The Role of Electrical Vehicles in Decreasing Environmental Pollution with Public Finance Perspective

Öz

Fossil fuel resources with a limited reserve play an important role in increasing environmental pollution. The high-level usage of fossil fuels in transportation system and the resulting effects negatively affect all living creatures. The globalization phenomenon causes these effects to be felt all over the entire globe. This phenomenon, which causes global pollution, has led to the re-emergence of electric vehicles are with a massive wave of transformation in technological developments and has come to the fore as a solution for the removal of environmental pollution. Electric vehicles are particularly advantageous in fuel consumption and have preventive effects over most of the problems caused by environmental pollution such as noise, image and air pollution. In this context in addition to the literature review, the study discusses the effects of electric vehicles that will reduce pollution at the global level.

Mali Bakış Açısı ile Çevresel Kirliliklerin Azaltılmasında Elektrikli Taşıtların Rolü

Öz

Sınırlı rezerv miktarına sahip fosil yakıt kaynakları çevresel kirlenmelerin artmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Fosil yakıtların ulaşım sisteminde yüksek düzeyde kullanılması ile ortaya çıkan etkileri de tüm yaşam formlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Küreselleşme olgusu ise bu etkilerin tüm yerkürede hissedilmesi sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Küresel kirlenmeye neden olan bu olgu teknolojik gelişmelerde meydana gelen dönüşüm dalgasıyla, elektrikli taşıtların yeniden ortaya çıkmasına olanak sağlamış ve çevresel kirliliklerin giderilmesinde bir çözüm önerisi olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Elektrikli taşıtlar özellikle yakıt tüketimi konularında avantaj sağlayarak gürültü, görüntü ve hava kirliliği gibi çevre kirliliklerinden kaynaklanan birçok olumsuzluğu lehe dönüştürmektedir. Çalışmada, literatür taraması ekseninde, çevresel kirlilikleri azaltma rolü üstlenebilecek elektrikli taşıtlar mali perspektiften tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Küresel Kamusal Mallar,Çevresel Kirlilikler,Elektrikli Taşıtlar

Kaynakça

1. Accenture. (2016). Electric Vehicle Market Attractiveness. Unraveling Challenges and Opportunities, Erişim Adresi: https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-37/accenture-electric-vehicle-market-attractiveness.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2019.
2. Altinay, H. (2013). Global Norms as Global Public Goods. Global Policy Essay, Global Policy.
3. Arsan, H.Ü. (1992). Kamu Maliyesi Alanında Yeni Bir İnceleme Konusu: Uluslararası Kamusal Mallar. A.Ü. S.B.F. Dergisi, 47 (1-2), 403-426.
4. Aytaç, D. (2018). Küreselleşme, İşsizlik ve Kamu İstihdamı İlişkisi. Maliye Dergisi, Ocak-Haziran, 131-153.
5. Başaran, F. (2007). Küresel Bir Kamu Malı Olarak Çevrenin Artan Önemi ve Sayıştay Denetimi. Sayıştay Dergisi, Sayı: 65 (Özel). 89-110.
6. Bayram, B. (2017). Türkiye Piyasasında Elektrikli Araçlar. International Bodyshop Industry Symposium, Türkiye, Erişim Adresi: http://ibisworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/20 17/03/T%C3%BCrkiye-piyasas%C4%B1nda-elektrikli-ara%C3%A7lar.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2019.
7. Bloomberg. (2017). Electric Vehicle Outlook 2017. Bloomberg New Energy Finance’s Annual Long-Term Forecast of the World’s Electric Vehicle Market. Executive Summary, Erişim Adresi: https://data.bloomberglp.com/bnef/sites/14/2017/07/BNEF_EVO_2017_ExecutiveSummary.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019.
8. Brannan, J.W., Barder, T.E. (2016). Battery Electric Vehicles vs. Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. A United States-Based Comprehensive Assessment, Arthur D Little.

9. Carley, D. (2014). The Beginners Guide to Electric Vehicles (EV). Emotive, Erişim Adresi: https://pluginbc.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/EVBeginnersGuide_V7.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2018.
10. Carlsson, F., Johansson-Stenman, O. (2003). Costs and Benefits of Electric Vehicles - A 2010 Perspective. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Volume: 37, Part: 1, 1-28.
11. Conserve Energy Future (CEF). (2018a). Environmental Pollution. Erişim Adresi: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-polluti on.php, Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2018.
12. Conserve Energy Future (CEF). (2018b). What is an Electric Car?. Erişim Adresi: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-electric-ca rs.php, Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2018.
13. Ertürk, F., Akkoyunlu, A., Varınca, K.B. (2006). Enerji Üretimi ve Çevresel Etkileri. Stratejik Rapor No: 14, Türkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi-TASAM.
14. Euronews. (2018). AB’de Dizel Araçların İnsan Sağlığına Maliyeti Yılda 80 Milyar Euro. Erişim Adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2018/11/28/ab-de-dizel-araclarin-insan-sag ligina-maliyeti-yilda -80-milyar-euro, Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2018.
15. European Environment Ageny (EEA). (2018). Air Pollutants and Global Effects. Erişim Adresi: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/2599XXX/page009.html, Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2018.
16. European Union (EU). (2012). Electric Vehicles in Urban Europe. URBACT.
17. Grunig, M., Witte, M., Marcellino, D., Jordan, S., Essen, H.V. (2011). Impacts of Electric Vehicles – Deliverable 1. An Overview of Electric Vehicles on the Market and in Development. ICF / Ecologic Institute.
18. Güven, F., Rende, H. (2017). Elektrikli Araçların Tasarımında Malzeme Seçiminin Önemi. Engineer and Machinery, Cilt: 58, Sayı: 689, 81-95.
19. Helmers, E., Marx, P. (2012). Electric Cars: Technical Characteristics and Environmental Impacts. Environmental Sciences Europe, 24:14, 1-15.
20. ING. (2017). Breakthrough of Electric Vehicle Threatens European Car Industry. ING Economics Department.
21. International Copper Association. (2017). The Electric Vehicle Market and Copper Demand. IDTechEx.
22. International Economic Development Council (IEDC). (2013). Creating the Clean Energy Economy – Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Industry. Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Washington.
23. Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., Stern, M. (1999). Defining Global Public Goods. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21. Century. Oxford University Press.
24. Kazgan, G. (2016). Liberalizmden Neoliberalizme. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
25. Kemfert, C. (2016). Promoting Electric Vehicles in Germany via Subsidies – an Efficient Strategy?. DICE Report, December.
26. Kerem, A. (2014). Elektrikli Araç Teknolojisinin Gelişimi ve Gelecek Beklentileri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5 (1), 1-13.
27. Kok, M., Brons, J., Witmer, M. (2011). A Global Public Goods Perspective on Environment and Poverty Reduction Implications for Dutch Foreign Policy. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
28. Varun, M., Kumar, C. (2012). Problems in Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering, Volume-2, Issue-1, 67-73.
29. Magnusson, S. (2017). New Zealand Electric Car Guide. Wellington, Erişim Adresi: http://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/NZ-Electric-Car-Guide-4April2017.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2019.
30. Marquis, C., Zhang, H., Zhou, L. (2013). China’s Quest to Adopt Electric Vehicles. Stanford Social Innovation Review.
31. Maryland. (2018). Electric Vehicle Incentives. Erişim Adresi: https://mde.maryland.gov/marylandgreen/Documents/EV_dealershipflyer_online.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2018.
32. MassDEP. (2016). Health & Environmental Effects of Air Pollution. Deparment of Environmental Protection. Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
33. Matsui, A., Morduch, J. (2003). The Strategy of Global Public Goods. Tokyo and New York University. Draft. Erişim Adresi: https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications /2003-11-Aoki-and-Morduch-The-Strategy-of-Global-Public-Goods.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019.
34. MFA, MEFI. (2002). Global Public Goods. Série Partenariats. MFA-MEFI: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Treasury Directorate - Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry.
35. Nealer, R., Reichmuth, D., Anair, D. (2015). Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave. Union of Concerned Scientists.
36. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). (2017). 2016 Vehicle Technologies Market Report. Vehicle Technologies Office, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy.
37. Otomotiv Teknoloji Platformu (OTEP). (2010). Elektrikli Araç Çalışma Grubu Raporu. Erişim Adresi: http://www.otep.org.tr/pdf/ELEKTRIKLI-ARAC-CALISMA-GRUBU-RAPORU-V.1-09.11.2010.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2019.
38. Siemens. (2010). The Smart Electric Vehicle Charging Solution. Sitraffic Epos Charging System, Erişim Adresi: https://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/events/corporate/2010-10-ecartec/epos_ws_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2019.
39. Sivak, M., Schoettle, B. (2018). Relative Costs Of Driving Electric and Gasoline Vehicles in the Individual U.S. States. Report No. SWT-2018-1, The University of Michigan Sustainable Worldwide Transportation, Michigan/USA, Erişim Adresi: http://umich.edu/~umtriswt/PDF/SWT-2018-1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2019.
40. Soulopoulos, N. (2017). When Will Electric Vehicles be Cheaper than Conventional Vehicles?. Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
41. Sundaram, V., Muthalan, N., Shanmuganathan, K. (2018). Electric Vehicle – Disruptor of the Automotive Ecosystem. View Point, Infosys.
42. The Guardian. (2018a). How Green are Electric Cars?. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2017/dec/25/how-green-are-elec tric-cars, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2018.
43. The Guardian. (2018b). Dyson to Build Electric Cars in Singapore – with 2021 Launch Planned. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/tech nology/2018/oct/23/dyson-to-build-electric-cars-in-singapore-with-launch-planned-for-2021, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2018.
44. Transport & Environment. (2017). Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Analysis and Raw Material Availability. Erişim Adresi: https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2019.
45. Surrey County Council (SCC). (2019). Thinking of Switching to an Electric Vehicle?. Travel Smart in Surrey.
46. United States Department of Energy (USDE). (2011). Benefits of Electric Vehicles: A National Perspective. Charging into the Future!. Electric Vehicle Assoc of DC.
47. Verheijen, E., Jabben, J. (2010). Effect of Electric Cars on Traffic Noise and Safety. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Report 680300009/2010.
48. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2018). Electric Vehicles for Smarter Cities: The Future of Energy Mobility. Industry Agenda.
49. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2019). This is How Electric Cars Will Transform Our Lives. Erişim Adresi: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/three-ways-electric-vehicles -will-change-our-world, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2019.
50. World Energy Council. (2018). Elektrikli Araçlar. Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türkiye, Yeni Enerji Teknolojileri Çalışma Grubu, YET3.
51. World Wildlife Fund (WWF). (2012). Transportation rEVolution: Electric Vehicle. Status Update 2014. WWF Canada.
52. Yalçın, A.Z. (2009). Küresel Çevre Politikalarının Küresel Kamusal Mallar Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 21, 288-309.
53. Yılmaz, B.E. (2010). Barış ve Güvenlik: Küresel Kamu Malı Olarak Sunumu ve Finansman Mekanizmaları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 1, 137–158.
54. Yusufoğlu, A., Özpençe, Ö. (2015). Küresel Kamusal Malların Sunum ve Finansmanında Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlara Bir Çözüm Önerisi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 15-35.