Searching Some Blood Parametres for Indication of Dehydration Following Training in Swimmers

Year 2018, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 136 - 150, 30.06.2018

Defne Öcal Kaplan , Deniz Öcal

Abstract

The aim of the
study to identify the level of changes in blood sodium (Na⁺),
potassium (K⁺) and  chlorine
(Cl^-) due to dehydration after training in swimmers.  31 swimmers (9 female, 22 male) which are
training in Ankara City participated in this study. The ages of the subjects
vary between ages 13-16, (in male 14.40±1.44 years and in female 14.33±1
years), their height vary between 166.00±6.61 cm (in male 166.66±6.61 cm and in
female 160.95±4.82 cm) and their total training time is 6.41±1.31 years. The
pool temperature is fixed to 23°C and the humidity to 97%. The before and after
training analyses of the subjects yielded the following results, body weight
(BW) ( in female BT:48.96±5.79 kg, AT: 47.33±5.51 kg, in male BT: 59.30±5.89
kg, AT: 57.43±5.79 kg), blood sodium (Na⁺) (in female BT:
142.77±1.64 mmol/L, AT: 140.88±2.14 kg, in male BT: 143.40±1.91 mmol/L, AT:
141.66±2.10 mmol/L), blood potassium (K⁺) (in female BT: 4.77±0.21
mmol/L, AT: 4.87±0.21 mmol/L, in male BT: 4.71±0.2 mmol/L, AT: 4.80±0.17
mmol/L), blood chloride (Cl^-) (in female BT: 108±1.22 mmol/L, AT:
106.22±1.09 mmol/L, in male BT: 105.72±2.31 mmol/L, AT: 103.90±2.61 mmol/L).
the obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0 program. As a result,
dehydration induced Na⁺ and Cl^- ions increase and K⁺
ion reduce in blood after long-term exercise was determined as significant in
swimmers (p<0.05).  Replacement of
lost fluids and electrolytes is extremely important for the athlete's health
and performance. As the body fluids decrease, the performance decreases, the
thermoregulation deteriorates, the the tolerance of the temperature decreases
and various physiological conditions arise. In order to protect and improve
these situations, athletes should take regular measures to consume liquids at
regular intervals throughout the day. And they need to create and apply a
special fluid intake plan.

Keywords

Dehydration, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Exercise, Sweat

Yüzücülerde Antrenman Sonucu Oluşan Dehidrasyonun Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı,
yüzücülerdeki antrenman sonrası sıvı kaybına bağlı ağırlık değişiminin kandaki,
sodyum (Na⁺), potayum (K⁺) ve klor (Cl^-)
düzeylerine etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmaya Ankara İli’nde aktif olarak
yüzme sporuyla uğraşan 31 gönüllü (9 kadın, 22 erkek) yüzücü katılmıştır.
Katılımcıların yaşları 13-16 yıl arasında (erkeklerde 14.40±1.44 yıl, kadınlarda
14.33±1 yıl), boy uzunlukları 166.00±6.61 cm (erkeklerde 166.66±6.61 cm ve
kadınlarda 160.95±4.82 cm), spor yaşları 6.41±1.31 yıl olarak ölçülmüştür.
Havuz ısısı 23°C, nemlilik %97 olarak ayarlanmıştır. Katılımcıların antrenman
öncesi ve sonrası vücut ağırlıkları (kadınlarda AÖ: 48.96±5.79kg, AS:
47.33±5.51kg; erkeklerde AÖ: 59.30±5.89 kg, 
AS: 57.43±5.79 kg), kan sodyum (Na⁺) (kadınlarda AÖ:
142.77±1.64 mmol/L, AS: 140.88±2.14 kg; erkeklerde AÖ: 143.40±1.91 mmol/L,
AS:141.66±2.10 mmol/L), kan potasyum (K⁺) (kadınlarda AÖ: 4.77±0.21
mmol/L, AS: 4.87±0.21 mmol/L; erkeklerde AÖ: 4.71±0.2 mmol/L, AS: 4.80±0.17
mmol/L), kan klor (Cl^-) (kadınlarda AÖ: 108.0±1.22 mmol/L, AS:
106.22±1.09 mmol/L, erkeklerde AÖ: 105.72±2.31 mmol/L, AS: 103.90±2.61 mmol/L)
olarak ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra elde edilen veriler SPSS 15.0 programı
kullanılarak ilişkileri incelenmiştir.  
Sonuç olarak yüzücülerde uzun süreli ve yoğun interval antrenman
programı ile kandaki Na⁺ ve Cl^- iyonlarında azalma ve K⁺
iyonlarında ise artışın anlamlı seviyede olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.05).
Kaybedilen sıvı ve elektrolitlerin yerine konması sporcunun, sağlığı ve
performansının korunması için son derece önemlidir. Vücut sıvılarının azalması
ile performansta düşme, termoregülasyonda bozulma, sıcağı tolera edememe gibi
çeşitli fizyolojik durumlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu durumlardan korunmak ve
düzeltmek için sporcuların gün içerisinde düzenli olarak belirli aralıklarla
sıvı tüketmeye özen göstermesi kendilerine özel bir sıvı alım planı
oluşturmaları gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Dehidrasyon, Sodyum, Potasyum, Klor, Egzersiz, Terleme

References

• American College of Sports Medicine. (1996). Position Stand on Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercises, (28), 1–7.
• Armstorg, L.E. (2005). ACSM: Hydration Assessment Technique. (II), 40-54.
• Bergeron, M. F. (2008). Muscle cramps during exercise-is it fatigue or electrolyte deficit? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 7(4), 50-55.
• Carlton, A. & Orr, R.M. (2015). The effects of fluid loss on physical performance: A critical review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(4), 357-363.
• Casa, D.J., Armstrong, L.E., Hillman, S.K., Montain, S.J., Reiff, R.V., Rich, B.S.E., Roberts, W.O. & Stone, J.A. (2000). National athletic trainers’ association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212-224.
• Colwin, C.M. (1992). Swimming into the 21st century. Merica: Leisure Press. Champaign, Illinois; ix-xv.
• Costill, D.L., Cote, R. & Fink, W. (1976). Muscle water and electrolytes following varied levels of dehydration in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 40(1), 6-11.
• Davis, J.M., Lamb, D.R., Pate, R.R., Slentz, C.A., Burgess, W.A. & Bartoli, W.P. (1988). Carbonhydrate-electrolyte drinks: Effects on endurance cycling in the heart. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(4), 1023-1030.
• Ebert, T.R., Martin, D.T., Bullock, N., Mujika, I., Quod, M.J., Farthing, L.A., Burke, L.M. & Withers, R.T. (2007). Influence of hydration status on thermoregulation and cycling hill climbing. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercises, 39(2), 323-329.
• Edwards, A.M., Mann, M.A., Marfell‐Jones, M.J., Rankin, D.M., Noakes, T.D. & Shillington, D.P. (2007). Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 385-391.
• Eroğlu, İ. (1997). Uzun süreli performans ve sıvı kullanımının performansa etkisi. Atletizm Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 26(2), 36-43.
• Ersoy, G. (2004). Egzersiz ve spor yapanlar için beslenme. 3. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Evans, G.H., James, L.J., Shirreffs, S.M. & Maughan, R.J. (2017). Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4), 945-951.
• Galloway, S.D. (1999). Dehydration, rehydration, and exercise in the heat: Rehydration strategies for athletic competition. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24(2), 188-200.
• Gil-Antunano, N.P., Zenarruzabeitia, Z.M. & Comacho, A.M.R. (2009). Food, nutrition and hydration in sports, (1st ed.), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
• Gomez-Bruton, A., Montero-Marín, J., González-Agüero, A., García-Campayo, J., Moreno, L.A., Casajús, J.A. & Vicente-Rodríguez, G. (2016). The Effect of Swimming During Childhood and Adolescence on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. 46(3), 365-379.
• Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2000). Medical Physiology. (Çev. Hayrünnisa Çavuşoğlu), (1. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Hanula, D. (2001). The swim coaching bible. USA: Human Kinetics.
• Hargreaves, M. & Febbraio, M. (1998). Limits To Exercise Performance In Heat. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Suppl 2, 115-116.
• Hoey, J. (1998) Wrestling hyperthermia and dehydration. Canadian Medical Association journal, 158(9), 1171.
• Houtkooper, L. (1989). Swimmers sweat. Swimming World. 7:25.
• International Olympic Committee. (1990). Sports medicine manual. Canada: Hurford Enterprises Lmd. 36-41.
• Jose, G., Rodriguez, M., Below, P.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1997). Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1229-1236.
• Kaplan, D.Ö. (2016). Analyzing the effects of 16 weeks swimming exercises of children aged 7-13 on anthropometric measurements and somatotype. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 18(2), 8-14.
• Kenefick, R.W., Hazzard, M.P., Mahood, N.V. & Castellani, J.W. (2004). Thirst sensations and AVP responses at rest and during exercise-cold exposure. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercises, 36(9), 1528-1534.
• Latzka, W.A., Sawka, M.N., Montain, S.J., Skrinar, G.S., Fielding, R.A., Matott, R.P. & Pandolf, K.B. (1997). Hyperhydration: Thermoregulatory effects during compensable exercise-heat stress. Journal of Applied Physiology. 83(3), 860-866.
• Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F. & Martorell, R.M. (1988). Antropometric standardization reference manual. ABD: Champaign, Human Kinetics Books.
• Mack, G.M. & Jimenez, C. (2003). Plasma volume regulation after exercise or heat stress. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercises, 35(4), 707-709.
• Maresh, C.M., Gaberree, C.L., Armstrong, L.E., Judelson, D.A., Hoffman, J.R., Castellani, J.W., Kenefick, R.W., Bergeron, M.F.& Casa, D.J. (2004). Effect of hydation status on thirst, drinking, and related hormonal responses during low-intensity exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(1), 39-44.
• Maughan, R. & Shirreffs, S. (2004). Exercise in the heat: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(10), 917-927.
• Mitchell, J.B., Phillips, M.D., Mercer, S., Baylies, H.L.& Pizza, F.X. (2000). Postexercise rehydration: Effect of Na+ and volume on restoration of fluid spaces and cardiovascular function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1302-1309.
• Morgan, R.M., Patterson, M.J. & Nimmo, M.A. (2004). Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat. Acta Physiologica, 182(1), 37-43.
• Noakes, T.D., Sharwood, K., Speedy, D., Hew, T., Reid, S., Dugas, J., Almond, C., Wharam P. & Weschler, L. (2005). Three indipendent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from 2135 weighed competitive athletic performances. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(51), 18550-18555.
• Ohira, Y.R., Girandola, N. & Ikawa, S. (1981). Responses of leukocytes and other hematologic parameters to thermal dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(1), 38-40.
• Paker, H.S. (1996). Sporda beslenme. Ankara: Gen Matbaacılık.
• Rivera, A.M., Rowland, T.W., Ramírez-Marrero, F.A., Santacana, G. & Vann, A. (2006). Exercise tolerance in a hot and humid climatized girls and women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(12), 943-950.
• Sağlam, F. (1993). Futbolcuların beslenme alışkanlıkları. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 34.
• Sawka, M.N. & Montain, S.J. (2000). Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 564-572.
• Sejersted, O.M. & Sjøgaard, G. (2000). Dynamics and consequences of potassium shifts in skeletal muscle and hearth during exercise. Physiological Reviews, 80(4), 1411-1481.
• Sharpy, R.L. (2006). Role of sodium in fluid homeostasis with exercise. The Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(3), 231-239.
• Shirreffs, S.M. (2003). Markers of hydration status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(2), 86-89.
• Szark-Eckardt, M., Napierała, M., Eksterowicz, J., Zukow, W. & Łukaszewski, R. (2017). Somatic characteristics and motor capacity of 10-year swimming pools from basic school no. 60 in Bydgoszcz. Collegium Antropologicum, 41(3), 1-16.
• Taimura, A., Matsumoto, T., Lee, J.B., Othman, T., Yamauchi, M., Sugawara, M. & Kosaka, M. (1999). Effects of fluid ingestion during intermittent high intensity swimming exercise on thermoregulatory responses and performance. Tropical Medicine, 41(2), 65-73.
• Twerenbold, R., Knechtle, B., Kakebeeke, T., Eser, P., Muller, G., P von Arx, P., Knecht, H., Rehrer, N. & Speedy, D. (2003). Effects of different sodium concentrations in replacement fluids during prolonged exercise in women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(4), 300-303.
• Üstdal, K. M. & Köker, A. H. (1998). Sporda yüksek performans nasıl kazanılır? İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitap Evleri.
• Weschler, L.B. (2006). What can be conclude regarding water versus sports drinks from the Vrijens-Reher experiments? Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(4), 1433-1434.
• Wiener, H.S. (1981). Total swimming. New York: Simon & Schuster.