The Effect of Carbonhydrate Mouth Rinse on the Endurance Performance in Football Players

Abstract

The presence of carbohydrates (CHO) in the mouth can enhance performance by stimulating the reward center of the brain. Mouth rinsing with CHO does not cause a potential side effect of gastrointestinal discomfort associated with CHO consumption. Numerous studies have demonstrated that using a carbohydrate solution via mouth rinsing can improve performance in endurance sports. However, research on football is limited, and the effectiveness of this approach in football is uncertain. This placebo-controlled and double-blind study was conducted to evaluate the impact of rinsing the mouth with a 15% CHO solution on endurance performance among football players. Twenty healthy male football players, aged between 20 and 25, participated in the study. Endurance performance was indirectly measured using the results of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (IR) test. Blood glucose and lactate levels of the football players were measured before and after the Yo-Yo IR test. They were given either a placebo or a 15% carbohydrate solution to rinse their mouths three times, including before warming up, before the Yo-Yo IR test, and in the middle of the test. There was no significant difference found in the levels of blood lactate, blood glucose, and VO2max values between the two groups (p> 0.05). The study concluded that rinsing the mouth with a 15% CHO solution had no significant impact on the endurance performance of football players.

Keywords

• Football
• CHO solution
• Mouth rinse
• Endurance

Futbolcularda Ağızda Karbonhidrat Çözeltisi Çalkalamanın Dayanıklılık Performansına Etkisi

Abstract

Ağızda karbonhidrat (CHO) bulunması, beyin ödül merkezini uyararak performansı artırabilir. Ağızda CHO çalkalama, CHO tüketmenin potansiyel bir yan etkisi olan gastrointestinal rahatsızlığa neden olmaz. Birçok çalışma, ağızda çalkalama yoluyla karbonhidrat çözeltisi kullanmanın dayanıklılık sporlarında performansı artırabileceğini göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, futbol üzerine yapılan araştırmalar sınırlıdır ve bu yaklaşımın futboldaki etkinliği belirsizdir. Bu çalışma plasebo kontrollü ve çift kör olarak, ağızda %15 CHO çözeltisi çalkalamanın futbol oyuncularının dayanıklılık performansı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya 20 -25 yaş aralığında, 20 sağlıklı erkek futbol oyuncusu katılmıştır. Dayanıklılık performansı, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (IR) testi sonuçları aracılığıyla endirekt olarak belirlenmiştir. Futbol oyuncularının kan glukozu ve laktat seviyeleri, Yo-Yo IR testinden önce ve sonra ölçülmüştür. Oyunculara, ısınmadan önce, Yo-Yo IR testinden önce ve testin ortasında olmak üzere üç kez ağızlarında çalkalamak için ya bir plasebo ya da %15 karbonhidrat çözeltisi verilmiştir. İki grup arasında kan laktat, kan glukozu ve VO2max değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Çalışmada, ağızlarında %15 CHO çözeltisi çalkalamanın futbol oyuncularının dayanıklılık performansı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Futbol
• CHO
• Ağızda çalkalama
• Dayanıklılık

References

1. Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F.M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51. 70. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004
2. Beelen, M., Berghuis, J., Bonaparte, B., Ballak, S.B., Jeukendrup, A.E., & VanLoon, L.J. (2009). Carbohydrate mouth rinsing in the fed statelack of enhancement of time-trial performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(4), 400 – 409. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.19.4.400
3. Bender, G., Veldhuizen, M.G., Meltzer, J.A., Gitelman, D.R., & Small, D.M. (2009). Neural correlates of evaluative compared with passive tasting. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06819.x
4. Carter, J.M., Jeukendrup, A.E., & Jones, D.A. (2004a). The Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(12), 2107-2111. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000147585.65709.6f
5. Carter, J.M., Jeukendrup, A.E., Mann, C.H., & Jones, D.A. (2004b). The Effect of glucose infusion on glucose kinetics during a 1-h time trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(9), 1543-1550. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139892.69410.d8
6. Chambers, E.S., Bridge, M.W., & Jones, D.A. (2009). Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: Efects on exercise performance and brain activity. Journal of Physiology-London, 587(Pt 8), 1779-1794. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285
7. Che Muhammed, A.M., Mohamed, N.G., Ismail, N., Aziz, A.R., & Singh, R. (2014). Mouth rinsing improves cycling endurance performance during Ramadan fasting in a hot humid environment. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 39(4), 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0276
8. Chong, E., Guelfi, K.J., & Fournier, P.A. (2011). Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on maximal sprint performance in competitive male cyclists. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 14(2), 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.08.003

9. Clarke, N.D., Hammond, S., Kornilios, E., & Munduy, D.P. (2017). Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves morning high-intensity exercise performance.  European Journal of Sport Science, 17,955-963. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1333159
10. Clarke, N.D., Thomas, J.R., Kagka, M., Ramsbottom, R., & Delextrat, A. (2016). No dose-response effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse concentration on 5 km running performance in recreational athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 715-720. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001531
11. Coggan, A.R., & Coyle, E.F. (1987). Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(6), 2388-2395. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2388
12. Collins, J., Maughan, R.J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J.P., et al. (2020). UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55,416–442 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961
13. Dorling, J.L., & Earnest, C.P. (2013). Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on multiple sprint performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10,41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-41
14. Fares, E.J., & Kayser, B. (2011). Carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on exercise capacity in pre- and postprandial states. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 38,59-62. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/385962
15. Gam, S., Guelfi, K.J., & Fournier, P.A. (2013). Opposition of carbohydrate in a mouth-rinse solution to the detrimental effect of mouth rinsing during cycling time trials. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23 (1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.1.48
16. Jeukendrup, A. (2014). A Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl 1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z
17. Jeukendrup, A.E., Brouns, F., Wagenmakers, A.J., & Saris, W.H. (1997). Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1-h time trial cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972607
18. Karayigit, R., Karabiyik, H., Yasli, B.C., Koz, M., & Ersoz, G. (2017). The Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on ıntermittent sprint performance ın soccer players, Orta Doğu Tıp Dergisi, 9(4), 183-190 (Türkçe). https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.359888
19. Kasper, A.N., Cocking, S., Cockayne, M., Barnard, M., Tench, J., Parker, L., & Morton, J.P. (2016). Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(5), 560-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1041063
20. Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith, R.A., Kleiner, S.M., Jager, R., et al. (2018). ISSN Exercise & sport nutrition review update: research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
21. Lane, S.C., Bird, S.R., Burke, L.M., & Hawley, J.A. (2013). Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 38(2), 134- 139. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0300
22. Newell, M.L., Wallis, G.A., Hunter, A.M., Tipton, K.D., & Galloway, S.D.R. (2018). Metabolic responses to carbohydrate ıngestion during exercise: Associations between carbohydrate dose and endurance performance. Nutrients, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010037
23. Pottier, A., Bouckaert, J., Gilis, W., Roels, T., & Derave, W. (2010). Mouth rinse but not ingestion of a carbohydrate solution improves 1-h cycle time trial performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00868.x
24. Rollo, I., Cole, M., Miller, R., & Williams, C. (2010). Influence of mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution on 1-h running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(4), 798-804. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bac6e4
25. Rollo, I., Homewood, G., Williams, C., Carter, J., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). The Influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on self-selected intermittent running performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25, 550-558. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0001
26. Rollo, I., Williams, C., Gant, N., & Nute, M. (2008). The Influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on self-selected speeds during a 30-min treadmill run. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18(6), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.6.585
27. Roza, A.M., & Shizgal, H.M. (1984) The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: Resting energy requirements and the body cell mass. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 40(1), 168-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.1.168
28. Sinclair, J., Bottoms, L., Flynn, C., Bradley, E., Alexander, G., McCullagh, S., Finn, T., & Hurst, H.T. (2014). The Effect of different durations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(3), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.785599
29. Thomas, D.T., Erdman, K.A., & Burke, L.M. (2016). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006
30. Türkiye Nutrition Guide 2015. (TUBER). Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health Publication No:1031. Ankara 2016. ISBN: 978-975-590-608-9
31. Valleser, C., & Rivera, A. (2020). Effect of carbonydrate mouth rinse on resistance training performance in trained men. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(2), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.718107
32. Whitham, M., & McKinney, J. (2007). Effect of a carbohydrate mouthwash on running time-trial performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1385-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601113676