Monocarboxylate Transporters and Their Role in Exercise

Abstract

Lactic acid serves as both the main fuel (oxidative fibers) and the end product (glycolytic fibers) for skeletal muscles. A specialized transport mechanism is required for its movement into and out of cells. Within the plasma (sarcolemma) membranes of skeletal muscles, two lactate/proton co-transporter isoforms (monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1 and MCT4) are present. Both isoforms are involved in regulating muscle pH and lactate levels. Accordingly, sarcolemmal MCT isoform expression could play a significant role in exercise performance. Acute exercise modifies human MCT content within the first 24 hours from the onset of exercise. Chronic exercise affects MCT1 and MCT4 content regardless of initial fitness levels. According to cross-sectional studies, exercise intensity appears to be a crucial factor regulating changes in MCT content. Discrepancies between MCT content regulation and lactate transport activity have been reported in several studies. Changes in MCT content emerge in response to contractile activity, while alterations in lactate transport capacity arise in response to changes in metabolic pathways. Muscle MCT expression participates in the exchange of H(+) and lactate(-) ions during physical activity, although it is not their sole determinant. The content of MCT1 and MCT4 in skeletal muscles has been reported to be regulated by various stimuli, including exercise, hypoxia, nutrition, and metabolic disruptions, all of which lead to elevated lactate levels. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the effects of exercise on MCT proteins and their relationship to sports performance based on recent literature.

Keywords

• MCT
• Exercise
• Lactic acid
• Performance

Monokarboksil Taşıyıcı Proteinler ve Egzersizdeki Rolü

Öz

Laktik asit, iskelet kasları için başlıca enerji kaynağı (oksidatif fibrillerde) olmasının yanında glikoliz sürecinde oluşan son ürün olarak işlevde görür (glikolitik fibrillerde). Hücre içine ve dışına taşınımı için de özel bir taşınma mekanizmasına ihtiyaç vardır. İskelet kasının plazma (sarkolemmal) zarlarında iki laktat/proton yardımcı taşıyıcı izoformu (monokarboksilat taşıyıcılar, MCT1 ve MCT4) bulunur. Her iki izoform da hem kas pH'ında hem de laktat regülasyonunda yer alır. Buna göre sarkolemmal MCT izoform ekspresyonu, egzersiz performansında önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Akut egzersiz, egzersizin başlangıcından itibaren ilk 24 saat içinde insan MCT içeriğini değiştirir. Kronik egzersiz, deneklerin başlangıçtaki uygunluğundan bağımsız olarak MCT1 ve MCT4 içeriğini de etkiler. Kesitsel çalışmalara göre, yoğunluk MCT içeriğindeki egzersize bağlı değişiklikleri düzenleyen en önemli faktör gibi görünmektedir. MCT içeriğinin düzenlenmesi ile laktat taşıma aktivitesi arasındaki ayrışma, bir dizi çalışmada rapor edilmiştir. MCT içeriğindeki değişiklikler kontraktil aktiviteye yanıt olarak, laktat taşıma kapasitesindeki değişiklikler ise metabolik yollardaki değişikliklere yanıt olarak ortaya çıkar. Kas MCT ifadesi, fiziksel aktivite sırasında kas H(+) ve laktat(-) anyon değişiminde yer alır, ancak bunların tek belirleyicisi değildir. İskelet kası MCT1 ve MCT4 içeriğinin, laktat seviyesinin yükselmesine neden olan egzersiz, hipoksi, beslenme ve metabolik düzensizlikler gibi çeşitli uyaranlarla düzenlendiği bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, egzersizin MCT proteinleri üzerindeki etkileri ile MCT proteinleri sportif performans ilişkisinin yeni literatürler ışığında belirlenmesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MCT
• Egzersiz
• Laktat
• Performans

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