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Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ)

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 109 - 130

Aslı Ece Koçak , Hande Baba Kaya , Levent Görün , Selahattin Akpınar , Mustafa Koç

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543

Abstract

Bu araştırma, futbol hakemlerinin Atletik Performans Testi (APT) kaygı düzeylerini değerlendirmek üzere geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatürde hakemlerin APT kaygısını spesifik olarak ölçen bir aracın bulunmaması araştırmanın temel gerekçesini oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde literatür taraması ve 12 hakem ile görüşmeler yapılarak 60 maddelik havuz oluşturulmuştur. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda kapsam geçerliği değerlendirilmiş ve uygun olmayan maddeler elenmiştir. Deneme uygulaması 124 hakeme yapılarak Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi, ardından 462 hakem ile Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda fizyolojik, bilişsel ve duyuşsal olmak üzere üç boyutlu, 19 maddelik yapı elde edilmiştir. Model uyum indeksleri kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur (CFI=0,933, TLI=0,923, RMSEA=0,063). Güvenirlik katsayıları fizyolojik boyut için 0,82, duyuşsal boyut için 0,78, bilişsel boyut için 0,68 ve toplam ölçek için 0,86 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçek, hakemlerin APT'ye yönelik kaygı farkındalığını artırmak, grup düzeyinde müdahale ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek ve APT öncesi psikolojik hazırlık süreçlerini desteklemek amacıyla kullanılabilir. Bilişsel boyutun düşük güvenirliği ve bazı geçerlik kanıtlarının eksikliği nedeniyle gelecek çalışmalarda ölçeğin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Futbol hakemleri Atletik performans testi Kaygı Geçerlik Güvenirlik

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Athletic Performance Test Anxiety Scale Development Study (APT-AS)

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 109 - 130

Aslı Ece Koçak , Hande Baba Kaya , Levent Görün , Selahattin Akpınar , Mustafa Koç

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543

Abstract

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to evaluate the Athletic Performance Test (APT) anxiety levels of football referees. The absence of a specific instrument measuring referees' APT anxiety in the literature constitutes the main rationale for this study. In the scale development process, a 60-item pool was created through literature review and interviews with 12 referees. Content validity was evaluated based on expert opinions and inappropriate items were eliminated. Pilot application was conducted with 124 referees using Exploratory Factor Analysis, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis with 462 referees. The analyses yielded a three-dimensional, 19-item structure comprising physiological, cognitive, and affective dimensions. Model fit indices were found to be at acceptable levels (CFI=0.933, TLI=0.923, RMSEA=0.063). Reliability coefficients were calculated as 0.82 for the physiological dimension, 0.78 for the affective dimension, 0.68 for the cognitive dimension, and 0.86 for the overall scale. The scale can be used to increase referees' awareness of APT-related anxiety, determine group-level intervention needs, and support psychological preparation processes before APT. Due to the low reliability of the cognitive dimension and the lack of some validity evidence, further development of the scale is recommended in future studies.

Keywords

Football referees Athletic performance test Anxiety Validity Reliability

References

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  • Arslanoğlu, E., Tekin, M., Arslanoğlu, C., ve Özmutlu, İ. (2010). Voleybol hakemlerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre kaygı ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaç düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 985–995.
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  • Bartlett, M. S. (1951). The Effect of standardization on a χ² approximation in factor analysis. Biometrika, 38(3/4), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332580
  • Bloß, N., Schorer, J., Loffing, F., ve Büsch, D. (2020). Physical load and referees’ decision-making in sports games: A Scoping review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(1), 149-157.
  • Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., ve Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  • Bompa, T. O. (2003). Dönemleme antrenman kuramı ve yönetimi. Bağırgan.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2020). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
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  • Canedo Nogueira, D. F., Fontes, L., da Silva Gomes, A. R., ve Coelho Resende da Silva, R. M. (2022). Referees’ emotions and performance perception: The Importance of stress and cognitive appraisal. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.468751
  • Carter, T. B., Gorczynski, P., Coady, C. J., Cunningham, I. J., Mascarenhas, D. R. D., Grant, M., Sullivan, P., Webb, T., Livingston, L. A., ve Hancock, D. J. (2024). Implementing a scoping review to explore sport officials’ mental health. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 6, Article 1436149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1436149
  • Castagna, C., Abt, G., ve D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006
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  • Comrey, A. L., ve Lee, H. B. (1992). A First course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Cüceloğlu, D. (1994). İnsan ve davranışı: Psikolojinin temel kavramları (5. baskı.). Remzi.
  • de Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D. ve Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902794206
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Epskamp, S. ve Stuber, S. (2023). semPlot: Path diagrams and graphical displays of SEM models (Version 1.x). Erişim adresi https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semPlot Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2025.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., ve Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • FIFA. (2024). FIFA futbol oyun kuralları kitabı. Erişim adresi https://tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/TALIMATLAR/MHK-Talimati.pdf Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2025.
  • Field, A.P. (2018) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. (5th ed.). Sage.
  • Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A Second course (2nd ed.) (ss. 439–492). Information Age.
  • Flora, D. B. ve Curran, P. J. (2004). An Empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
  • Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • George, D., ve Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A Simple guide and reference (10th ed.). Pearson.
  • Goretzko, D., Pham, T. T. H. ve Bühner, M. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis: Current use, methodological developments and recommendations for good practice. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3510–3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00300-2
  • Guillén, F., ve Feltz, D. L. (2011). A Conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00025
  • Holgado-Tello, F. P., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., ve Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 44(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-008-9190-y
  • Hu, L. T., ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kaiser, H. F., ve Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark IV. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34(1), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400115
  • Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Sage.
  • Kılıç, A. F. (2023). R programlama diliyle A’dan Z’ye ölçek geliştirme. Nobel Akademik.
  • Kim, H. Y., Chung, E. J., Kim, S. W., ve Lee, B. H. (2022). Effect of judo athletes' psychological function on sports coping skills: Moderated mediating effect of tension. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), Article 6634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116634
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lundqvist, C., ve Hassmén, P. (2005). Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): Evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(7), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021484
  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., ve Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99.
  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.2307/2334770
  • Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., ve Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Human Kinetics.
  • Mascarenhas, D. R., Collins, D., ve Mortimer, P. (2005). The Accuracy, agreement and coherence of decision-making in rugby union officials. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(3), 253–271.
  • McEwan, G. P., Unnithan, V. B., Easton, C., Glover, A. J., ve Arthur, R. (2024). Decision-making accuracy of soccer referees in relation to markers of internal and external load. European Journal of Sport Science, 24(6), 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12096
  • Nunnally, J. C., ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Ece Koçak 0009-0008-0332-842X

Hande Baba Kaya 0000-0002-9281-2588

Levent Görün 0000-0003-1142-3167

Selahattin Akpınar 0000-0002-1676-4465

Mustafa Koç 0000-0002-8644-4109

Submission Date June 30, 2025
Acceptance Date December 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Koçak, A. E., Baba Kaya, H., Görün, L., … Akpınar, S. (n.d.). Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ). CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543
AMA Koçak AE, Baba Kaya H, Görün L, Akpınar S, Koç M. Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ). CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 21(1):109-130. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543
Chicago Koçak, Aslı Ece, Hande Baba Kaya, Levent Görün, Selahattin Akpınar, and Mustafa Koç. “Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ)”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 21, no. 1 n.d.: 109-30. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543.
EndNote Koçak AE, Baba Kaya H, Görün L, Akpınar S, Koç M Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ). CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 21 1 109–130.
IEEE A. E. Koçak, H. Baba Kaya, L. Görün, S. Akpınar, and M. Koç, “Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ)”, CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 109–130, doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543.
ISNAD Koçak, Aslı Ece et al. “Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ)”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 21/1 (n.d.), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543.
JAMA Koçak AE, Baba Kaya H, Görün L, Akpınar S, Koç M. Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ). CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi.;21:109–130.
MLA Koçak, Aslı Ece et al. “Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ)”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 109-30, doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.1730543.
Vancouver Koçak AE, Baba Kaya H, Görün L, Akpınar S, Koç M. Atletik Performans Testi Kaygı Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (APT-KÖ). CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 21(1):109-30.