Research Article
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Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model

Year 2023, , 520 - 534, 31.12.2023

Nicholas Mwangi , Francis Mwangi , Vincent Muasya

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437

Abstract

Health benefits of being physically active are well documented and accepted as a remedy for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet many people are reluctant to make lifestyle adjustments to adopt available fitness programs sustainably. The study assessed Physical Activity Status (PAS) among young adults in Nairobi County who participate in Gym Based Group Fitness Programs (GBGFPs) and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Programs (OBGFPs) to a sustainable health model guided by the 3rd SDG. The objective was to assess PAS between GBGFP and OBGFP participants and across socio-demographic characteristics. The study used a cross-sectional analytical survey research design and a GPAQ questionnaire. Tools used were; descriptive statistics, Cross tabulations, independent T-test and chi-square. The findings were gender distribution was 37.6% male and 62.4% female with 45.6% outdoor and 54.4% gym participants. PAS (Activity at work t(240)=-7.562,p<.000, Travel/cycle t(313)=-6.176,p<.000 and Recreational activity t(295)=-6.273,p<.000 showed a significant difference where outdoor had more participants than gym. However, Sedentary behavior t(338)=-109,p<.913 had more gym participants and showed no significant difference. There was a significant relationship between the mode of training and the social-demographic status age and marital status unlike gender. The conclusion of this study informed and advocated for more efficacious sustainable fitness programs and brought more knowledge to the different social classes on the need to indulge and sustain fitness for good health. They findings greatly assist design more appropriate programs in the world of fitness harnessing the benefits of outdoor and gym based programs.

Keywords

Sustainable development goal Physical activity Recreation Health

References

  • Allen-Craig, S., & Hartley, C. (2012). Exploring the long-term effects for young women involved in an outdoor education program. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 4(2), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1153
  • Bandura, A. (2004). Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
  • Barton, J., and Pretty, J., (2010). What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(10), 3947-3955. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r
  • Caldwell, T., (2011). Verification and investigation of student intensity levels during video classroom exercise sessions. MPhil. thesis, Florida State University College of Education, Tallahassee, Florida.
  • Cardone, P., (2019). The gym as intercultural meeting point? Binding effects and boundaries in gym interaction. European Journal for Sport and Society, 16(2), 11-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2019.1607057
  • Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting and changing health behavior (2nd ed.). Open University Press
  • Ferro, A., and Floria, P. (2013). Differences in 200-m Sprint Running Performance between Outdoor and Indoor Venues. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(1), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f21c6
  • Gesselman, A., Franco, C., Brogdon, E., Gray, P., Garcia, J., and Fisher, H., (2019). Perceptions of married life among single never‐married, single ever‐married, and married adults. Personal Relationships, 26(4), 586-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12295
  • Giarmatzis, G., Jonkers, I., Wesseling, M., Van Rossom, S. and Verschueren, S. (2015). Loading of hip measured by hip contact forces at different speeds of walking and running. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(8), 1431-1440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2483
  • Hankins, M., & Smith, H. (2007). GPAQ. British Journal of General Practice, 57(55), 94-94. https://doi.org/10.3399/096016407782604956
  • Herrmann, S., Heumann, K., Der Ananian, C., & Ainsworth, B. (2013). Validity and reliability of the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 17(3), 221-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.805139
  • Kaleth, A., McIlrath, K., & Keith, N. (2011). Disparities in physical fitness between fitness center and safety net community health center members. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(5), 938. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000402621.86292.78
  • Kerr, J., Sallis, J., Saelens, B., Cain, K., Conway, T., Frank, L., and King, A., (2012). Outdoor physical activity and self-rated health in older adults living in two regions of the U.S. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 89. Article 22846594. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-89
  • Kitur, D.S. (2010). Factors that impede the elderly participation in exercises In Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. MPhil. thesis, Moi University, Kenya.
  • Krinski, K., Machado, D., Lirani, L., DaSilva, S., Costa, E., Hardcastle, S., & Elsangedy, H. (2017). Let’s walk outdoors! Self-paced walking outdoors ımproves future ıntention to exercise in women with obesity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(2), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0220
  • Mieras, M., Heesch, M., and Slivka, D. (2014). Physiological and psychological responses to outdoor vs. laboratory cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(8), 2324-2329. Article 24476776. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000384
  • Niedermeier, M., Einwanger, J., Hartl, A., and Kopp, M., (2017). Affective responses in mountain hiking—A randomized crossover trial focusing on differences between indoor and outdoor activity. Plos One, 12(5), Article e0177719. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177719
  • Nielsen Global Consumer Exercise Trends Survey 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/Bryankorourke/nielsen-global-consumer-exercise-0trends-survey-2014 Access date: 20 January 2021
  • Outdoor Recreation Participation Topline Report. (2017). Outdoor Recreation Industry. Retrieved from: https://outdoorindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-Topline-Report_FINAL.pdf Access date: 20.10.2023.
  • Onywera, V., Muthuri, S., Hayker, S., Wachira, L., Kyallo, F., & Mang’eni, R., et al. (2016). Results from Kenya’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(2) 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0359
  • Pryor, L., Da Silva, M., & Melchior, M. (2017). Mental health and global strategies to reduce NCDs and premature mortality. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e350-e351. Article 29253472 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30140-8
  • Theofilou, P., and Reyes Saborit, A. (2013). Adherence and physical activity. Health Psychology Research, 1(1), e6. Article 26973895. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.e6
  • Tremblay, M., Aubert, S., Barnes, J., Saunders, T., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A., Chastin, S., Altenburg, T., and Chinapaw, M., (2017). Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1). Article 75. Retrieved from: https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S., and Zhang, J., (2018). Moderating effects of gender and life cycle in the relationship between desired self-image and sport participation behavior: A Multi-group analysis. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 23(4), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2018.1528977
  • Watts, G. (2015). Moffat Nyirenda: Investigating diabetes and other NCDs in Malawi. The Lancet, 386(10003), 1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00479-1
  • Wickford, J., & Duttine, A. (2013). Answering global health needs in low-ıncome countries: Considering the role of physical therapists. World Medical & Health Policy, 5(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.47
  • Yellow Pages Directory (2016). Fitness centers in Nairobi Kenya. Retrieved from: http://www.yellowpages.cybo.com/KE/Nairobi/fitnesscenters Access date: 31 August 2023

Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model

Year 2023, , 520 - 534, 31.12.2023

Nicholas Mwangi , Francis Mwangi , Vincent Muasya

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437

Abstract

Health benefits of being physically active are well documented and accepted as a remedy for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet many people are reluctant to make lifestyle adjustments to adopt available fitness programs sustainably. The study assessed Physical Activity Status (PAS) among young adults in Nairobi County who participate in Gym Based Group Fitness Programs (GBGFPs) and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Programs (OBGFPs) to a sustainable health model guided by the 3rd SDG. The objective was to assess PAS between GBGFP and OBGFP participants and across socio-demographic characteristics. The study used a cross-sectional analytical survey research design and a GPAQ questionnaire. Tools used were; descriptive statistics, Cross tabulations, independent T-test and chi-square. The findings were gender distribution was 37.6% male and 62.4% female with 45.6% outdoor and 54.4% gym participants. PAS (Activity at work t(240)=-7.562,p<.000, Travel/cycle t(313)=-6.176,p<.000 and Recreational activity t(295)=-6.273,p<.000 showed a significant difference where outdoor had more participants than gym. However, Sedentary behavior t(338)=-109,p<.913 had more gym participants and showed no significant difference. There was a significant relationship between the mode of training and the social-demographic status age and marital status unlike gender. The conclusion of this study informed and advocated for more efficacious sustainable fitness programs and brought more knowledge to the different social classes on the need to indulge and sustain fitness for good health. They findings greatly assist design more appropriate programs in the world of fitness harnessing the benefits of outdoor and gym based programs.

Keywords

Sustainable development goal Physical activity Recreation Health

Supporting Institution

Manisa Celar Bayar University

Thanks

A special thank you to Prof. Dr. Pinar GUZEL GURBUZ for guidance and making this a possible reality to me.

References

  • Allen-Craig, S., & Hartley, C. (2012). Exploring the long-term effects for young women involved in an outdoor education program. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 4(2), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1153
  • Bandura, A. (2004). Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
  • Barton, J., and Pretty, J., (2010). What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(10), 3947-3955. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r
  • Caldwell, T., (2011). Verification and investigation of student intensity levels during video classroom exercise sessions. MPhil. thesis, Florida State University College of Education, Tallahassee, Florida.
  • Cardone, P., (2019). The gym as intercultural meeting point? Binding effects and boundaries in gym interaction. European Journal for Sport and Society, 16(2), 11-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2019.1607057
  • Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting and changing health behavior (2nd ed.). Open University Press
  • Ferro, A., and Floria, P. (2013). Differences in 200-m Sprint Running Performance between Outdoor and Indoor Venues. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(1), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f21c6
  • Gesselman, A., Franco, C., Brogdon, E., Gray, P., Garcia, J., and Fisher, H., (2019). Perceptions of married life among single never‐married, single ever‐married, and married adults. Personal Relationships, 26(4), 586-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12295
  • Giarmatzis, G., Jonkers, I., Wesseling, M., Van Rossom, S. and Verschueren, S. (2015). Loading of hip measured by hip contact forces at different speeds of walking and running. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(8), 1431-1440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2483
  • Hankins, M., & Smith, H. (2007). GPAQ. British Journal of General Practice, 57(55), 94-94. https://doi.org/10.3399/096016407782604956
  • Herrmann, S., Heumann, K., Der Ananian, C., & Ainsworth, B. (2013). Validity and reliability of the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 17(3), 221-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.805139
  • Kaleth, A., McIlrath, K., & Keith, N. (2011). Disparities in physical fitness between fitness center and safety net community health center members. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(5), 938. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000402621.86292.78
  • Kerr, J., Sallis, J., Saelens, B., Cain, K., Conway, T., Frank, L., and King, A., (2012). Outdoor physical activity and self-rated health in older adults living in two regions of the U.S. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 89. Article 22846594. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-89
  • Kitur, D.S. (2010). Factors that impede the elderly participation in exercises In Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. MPhil. thesis, Moi University, Kenya.
  • Krinski, K., Machado, D., Lirani, L., DaSilva, S., Costa, E., Hardcastle, S., & Elsangedy, H. (2017). Let’s walk outdoors! Self-paced walking outdoors ımproves future ıntention to exercise in women with obesity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(2), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0220
  • Mieras, M., Heesch, M., and Slivka, D. (2014). Physiological and psychological responses to outdoor vs. laboratory cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(8), 2324-2329. Article 24476776. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000384
  • Niedermeier, M., Einwanger, J., Hartl, A., and Kopp, M., (2017). Affective responses in mountain hiking—A randomized crossover trial focusing on differences between indoor and outdoor activity. Plos One, 12(5), Article e0177719. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177719
  • Nielsen Global Consumer Exercise Trends Survey 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/Bryankorourke/nielsen-global-consumer-exercise-0trends-survey-2014 Access date: 20 January 2021
  • Outdoor Recreation Participation Topline Report. (2017). Outdoor Recreation Industry. Retrieved from: https://outdoorindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-Topline-Report_FINAL.pdf Access date: 20.10.2023.
  • Onywera, V., Muthuri, S., Hayker, S., Wachira, L., Kyallo, F., & Mang’eni, R., et al. (2016). Results from Kenya’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(2) 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0359
  • Pryor, L., Da Silva, M., & Melchior, M. (2017). Mental health and global strategies to reduce NCDs and premature mortality. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e350-e351. Article 29253472 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30140-8
  • Theofilou, P., and Reyes Saborit, A. (2013). Adherence and physical activity. Health Psychology Research, 1(1), e6. Article 26973895. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.e6
  • Tremblay, M., Aubert, S., Barnes, J., Saunders, T., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A., Chastin, S., Altenburg, T., and Chinapaw, M., (2017). Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1). Article 75. Retrieved from: https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S., and Zhang, J., (2018). Moderating effects of gender and life cycle in the relationship between desired self-image and sport participation behavior: A Multi-group analysis. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 23(4), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2018.1528977
  • Watts, G. (2015). Moffat Nyirenda: Investigating diabetes and other NCDs in Malawi. The Lancet, 386(10003), 1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00479-1
  • Wickford, J., & Duttine, A. (2013). Answering global health needs in low-ıncome countries: Considering the role of physical therapists. World Medical & Health Policy, 5(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.47
  • Yellow Pages Directory (2016). Fitness centers in Nairobi Kenya. Retrieved from: http://www.yellowpages.cybo.com/KE/Nairobi/fitnesscenters Access date: 31 August 2023
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nicholas Mwangi 0000-0001-5364-0878

Francis Mwangi 0000-0003-0147-9140

Vincent Muasya 0009-0002-7765-4961

Early Pub Date November 25, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date May 23, 2023
Acceptance Date September 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Mwangi, N., Mwangi, F., & Muasya, V. (2023). Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 520-534. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437
AMA Mwangi N, Mwangi F, Muasya V. Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model. CBÜ BESBD. December 2023;18(2):520-534. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437
Chicago Mwangi, Nicholas, Francis Mwangi, and Vincent Muasya. “Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants As A Sustainable Health Model”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18, no. 2 (December 2023): 520-34. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437.
EndNote Mwangi N, Mwangi F, Muasya V (December 1, 2023) Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18 2 520–534.
IEEE N. Mwangi, F. Mwangi, and V. Muasya, “Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model”, CBÜ BESBD, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 520–534, 2023, doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437.
ISNAD Mwangi, Nicholas et al. “Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants As A Sustainable Health Model”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 18/2 (December 2023), 520-534. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437.
JAMA Mwangi N, Mwangi F, Muasya V. Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18:520–534.
MLA Mwangi, Nicholas et al. “Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants As A Sustainable Health Model”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 2, 2023, pp. 520-34, doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1299437.
Vancouver Mwangi N, Mwangi F, Muasya V. Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model. CBÜ BESBD. 2023;18(2):520-34.