Research Article

SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE

Number: 32 October 30, 2026
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SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE

Abstract

Network neuroscience explains the function of a neural region by its position within a connectome rather than by its intrinsic properties. This paper argues that this explanatory practice is tacitly committed to a relational ontology: the thesis that a neural system's properties are constituted by, not merely correlated with, the relations among its parts, which the science relies on but does not articulate. Spinoza’s theory of modes, I argue, articulates and defends precisely this ontology: on Spinoza’s account, a finite mode is individuated by its place within the causal order rather than by any relation-independent essence, so that the notion of a part with a fixed nature “prior to” its relations is incoherent. The relation between the two is therefore not an analogy but an articulation: neuroscience presupposes an individuation-by-relation ontology, which Spinoza states and defends. After distinguishing three Spinozan relations (inherence, causal determination, individuation) and locating the argument within current Spinoza scholarship, the paper defends the move from methodological to ontological relationalism against three objections and reads connectome, neuroplasticity, and affect as instances of the single thesis. The result is modest yet twofold: neuroscience gains an explicit ontological rationale for its relational explanations, and Spinoza's contested relational individuation acquires a concrete case in which it performs substantive explanatory work.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Philosophy of Mind

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 30, 2026

Submission Date

July 26, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 32

APA
Gültekin, A. (2026). SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32, 231-240. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.2003787
AMA
1.Gültekin A. SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2026;(32):231-240. doi:10.29029/busbed.2003787
Chicago
Gültekin, Abdurrazak. 2026. “SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, nos. 32: 231-40. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.2003787.
EndNote
Gültekin A (October 1, 2026) SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 32 231–240.
IEEE
[1]A. Gültekin, “SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 32, pp. 231–240, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.29029/busbed.2003787.
ISNAD
Gültekin, Abdurrazak. “SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 32 (October 1, 2026): 231-240. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.2003787.
JAMA
1.Gültekin A. SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2026;:231–240.
MLA
Gültekin, Abdurrazak. “SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 32, Oct. 2026, pp. 231-40, doi:10.29029/busbed.2003787.
Vancouver
1.Abdurrazak Gültekin. SPINOZA’S THEORY OF MODES AND THE RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;(32):231-40. doi:10.29029/busbed.2003787