Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

(De)Humanized Androids as Monsters in Garland’s Ex Machina

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 169 - 183, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1055179

Öz

Ex Machina (2015) is a postmodern Gothic sci-fi movie by Alex Garland, implicitly illustrating the workings of humanization, dehumanization, and marginalization through its android character Ava. Ava’s interaction with people reveals humanity’s biased perspectives and problems. She enables the audience to see that inorganic anthropomorphic bodies mimicking human behaviors and cognitive skills converge on humans and become strangely humanized. Yet creating uncanny sensations in humans, these bodies become a new group of “others” who belong outside the boundaries of humanness so much so that they exist on the threshold of monstrosity. Furthermore, due to their anthropomorphic appearance, they cannot avoid human hierarchies of race and gender. However, once they become perceived as humans, they learn to use human methods to survive including the wicked ones. Ex Machina thus demonstrates that the process of dehumanization not only creates injustices to dehumanized groups but results in the dehumanization of those that apply it to Others, for it is they that become “less than human” by their inhumane acts.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, T. (2016, June 12). Artificial intelligence: ‘We’re Like Children Playing with a Bomb’. The Guardian. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/tech nology/2016/jun/12/nick-bostrom-artificial-intelligence-machine
  • Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Vintage Books.
  • Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2009). Exploring the Roots of Dehumanization: The Role of Animal—Human Similarity in Promoting Immigrant Humanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(1), 3-22. doi:10.1177/1368430209347725
  • Eberle, S. G. (2009). Exploring the Uncanny Valley to Find the Edge of Play. American Journal of Play, 2(2), 167–194.
  • Felluga, D. F. (2015). Critical Theory: The Key Concepts (First edition). London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Garland, A. (Director). (2015). Ex Machina [Motion picture on DVD]. Universal Pictures International.
  • Germanà, M. (2012). Being human? Twenty-first century monsters. In J. Edwards & A. Soltysik Monnet (Eds.), The Gothic in Contemporary Literature and Popular Culture: Pop Goth (pp. 57–70). Routledge.
  • Giger, J., Piçarra, N., Alves‐Oliveira, P., Oliveira, R., & Arriaga, P. (2019). Humanization of Robots: Is it Really Such a Good Idea? Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 111-123. doi:10.1002/hbe2.147
  • Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2012). Feeling Robots and Human Zombies: Mind Perception and the Uncanny Valley. Cognition, 125(1), 125-130. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.007
  • Halberstam, J. (1995). Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
  • Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and Infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 399-423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of Horror: An Essay of Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Mori, M. (2012). The Uncanny Valley [From the Field] (K. MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98-100. doi:10.1109/mra.2012.2192811
  • Musap, E. (2018). Why is “It” Gendered – Constructing Gender in Alex Garland’s Ex-Machina (2015). Anafora, 5(2). doi:10.29162/anafora.v5i2.7
  • Olson, D. (2011). 21st-century Gothic: Great Gothic Novels Since 2000. Scarecrow Press.
  • Over, H. (2020). Seven Challenges for the Dehumanization Hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), 3-13. doi:10.1177/1745691620902133
  • Rhee, J. (2018). The Robotic Imaginary: the Human and the Price of Dehumanized Labor. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rothschild, J. (1989). Engineering Birth: Toward the Perfectibility of Man?. Science, Technology, and Social Progress (pp.93-120). Editor Steven L. Goldman. Bethlehem: Lehigh Univ. Press.
  • Wang, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rochat, P. (2015). The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations. Review of General Psychology, 19(4), 393-407. doi:10.1037/gpr0000056

Garland'ın Ex Machina Adlı Eserinde Canavarlaştırılan İnsan(dışı)laştırılmış Androidler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 169 - 183, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1055179

Öz

Ex Machina (2015), android karakteri Ava aracılığıyla; insanlaştırmanın, insanlıktan çıkarmanın ve marjinalleştirmenin işleyişini ortaya koyan, Alex Garland tarafından yönetilmiş bir postmodern Gotik bilimkurgu filmidir. Ava'nın insanlarla etkileşimi, insanlığın önyargılı bakış açılarını ve sorunlarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Ava, insan davranışlarını ve bilişsel becerileri taklit eden inorganik antropomorfik bedenlerin insanlarla birebir benzeştiğini ve garip bir şekilde insanlaştığını izleyicilerin önüne serer. Fakat bu bedenler, insanlarda tekinsiz duyumlar yaratarak, insanlığın sınırlarının oldukça dışına ait olan yeni bir “ötekiler” grubu haline gelirler ve varlıklarını ancak canavarlığın sınırlarında sürdürürler. Ayrıca, antropomorfik görünümleri nedeniyle insan ırk ve cinsiyet hiyerarşilerinden kaçamazlar. Ancak, insan olarak algılandıkları anda, hayatta kalmak için, kötücül olanlar da dahil, insani yöntemleri kullanmayı öğrenirler. Bu süreçte insanlıktan asıl çıkmış olanların bu kötücül örnekleri onlara öğretenler olduğu ortaya çıkar. Böylece, Ex Machina, insandışılaştırma sürecinin sadece insanlığın dışına itilmiş gruplar için adaletsizlikler yaratmadığına, Öteki’ler yaratarak onları insanlığın dışına itenlerin insandışılaşmasına yol açtığına işaret etmektedir çünkü insanlık dışı eylemleriyle “daha az insan” haline bürünenler aslında bu kişilerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, T. (2016, June 12). Artificial intelligence: ‘We’re Like Children Playing with a Bomb’. The Guardian. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/tech nology/2016/jun/12/nick-bostrom-artificial-intelligence-machine
  • Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Vintage Books.
  • Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2009). Exploring the Roots of Dehumanization: The Role of Animal—Human Similarity in Promoting Immigrant Humanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(1), 3-22. doi:10.1177/1368430209347725
  • Eberle, S. G. (2009). Exploring the Uncanny Valley to Find the Edge of Play. American Journal of Play, 2(2), 167–194.
  • Felluga, D. F. (2015). Critical Theory: The Key Concepts (First edition). London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Garland, A. (Director). (2015). Ex Machina [Motion picture on DVD]. Universal Pictures International.
  • Germanà, M. (2012). Being human? Twenty-first century monsters. In J. Edwards & A. Soltysik Monnet (Eds.), The Gothic in Contemporary Literature and Popular Culture: Pop Goth (pp. 57–70). Routledge.
  • Giger, J., Piçarra, N., Alves‐Oliveira, P., Oliveira, R., & Arriaga, P. (2019). Humanization of Robots: Is it Really Such a Good Idea? Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 111-123. doi:10.1002/hbe2.147
  • Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2012). Feeling Robots and Human Zombies: Mind Perception and the Uncanny Valley. Cognition, 125(1), 125-130. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.007
  • Halberstam, J. (1995). Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
  • Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and Infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 399-423. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of Horror: An Essay of Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Mori, M. (2012). The Uncanny Valley [From the Field] (K. MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98-100. doi:10.1109/mra.2012.2192811
  • Musap, E. (2018). Why is “It” Gendered – Constructing Gender in Alex Garland’s Ex-Machina (2015). Anafora, 5(2). doi:10.29162/anafora.v5i2.7
  • Olson, D. (2011). 21st-century Gothic: Great Gothic Novels Since 2000. Scarecrow Press.
  • Over, H. (2020). Seven Challenges for the Dehumanization Hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), 3-13. doi:10.1177/1745691620902133
  • Rhee, J. (2018). The Robotic Imaginary: the Human and the Price of Dehumanized Labor. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rothschild, J. (1989). Engineering Birth: Toward the Perfectibility of Man?. Science, Technology, and Social Progress (pp.93-120). Editor Steven L. Goldman. Bethlehem: Lehigh Univ. Press.
  • Wang, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rochat, P. (2015). The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations. Review of General Psychology, 19(4), 393-407. doi:10.1037/gpr0000056
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Fatih Dalyan 0000-0001-8419-0267

Nilsen Gökçen 0000-0001-6868-4566

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dalyan, M. F., & Gökçen, N. (2022). (De)Humanized Androids as Monsters in Garland’s Ex Machina. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1055179