Research Article

An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals

Volume: 20 Number: 2 August 28, 2026

An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals

Abstract

Acquiring L2 prepositions is a complex process, as bilinguals often find it difficult to use the correct preposition in a target language such as English. While frequency of prepositions and prepositional phrases can help this acquisition process, additional factors such as L1 influence also play an important role. Furthermore, the acquisition of L2 prepositions follows a non-linear pattern, similar to U-shaped development in L2 acquisition, making investigations across different proficiency levels crucial in understanding the whole phenomenon. Using an error-coded learner corpus, this study investigated the frequencies of L2 preposition use and error types in the essays written by Turkish-English bilinguals. Three types of preposition errors (substitution, addition, and omission) were examined across different score bands corresponding to different writing proficiency levels. Overall results showed that although the frequency of prepositions accounted for their usage in L2 for the most common 10 prepositions, error types and how they differ across score bands are also essential in understanding the developmental pattern of L2 prepositions. In line with the literature, substitution and omission errors were the most common error types. Notably, omission errors demonstrated a statistically significant U-shaped developmental pattern, while substitution errors showed a similar but non-significant descriptive tendency across proficiency bands. Addition errors, on the other hand, decreased steadily with higher score bands. The current findings offer important insights into L2 preposition error types and development for fields like psycholinguistics, bilingualism, and corpus linguistics.

Keywords

Thanks

The data analyses were based on the TELC Corpus (Cangır et al., 2024), and no additional data were collected. I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan Cangır for sharing the final version of the corpus and for his most valuable suggestions and guidance.

References

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  2. Cangır, H., Uzun, K., Can, T., Oğuz, E., & Kaya, Ö. F. (2024). Hata etiketli öğrenen derlemi geliştirilmesi: TELC (Türkçe-İngilizce Öğrenen Derlemi) ve web-arayüzü. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35(2), 279-307. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1489654
  3. Cangır, H., Uzun, K., Can, T., Oğuz, E., & Kaya, Ö. F. (2026). Formal and semantic lexical errors in L2 English writing: How do errors affect writing quality?. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.24136.can
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Linguistics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 28, 2026

Submission Date

March 15, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 25, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 20 Number: 2

APA
Oğuz, E. (2026). An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 20(2), 447-459. https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1910282
AMA
1.Oğuz E. An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals. CUJHSS. 2026;20(2):447-459. doi:10.47777/cankujhss.1910282
Chicago
Oğuz, Enis. 2026. “An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals”. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20 (2): 447-59. https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1910282.
EndNote
Oğuz E (August 1, 2026) An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20 2 447–459.
IEEE
[1]E. Oğuz, “An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals”, CUJHSS, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 447–459, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.47777/cankujhss.1910282.
ISNAD
Oğuz, Enis. “An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals”. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20/2 (August 1, 2026): 447-459. https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1910282.
JAMA
1.Oğuz E. An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals. CUJHSS. 2026;20:447–459.
MLA
Oğuz, Enis. “An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals”. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 20, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 447-59, doi:10.47777/cankujhss.1910282.
Vancouver
1.Enis Oğuz. An Investigation of L2 Preposition Usage and Error Types: The Case of Turkish-English Bilinguals. CUJHSS. 2026 Aug. 1;20(2):447-59. doi:10.47777/cankujhss.1910282

Çankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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