The Evaluation of Somatotype, Body Composition and Motoric Characteristics of Turkish National Biathlon Team

Year 2017, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 108 - 116, 25.12.2017

Bahar Ateş

Abstract

The aim of
this study was to evaluate somatotype, body composition characteristics and
selected motoric characteristics of biathletes in the Turkish National Team. A
total of 10 male biathletes and 7 female biathletes, all members of the Turkish
National preparation camp participated in this study voluntarily. The variables
measured including somatotype characteristics, body compositions, back-leg
strengths and right-left handgrip strengths. Body fat percentage and somatotype
were measured by Holtain Skinfold Caliper. Body fat percentage was calculated with the equation provided by Siri
formula. Somatotype
components was calculated according to the equation recommended by Heath and
Carter. Hand grip and back-leg dynamometers were used to evaluate for strength
measurements. The results were presented as mean, standard deviation and 95%
confidence interval. As a result, the anthropometric and selected motoric
features of the Turkish National Biathlon Team athletes are below international
norms and not enough to win medals.

Keywords

Anthropometry, Endurance sports, Hand grip strength, Back-leg strength

Türk Milli Biatlon Takımı Sporcularının Somatotip, Vücut Kompozisyonu ve Motorik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile Türkiye
Milli Biatlon Takımı sporcuların somatotip, vücut kompozisyonu ve motorik
özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmaya, Türkiye Biatlon Milli Takımı
Hazırlık Kampı’nda yer alan 10 erkek sporcu ile 7 kadın sporcu gönüllü olarak
katıldı. Tüm sporcuların somatotip özellikleri, vücut kompozisyonları,
sırt-bacak kuvveti ve sağ-sol el kavrama kuvvetleri ölçüldü. Vücut yağ yüzdesi
ve somatotip ölçümlerinde Holtain marka skinfold kaliper kullanıldı. Yağ
parametreleri Siri formülüne göre hesaplandı. Somatotip parametreler ise
Heath-Carter’a göre hesaplandı. Kavrama kuvveti parametrelerini ölçmek için
Holtain marka el dinamometresi, sırt ve bacak kuvveti parametrelerini ölçmek
için bacak dinamometresi kullanıldı. Sonuçlar aritmetik ortalama, standart
sapma ve %95 güven aralığında değerlendirildi.

Sonuç olarak, Türk Milli
Biatlon Takımı sporcularının antropometrik ve seçilmiş motorik özelliklerinin
uluslararası normların altında olduğu ve madalya kazanmak için yeterli olmadığı
görülmektedir.

Keywords

Antropometri, Dayanıklılık sporları, El kavrama kuvveti, Sırt-bacak kuvveti

References

• Referans 1 Alhirdas, C. (2011). Age and body build of high rank skiers/А. Chepulenas, B. Statkyavichune. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (12), 3-6.
• Referans 2 Bergh, U. ve Forsberg, A. (1992). Influence of body mass on cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 1033-1039.
• Referans 3 Carlson, R. (2011). Talent detection and competitive progress in biathlon – a national example. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 18 (4), 290-295, [Available online at: https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pjst.2011.18.issue-4/v10197-011-0023-5/v10197-011-0023-5.pdf], Erişim tarihi: 2 Eylül 2017.
• Referans 4 Cicioğlu, İ., Günay, M., Gökdemir, K. (1998). Farklı Branşlardaki Elit Bayan Sporcuların Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Profillerinin Karşılaştırılması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 3-4: 9-16.
• Referans 5 Claessens, A. L., Veer, F. M., Stijnen, V., Lefevre, J., Maes, H., Steens, G., ve Beunen, G. (1991). Anthropometric characteristics of outstanding male and female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9(1), 53-74, [Available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640419108729855], Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2017.
• Referans 6 Czuba, M., Maszczyk, A., Gerasimuk, D., Roczniok, R., Fidos-Czuba, O., Zając, A. Ve ark. (2014). The effects of hypobaric hypoxia on erythropoiesis, maximal oxygen uptake and energy cost of exercise under normoxia in elite biathletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(4): 912-920.
• Referans 7 Hoffman, M. D., Gilson, P. M., Westenburg, T. M., & Spencer, W. A. (1992). Biathlon shooting performance after exercise of different intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(3), 270–273.
• Referans 8 Kočergina, N., ve Čepulėnas, A. (2012). Indıces Of Elıte Female Bıathletes’age And Body Composıtıon. Lase Journal Of Sport Scıence.3(2): 69-79.
• Referans 9 Larson, P. & Henriksson-Larsén, K. (2008). Body composition and performance in cross-country skiing. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(12), 971–975, [Available online at: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18600606], Erişim tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2017.
• Referans 10 Mahood, N. W., Kenefick, R. W., Kertzer, R. ve Quinn, T. J. (2001). Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33 (8), 1379-1384
• Referans 11 Mikkola, J., Rusko, H., Nummela, A., Paavolainen, L., ve Hakkinen, K. (2007). Concurrent Endurance and Explosive Type Strength Training Increases Activation and Fast Force Production of Leg Extensor Muscles in Endurance Athletes. Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research, 21 (2), 613-620.
• Referans 12 Psotta, R., Sviráková, D., Bunc, V., Šeflová, I., Hrásky, P. & Martin, J. (2009). Aerobic fitness, running performance and body composition of Czech elite male summer biathletes. Fitness Society of India, 5(1), 41-49.
• Referans 13 Randáková, R. (2005). Effect Of Regular Traınıng On Body Composıtıon And Physıcal Performance In Young Cross-Country Skıers: As Compared Wıth Normal Controls. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 35 (1): 17-25.
• Referans 14 Rundell, K. W., ve Bacharach, D. W. (1995). Physiological characteristics and performance of top US biathletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27(9), 1302-1310.
• Referans 15 Sinning, W. E., Cunningham, L. N., Racaniello, A. P., ve Sholes, J. L. (1977). Body composition and somatotype of male and female Nordic skiers. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 48(4), 741-749.
• Referans 16 Stöggl, T., Enqvist, J., Müller, E., ve Holmberg, H. C. (2010). Relationships between body composition, body dimensions, and peak speed in cross-country sprint skiing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(2): 161-169.
• Referans 17 Vickers, J. N., ve Williams, A. M. (2007). Performing under pressure the effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety and gaze control in biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (5), 381-394.
• Referans 18 Vonheim, A. (2012). The effect of skiing intensity on shooting performance in biathlon (Master's thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Fakultet for samfunnsvitenskap og teknologiledelse, Institutt for bevegelsesvitenskap.