of spraying 2,4-D amine on coccinellid larvae. Can. J. Zool. 38. 285-288.
  • Adams, C.H., and W.H. Cross. 1967. Insecticide resistance in Bracon mellitor, a parasite of the boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 60. 1016–1020.
  • Ahmed, M.K. 1955. Comparative effect of systox and schradan on some predators of aphids in Eqypt. J. Econ. Entomol. 48. 530-532.
  • APRD – Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database, Michigan State University. http:// ww.pesticideresistance.org.
  • Argolo, P.S., J.A. Jacas and A.Urbaneja. 2014. Comparative toxicity of pesticides in three phytoseiid mites with different life-style occurring in citrus: Euseius stipulatus, Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 62. 33–46. Ascerno, M. E., Z. Smilowitz and A.A. Hower. 1980. Effects of the insect growth regulator hydroprene on diapausing Microctonus aethiopoides, a parasite of the alfalfa weevil. Environ. Entomol. 9. 262-264.
  • Attalah, Y. H. and L.D. Newsom. 1966. Ecological and nutritional studies on Coleomegilla maculata De Geer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).III. The effect of DDT, toxaphene, and endrin on the reproductive and survival potentials. J. Econ. Entomol. 59. 1181-1187.
  • Avella, M., D. Fournier, M. Pralavorio and J.B. Berge. 1985. Sélection pour la résistance à la deltaméthrine d’une souche de Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Agronomie. 5. 177–180.
  • Bacci, L., M.C. Picanço, J.F. Rosado, G.A. Silva, A.L.B. Crespo, E.J.G. Pereira and J.C. Martins. 2009. Conservation of natural enemies in brassica crops: comparative selectivity of insecticides in the management of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 44. 103–113.
  • Baker, J.E., J.A. Fabrick and K.Y. Zhu. 1998. Characterization of esterases in malathion-resistant and susceptible strains of the pteromalid parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28. 1039–1050.
  • Barbar, Z., M.S. Tixier and S. Kreiter. 2007. Assessment of pesticide susceptibility for Typhlodromus exhilaratus and Typhlodromus phialatus strains (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from vineyards in the south of France. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 42. 95–105.
  • Bartlett, B.R. 1964. Integration of chemical and biological control. In P. DeBach (Ed.), Biological control of insect pests and weeds (pp. 489-511). London: Chapman & Hall
  • Bellows, T.S., J.G. Jr. Morse, D.G. Hadjidemetriou and Y. Iwata. 1985. Residual toxicity of 4 insecticides used for control of citrus thrips Scirtothrips cirri (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on 3 beneficial species in a citrus agroecosystem. J. Econ. Entomol. 78. 681-686.
  • Bellows, T.S. and T.W. Fisher. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control. Principles and Applications of Biological Control. Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK.
  • Bielza, P. 2008. Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest. Manag. Sci. 64. 1131–1138.
  • Bielza, P. 2016. Insecticide Resistance in Natural Enemies. Chapter 16.
  • Bonafos, R., E.Serrano, P.Auger and S. Kreiter. 2007. Resistance to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl in some populations of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant)(Acari: Phytoseiidae) from vineyards in the south-west of France. Crop Prot. 26. 169–172.
  • Borgemeister, C., H.M. Poehling, A. Dinter and C. Holler, 1993. Effects of insecticides on life history parameters of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hym: Aphidiidae). Entomophaga. 38. 245-255.
  • Boyce, A.M. 1936. The citrus red mite Paratetranychus citri McG. İn California and its control J. Econ. Entomol. 29. 125-130.
  • Bull, D.L. and R.J. Coleman. 1985. Effects of pesticides on Trichogramma spp. Southwest. Entomol. 8 (Suppl.). 156-168.
  • Busvine, J.R. 1971. A critical review of the techniques for testinginsecticides (2nd ed.). Slough, United Kingdom: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.
  • Calvo, F.J., K. Bolckmans and J.E. Belda. 2012. Release rate for a pre-plant application of Nesidiocoris tenuis for Bemisia tabaci control in tomato. BioControl. 57(6). 809–817.
  • Campbell, C.D., J.F. Walgenbach and G.G. Kenneday. 1991. Effect of parasitoids on Lepidoptera pests in insecticide-treated and untreated tomatoes in western North Carolina. J.Econ. Entomol. 84. 1662-1667.
  • Chandler, L.D. 1985. Response of Liriomyza trifolii to selected insecticides with notes on hymenopterous parasites. Southwest. Entomol. 10. 228-235.
  • Cohen, E., H. Podoler and M. E1-Hamlauwi. 1988. Effect of malathionbait mixture on two parasitoids of the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.). Crop Protect. 7. 91-95.
  • Critchley, B.R. 1972. A laboratory study of the effects of some soil applied organo-phosphorus pesticides on Carabidae (Coleoptera). Bull. Entomol. Res. 62. 229-242.
  • Croft, B.A. and R.H. Meyer. 1973. Carbamate and organophosphorus resistance patterns in populations of Amblyseius fallacis. Environ. Entomol. 2. 691–696.
  • Croft, B.A. and A.W.A. Brown. 1975. Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20. 285–335.
  • Croft, B.A., J. Briozzo, and J.B. Carbonell. 1976. Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in a predaceous mite, Amblyseius chilenensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 69. 563–565.
  • Croft, B.A. 1977. Susceptibility surveillance to pesticides among arthropod natural enemies: Modes of uptake and basic responses. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 84, 140-157.
  • Croft, B.A. and J.G. Morse. 1979. Research advances on pesticide resistance in natural enemies. Entomophaga. 24. 3-11.
  • Croft, B.A. 1982. Developed resistance to insecticides in apple artho- pods: A key to pest control failures and successes in North America. Entomol. Exp. et App. 31. 88-110.
  • Croft, B.A. 1990. Natural enemies and pesticides: An historical overview. In B. A. Croft (Ed.), Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides (pp. 3-15). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Croft, B.A. and K. Strickler. 1983. Natural enemy resistance to pesticides: Documentation, characterization, theory and application. In G. P. Georghiou & T. Saito (Eds.), Pest resistance to pesticides (pp. 669-702). New York: Plenum Press.
  • Croft, B.A. and M.T. Aliniazee. 1983. Differential resistance to insecticides in Typhlodromus arboreus Chant and associate phytoseiid mites of apple in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Environ. Entomol. 12. 1420–1423.
  • Croft, B.A. and C.A. Mullin, 1984. Comparison of detoxification enzyme systems in Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the ectoparasite, Oncophanes americanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Entomol. 13. 1330-1335.
  • Delorme, R., A. Berthier and D. Auge. 1985. The toxicity of two pyrethroids to Encarsia formosa and its host Trialeurodes vaporariorum prospecting for a resistant strain of the parasite. Pesticide Sci.16. 332-336.
  • Dempster, J.P. 1968. The sublethal effect of DDT on the rate of feding by the ground-beetle Harpalus rufipes. Entomol. Exp. et App. 11. 51- 54.
  • Desneux, N., A. Decourtye and J.M. Delpuech. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52. 81-106.
  • Dunley, J.E., R.H. Messing and B.A. Croft. 1991. Levels and genetics of organophosphate resistance in Italian and Oregon biotypes of Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 84. 750–755.
  • Duso, C., M. Fanti, A. Pozzebon and G. Angeli. 2009. Is the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans a candidate for the control of phytophagous mites in European apple orchards BioControl. 54. 369–382.
  • Elzen, G.W. 1989. Sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial parasitoids. In P. C. Jepson (Ed.), Pesticides and non-target invertebrates (pp. 129-150). Wimborne, Dorset, United Kingdom: Intercept.
  • Fernández, E., C .Grávalos, P.J. Haro, D. Cifuentes and P. Bielza, 2009. Insecticide resistance status of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype in south-eastern Spain. Pest Manag. Sci. 65. 885–891.
  • Flanders, R.V., L.W. Bledsoe and C.R. Edwards. 1984. Effects of insecticides on Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environ. Entomol. 13. 902- 906.
  • Flanders, S.E. 1943. The susceptibility of parasitic Hymenoptera to sulfur. J. Econ. Entomol. 36. 469.
  • Fleshner, C.A. and G.T. Scriven. 1957. Effect of soil-type and DDT on ovipositional responses of Chrysopa californica (Coq.) on lemon. J. Econ. Entomol. 50. 221-222.
  • Georghiou, G.P. 1972. The evolution of resistance to pesticides. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 3. 133-168.
  • Georghiou, G.P. 1986. The magnitude of the resistance problem. In: Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
  • Georghiou, G.P., and C.E. Taylor. 1986. Factors influencing the evolu- tion of resistance. In Pesticide resistance: Strategies and tactics for management (pp. 143-146). Washington, DC: National Academy.
  • Gordon, H.T. 1961. Nutritional factors in insect resistance to chemicals. Annual Review of Entomology, 6, 27-54.
  • Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. and M.A. Hoy. 1985. Short-term effects of permethrin and fenvalerate on oviposition by Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 78. 955-959.
  • Graur, D. 1985. Gene diversity in Hymenoptera. Evolution, 39, 190- 199. Graves, J.B., R.B. Mohamad and D.F. Clower. 1978. Beneficial insects also developing “resistance”. Lousiana Agric. 22. 10–11.
  • Grosch, D.S. 1970. Reproductive performance of a braconid after heptachlor poisoning. J. Econ. Entomol.63. 1348-1349.
  • Hadam, J.J., M.T. AliNiazee and B.A. Croft. 1986. Phytoseiid mites (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) of major crops in Willamette Valley, Oregon, and pesticide resistance in Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. Environ. Entomol. 15, 1255–1263.
  • Hassan, S.A. 1985. Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticideson natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. EPPO Bull. 15. 214-255.
  • Hassan, S.A., R. Albert, F.Bigler, P. Blaisinger, H. Bogenschuetz and E.Boiler. 1987. Results of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods. J. Appl. Entomol. 103. 92-107.
  • Havron, A., G. Kenan and D. Rosen. 1991a. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis. II. A. lingnanensis, a parasite of the California red scale. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 229–235.
  • Havron, A., D. Rosen, H. Prag and Y. Rössler. 1991b. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis: I. A. holoxanthus, a parasite of the Florida red scale. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 221–228.
  • Head, R., W.W. Neel, C.F. Sartor and H. Chambers. 1977. Methyl parathion and carbaryl resistance in Chrysomela scripta and Coleomegilla maculata. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17. 163–164.
  • Heathcote, G.D. 1963. The effect of coccinellids on aphids infesting insecticide-treated sugar-beet. Plant Pathology. 12. 80-83.
  • Herbert, D.A. and J.D. Harper. 1986. Bioassays of a beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis against Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)J. Econ. Entomol. 79. 592-595.
  • Hodek, I. 2014. Biology of coccinellidae. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Horn, D.J. and R.W. Wadleigh. 1988. Resistance of aphid natural enemies to insecticides, pp. 337–347. In A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijn (eds.), Aphids, their biology, natural enemies, and control, Vol. B. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Hoy, M.A. 1985. Recent advances in genetics and genetic improvement of the Phytoseiidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 30. 345-370. Hoy, M.A. 1990. Pesticide resistance in arthropod natural enemies: Varability and selection responses. In R. T Roush & B. E. Tabashnik (Eds.), Pesticide resistance in arthropods (pp. 203-236). London: Chapman & Hall.
  • Hoy, M.A., F.E.Cave, R.H. Beede, J. Grant, W.H. Krueger. and W.H. Olson. 1990. Release, dispersal and recovery of a laboratory-selected strain of the walnut aphid parasite Trioxys pallidus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) resistant to azinphosmethyl. J. Econ. Entomol. 83. 89–96.
  • Huffaker, C.B. 1971. The ecology of pesticide interference with insect populations. In J. E. Swift (Ed.), Agricultural chemicals: Harmony or discord for food, people and the environment (pp. 92-104).
  • Berkeley: University of California Division of Agricultural Science.
  • Huffaker, C.B., F.J. Simmonds and J.E. Laing. 1976. The theoretical and empirical basis of biological control. In C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (Eds.), Theory and practice of biological control (pp. 41- 78). New York: Academic Press.
  • Irving, S.N. and I.J. Wyatt. 1973. Effects of sublethal doses of pesticides on the oviposition behavior of Encarsia formosa. Ann. App. Biol. 75. 57-62.
  • Jackson, G.J. and J.B. Ford. 1973. The feeding behavior of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), particularly as affected by certain pesticides. Ann. App. Biol. 75. 165-171.
  • Jalali, S.K., S.P. Singh, T. Venkatesan, K.S. Murthy and Y. Lalitha, 2006. Development of endosulfan tolerant strain of an egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 44. 584.
  • Javier, P.A., A. Havron, B. Morallo-R ejesus, and D. Rosen. 1991. Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis: III. Male selection. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61. 237–245.
  • Jiu, G. D. and J.K. Waage. 1990. The effect of insecticides on the distribution of foraging parasitoids Diaeretiella rapae (Hym: Braconidae) on plants. Entomophaga. 35. 49-56.
  • Johnson, M.W. and B.E. Tabashnik. 1994. Laboratory selection for pesticide resistance in natural enemies. (pp. 91-105). In S. K. Narang, A. C. Bartlett, & R. M. Faust (Eds.), Applications of genetics to arthropods of biological control significance. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Johnson, M.W. and B.E. Tabashnik. 1999. Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity Handbook of Biological Control. Chapter 13. 297-318.
  • Kawai, A. 1997. Prospect for integrated pest management in tea cultivation in Japan. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q . 31. 213–218.
  • Kennett, C.E. 1970. Resistance to parathion in the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius hibisci. J. Econ. Entomol. 63. 1999–2001.
  • Kiritani, K. and S. Kawahara. 1973. Food-chain toxicity of granular formulations of insecticides to a predator, Lycosa pseudoannulata, of Nephotettix cincticeps. Botyu-Kagaku. 38. 69-75.
  • Kumral, N.A., N.S.Gencer, H. Susurluk, and C. Yalçın. 2011. A comparative evaluation of the susceptibility to insecticides and detoxifying enzyme activities in Stethorus gilvifrons (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Int. J. Acarol. 37. 255–268.
  • Lawrence, P.O., S.H. Kerr and W.H. Whitcomb. 1973. Chrysopa rufilabris: Effect of selected pesticides on duration of third larval stadium, pupal stage and adult survival. Environ. Entomol. 2. 477-480.
  • Leslie, T.W., D.J. Biddinger, C.A. Mullin and S.J. Fleischer. 2009. Carabidae Population Dynamics and temporal partitioning: response to coupled neonicotinoid-transgenic technologies in maize. Environ. Entomol. 38. 935-943.
  • Li, Y.X. and S.S. Liu. 2001. Insecticide resistance in insect parasitoids. Chin. J. Biol. Control 17. 81–85 (in Chinese).
  • Liu, S.S., Y. X. Li and Z. H. Tang. 2003. Host resistance to an insecticide favors selection of resistance in the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biol. Control. 28. 137–143.
  • Liu, S.S., Z.M.Li, Y.Q.Liu, M.G. Feng and Z.H. Tang. 2007. Promoting selection of resistance to spinosad in the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae by integrating resistance of hosts to the insecticide into the selection process. Biol. Control. 41. 246–255.
  • Longley, M. and P.C. Jepson. 1996. Effects of honeydew and insecticide residues on the distribution of foraging aphid parasitoids under glasshouse and field conditions. Entomol. Exp. et App. 81. 259- 269.
  • Luff, M.L. 2002. Carabid beetles: their ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems. In: Holland JM (ed), The agroecology of carabid beetles. Intercept, Andover, MD: 41-80.
  • Lundgren, J.G. 2009. Nutritional aspects of non-prey foods in the life histories of predaceous Coccinellidae. Biol. Control. 51. 294-305.
  • Mansoor, M.M., N. Abbas, S.A. Shad, A.K Pathan and M. Razaq. 2013. Increased fitness and realized heritability in emamectin benzoate-resistant Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology. 22. 1232–1240.
  • Markwick, N.P.1986. Detecting variability and selecting for pesticide resistance in two species of phytoseiid mites. Entomophaga 31. 225–236.
  • May, R. M. and A.P. Dobson. 1986. Population dynamics and the rate of evolution of pesticide resistance. In Pesticide resistance: Strategies and tactics for management (pp. 170-193). Washington, DC: National Academy of Science Press.
  • Messing, R. and B.A. Croft. 1990. Sublethal influences. In B. A. Croft (Ed.), Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides (pp. 157- 183). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mochizuki, M. 1994. Variations in insecticide susceptibility of the predatory mite, Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), in the Tea Fields of Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29. 203–209.
  • Motoyama, N., G.C. Rock and W.C. Dauterman. 1970. Organophosphorus resistance in an apple Orchard population of Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) fallacis. J. Econ. Entomol. 63. 1439–1442.
  • Mullin C.A., M.C. Saunders, T.W. Leslie, D.J. Biddinger and S.J. Fleischer. 2005. Toxic and behavioral effects to Carabidae of seed treatments used on Cry3Bb1- and Cry1Ab/c-protected corn. Environ. Entomol. 34. 1626-1636.
  • O'Brien, P.J., G.W. Elzen and S.B. Vinson. 1985. Toxicity of azinphosmethyl and chlordimeform to parasitoid Bracon mellitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Lethal and reproductive effects. Environ. Entomol. 14. 891-894.
  • Pathan, A.K., A.H. Sayyed, M. Aslam, M. Razaq, G. Jilani and M.A. Saleem. 2008. Evidence of field evolved resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101. 1676–1684.
  • Pérez-Mendoza, J., J.A. Fabrick, K.Y. Zhu and J.E. Baker. 2000. Alterations in esterases are associated with malathion resistance in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93. 31–37.
  • Pielou, D.P. and R.F. Glasser. 1952. Selection for DDT resistance in a beneficial insect parasite. Science. 115. 117–118.
  • Plapp, F.W., Jr., and S.B. Vinson. 1977. Comparative toxicities of some insecticides to the tobacco budworm and its ichneumonid parasite. Environ. Entomol. 6. 381- 384.
  • Plewka, T., J. Kot and T. Krukierek. 1975. Effect of insecticides on the longevity and fecundity of Trichogramma evanescens Westw. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Polish Ecological Studies (PECTDR). 1. 197-210.
  • Poletti, M. and C. Omoto. 2005. Variabilidades inter e intraespecífica na suscetibilidade de ácaros fitoesídeos à deltametrina em citros no Brasil. Man. Integr. Plagas. Agroecol. 75. 32–37.
  • Poletti, M. and C. Omoto. 2012. Susceptibility to deltamethrin in the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) populations in protected ornamental crops in Brazil. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 58. 385–393
  • Pollen, K.M., M.W. Johnson and B.E. Tabashnik 1995. Stability of fenvalerate resistance in the leaf miner parasitic Diglyphs begin (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88. 192–197.
  • Powell, W., G.J. Dean and R.Bardner. 1985. Effects of pirimicarb, dimethoate and benomyl on natural enemies of cereal aphids in winter wheat. Ann. App. Biol. 106. 235-242.
  • Pree, D.J., D.E. Archibald and R.K. Morrison. 1989. Resistance to insecticides in the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in southern Ontario. J. Econ. Entomol. 82. 29–34
  • Press, J. W., B.R. Flaherty and L.L. McDonald. 1981. Survival and reproduction of Bracon hebetor on insecticide-treated Ephestia cautella larvae. Ji Georg. Entomol. Soc. 16. 227-231.
  • Rajakulendran, S.V. and F.W. Jr Plapp. 1982. Comparative toxicities of 5 synthetic pyrethroids to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and ichneumonid parasite Campoletis sonorensis and a predator Chrysopa carnea. J. Econ. Entomol. 75. 769-772.
  • Rathman, R., M. W. Johnson, J.A. Rosenheim and B.E. Tabashnik. 1990. Carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the leafminer parasitoid Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83. 2153-2158.
  • Rathman, R.J., M.W. Johnson, B.E. Tabashnik, and K.M. Spollen. 1995. Variation in susceptibility to insecticides in the leafminer parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88. 475–479.
  • Rodrigues, A.R.S., J.R. Ruberson, J.B. Torres, H.Á.A. Siqueira and J.G. Scott, 2013a. Pyrethroid resistance and its inheritance in a field population of Hippodamia convergens (Guérin- Méneville)(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 105.135–143.
  • Rodrigues, A.R., J.B.Torres, H.A. Siqueira and D.P. Lacerda. 2013b. Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in the predator lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar)(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control. 64. 217–224.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and M.A. Hoy. 1986. Intraspecific variation in levels of pesticide variation in field populations of a parasitoid, Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): The role of past selection pressures. J. Econ. Entomol. 79. 1161-1173.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and M.A. Hoy. 1988a. Sublethal effects of pesticides on the parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81. 476-483.
  • Rosenheim, J. A. and Hoy, M.A. 1988b. Genetic improvement of a parasitoid biological control agent: Artificial selection for insecticide resistance in Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81. 1539-1550.
  • Roush, R.T. and M.A. Hoy. 1980. Selection improves Sevin resistance in spider mite predator. Calif. Agric. 34. 11–14.
  • Sato, M.E., M. Silva, L.R. Gonçalves, M.F. SouzaFilho, and A. Raga, 2002. Toxicidade diferencial de Agroquímicos a Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em Morangueiro. Neotr. Entomol. 31. 449–456.
  • Sato, M.E., M.Z. Silva, M.F. SouzaFilho, A.L. Matioli, and A. Raga. 2007. Management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberry fields with Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and acaricides. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 42. 107–120.
  • Satpathy, J.M. G.K. Padhi, and D.N. Dutta. 1968. Toxicity of eight insecticides to the coccinellid predator Chilomenes sexmaculata F. Ind. J. Entomol. 27. 72-75.
  • Sayyed, A.H., A.K. Pathan and U. Faheem. 2010. Cross-resistance, genetics and stability of resistance to deltamethrin in a population of Chrysoperla carnea from Multan, Pakistan. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 98. 325–332.
  • Sharma, H. C. and R.L. Adlakha. 1981. Selective toxicity of some insecticides to the adults of ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae. Ind. J. Entomol. 43. 92- 99.
  • Silva, M.Z., M.E. Sato, C.A.L. Oliveira and D.S. Rais. 2011. Toxicidade diferencial de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros para Neoseiulus californicus, Euseius concordis e Brevipalpus phoenicis. Bragantia. 70 (1). 87-95
  • Sparks, T.C., and R. Nauen. 2014. IRAC: mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 121. 122–128.
  • Stern, V. M., R. F. Smith, R.Van den Bosch and K.S. Hagen. 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia. 29. 81-101.
  • Stiling, P. 1990. Calculating the establishment rates of parasitoids in classical biological control. Am. Entomol. 36. 225-230.
  • Tabashnik, B.E., and B.A. Croft. 1982. Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthopod complexes: Interactions between biological and opera- tional factors. Environ. Entomol. 11. 1137-1144.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. and B.A. Croft. 1985. Evolution of pesticide resistance in apple pests and their natural enemies. Entomophaga. 30. 37-49.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. 1986. Evolution of pesticide resistance in predator/prey systems. Bulletin of the Entomol. Soc. Am. 32. 156-161.
  • Tabashnik, B.E. and M.W. Johnson. 1999. Evolution of pesticide resistance in natural enemies. In: Fisher TW, Bellows TS, Caltagirone LE, Dahlsten DL, Huffaker CB, Gordh G (eds) Handbook of biological control: principles and applications of biological control. Academic, San Diego, pp 673–689.
  • Takeda, T., Y. Nakamatsu and T. Tanaka. 2006. Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae enhances detoxifying enzyme activity in Plutella xylostella. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 86.15–22.
  • Tang, Z.H., K.Y. Gong and Z.P. You. 1988. Present status and countermeasures of insecticide resistance in agricultural pests in China. Pestic. Sci. 23. 189–198.
  • Tang, L.D., B.L. Qiu, A.G.S. Cuthbertson and S.X. Ren. 2015. Status of insecticide resistance and election for imidacloprid resistance in the ladybird beetle Propylaea japonica (Thunberg). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 123. 87–92.
  • Theiling, K.M. and B.A. Croft. 1988. Pesticide effects on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 21. 191- 218.
  • Tirello, P., A. Pozzebon and C. Duso. 2012. Resistance to chlorpyrifos in the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans Exp. Appl. Acarol. 56. 1–8.
  • Torres, J.B., C.S. Silva-Torres and R. Barros. 2003. Relative effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam on the predator Podisus nigrispinus and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci in nectaried and nectariless cotton. Pest. Manag. Sci. 59. 315-323.
  • Torres, J.B. and J.R. Ruberson.2007. Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Annal. Appl. Biol. 150. 27-39.
  • Torres, J.B., E.M. Barros, R.R. Coelho and R.M.M. Pimentel. 2010. Zoophytophagous pentatomids feeding on plants and implications for biological control. Arthrop. Pl. Interac. 4. 219-227.
  • Torres, J.B. 2012. Insecticide Resistance in Natural Enemies - Seeking for Integration of Chemical and Biological Controls. J. Biofert. Biopest. 3. e104. doi: 10.4172/2155-6202.1000e104 Brazil.
  • Umoru, P. A., W. Powell and S. J. Clark. 1996. Effect of pirimicarb on the foraging behavior of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on host-free and infested oilseed rape plants. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86. 193- 201.
  • Urbaneja, A., H. Montón, and O. Molla. 2009. Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey or Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. J. Appl. Entomol. 133(4). 292–296.
  • Ünal, G. ve M.O. Gürkan. 2001. İnsektisitler Kimyasal Yapıları, Toksikolojileri ve Ekotoksikolojileri, Ankara. pp. 159.
  • Van Leeuwen, T., J.Vontas, A. Tsagkarakou, W. Dermauw and L. Tirry. 2010. Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other important Acari: a review. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40. 563–572.
  • Waage, J. K., M.P. Hassell and H.C.J. Godfray. 1985. The Dynamics of pest-parasitoid-insecticide interactions. J. App. Ecol. 22. 825-838.
  • Waage, J.K. 1989. The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions. In P. C. Jepson (Ed.), Pesticides and non-target invertebrates (pp. 81-93). Wimborne, Dorset, United Kingdom: Intercept.
  • Wäckers, F.L., J. Romeis and P.V. Rijn. 2007. Nectar and pollen feeding by insect herbivores and implications for multitrophic interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52. 301-323.
  • Whalon, M.E., D. Mota-Sanchez, R.M. Hollingworth and L. Duynslager. 2011. Arthropod pesticide resistance database.
  • Wiedl, S.C. 1977. The effects of sublethal concentrations of dieldrin on the predatory efficiency of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis. Environ. Entomol. 6. 709- 711.
  • Wiles, J. A. and P.C. Jepson. 1994. Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin residues on the within-crop behavior and distribution of Coccinella septempunctata. Entomol. Exp. et App. 72. 33-45.
  • Wright, D. J. and R.H.J. Verkerk. 1995. Integration of chemical and biological control systems for arthropods: Evaluation in a multitrophic context. Pesticide Sci. 44. 207- 218.
  • Wu, G., Y.W. Lin, T. Miyata, S.R. Jiang, and L.H. Xie. 2009. Positive correlation of methamidophos resistance between Lipaphis erysimi and Diaeretiella rapae and effects of methamidophos ingested by host insect on the parasitoid. Insect Sci. 16. 165–173.
  • Xu, J., A.M. Shelton and X. Cheng. 2001. Variation in susceptibility of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to permethrin. J. Econ. Entomol. 94. 541–546.
  • Yorulmaz Salman, S. and R. Ay. 2013. Analysis of hexythiazox resistance mechanisms in laboratory selected predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Turk. entomol. derg.37 (4). 409-422.
  • Yorulmaz Salman, S., F. Aydinli and R. Ay. 2015. Selection for resistance: cross-resistance, inheritance, synergists and biochemical mechanisms of resistance to acequinocyl in Phytoseiulus persimilis AH (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Crop. Prot. 67. 109–115.
  • Zhuang, H.M., C.W. Li and G. Wu. 2014. Identification and characterization of ace2-type acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant and-susceptible parasitoid wasp Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Mol. Biol. Rep. 41. 7525–7534.
There are 154 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Review
Authors

Duygu Demiröz This is me 0000-0001-5987-8932

Hilal Tunca This is me 0000-0003-3073-6628

Publication Date December 1, 2018
Submission Date September 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demiröz, D., & Tunca, H. (2018). Doğal Düşmanlarda İnsektisit Direnci. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 131-158.
 Download Cover Image

TR Dizin kriterleri gereği dergimize gönderilecek olan makalelerin mutlaka aşağıda belirtilen hususlara uyması gerekmektedir.

Tüm bilim dallarında yapılan, ve etik kurul kararı gerektiren klinik ve deneysel insan ve hayvanlar üzerindeki çalışmalar için ayrı ayrı etik kurul onayı alınmış olmalı, bu onay makalede belirtilmeli ve belgelendirilmelidir.
Makalelerde Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir.
Etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalarda, izinle ilgili bilgiler (kurul adı, tarih ve sayı no) yöntem bölümünde ve ayrıca makale ilk/son sayfasında yer verilmelidir.
Kullanılan fikir ve sanat eserleri için telif hakları düzenlemelerine riayet edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi.
Etik Kurul izni gerektiren araştırmalar aşağıdaki gibidir.
- Anket, mülakat, odak grup çalışması, gözlem, deney, görüşme teknikleri kullanılarak katılımcılardan veri toplanmasını gerektiren nitel ya da nicel yaklaşımlarla yürütülen her türlü araştırmalar
- İnsan ve hayvanların (materyal/veriler dahil) deneysel ya da diğer bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılması,
- İnsanlar üzerinde yapılan klinik araştırmalar,
- Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar,
- Kişisel verilerin korunması kanunu gereğince retrospektif çalışmalar,
Ayrıca;
- Olgu sunumlarında “Aydınlatılmış onam formu”nun alındığının belirtilmesi,
- Başkalarına ait ölçek, anket, fotoğrafların kullanımı için sahiplerinden izin alınması ve belirtilmesi,
- Kullanılan fikir ve sanat eserleri için telif hakları düzenlemelerine uyulduğunun belirtilmesi.



Makale başvurusunda;

(1) Tam metin makale, Dergi yazım kurallarına uygun olmalı, Makalenin ilk sayfasında ve teşekkür bilgi notu kısmında Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna ve Etik kurul izni gerektirmediğine dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir. Etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalarda, izinle ilgili bilgiler (kurul adı, tarih ve sayı no) yöntem bölümünde ve ayrıca makale ilk/son sayfasında yer verilmeli ve sisteme belgenin yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. (Dergiye gönderilen makalelerde; konu ile ilgili olarak derginin daha önceki sayılarında yayımlanan en az bir yayına atıf yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Dergiye yapılan atıflarda “Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.” kısaltması kullanılmalıdır.)

(2) Tam metin makalenin taratıldığını gösteren benzerlik raporu (Ithenticate, intihal.net) (% 20’nin altında olmalıdır),

(3) İmzalanmış ve taratılmış başvuru formu, Dergi web sayfasında yer alan başvuru formunun başvuran tarafından İmzalanıp, taratılarak yüklenmesi , (Ön yazı yerine)

(4) Tüm yazarlar tarafından imzalanmış telif hakkı devir formunun taranmış kopyası,

(5) Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, Çıkar Çatışması beyanı verilmesi Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi ve sisteme belgenin (Tüm yazarlar tarafından imzalanmış bir yazı) yüklenmesi gerekmektedir.

Belgelerin elektronik formatta DergiPark sistemine https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/login adresinden kayıt olunarak başvuru sırasında yüklenmesi mümkündür. 


25056 

Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Bursa Uludag University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.