Türkiye`de Profesyonel 400m Koşucularının Müsabaka Ortamında Koşu Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 167 - 180, 30.06.2023

Shahriar Siahjani , Tolga Akşit , Berkant Erman

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1211552

Abstract

Performanstaki küçük farklılıklar kısa mesafe koşu branşlarında sonucu önemli derecede etkilediğinden, enerji kaynaklarını ekonomik kullanmanın en iyi yolu ile ilgili bilgiler oldukça ilgi çekicidir. Bununla birlikte, performans üzerine literatüre bakıldığında, bu konuda az sayıda çalışma bulunduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, atletizm branşından 400 m koşu parametrelerinin ve sporcuların açısal kinematikleri yönünden incelemesi amaçlanmıştır. Sporcu verilerini elde etmek için müsabaka ortamında dört kamera uygun yerlere yerleştirilmiş ve çekim yapılmıştır. Müsabakanın iki bölgeden oluşan en hızlı ve en yavaş bölgelerine göre (140/150 m) ve (350/360 m) koşu mekaniği olarak en anlamlı farklılıklar, adım uzunluğu (AU) (p<0,001) ve adım sıklığı (AS) (p=0,002) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlk 100 m de AS, ikinci 100 m AU, üçüncü 100 m de AS baskın olduğu tespit edildi. Son 100 m de iki parametrede nerdeyse paralel olarak bir düşüş görüldü Üçüncü 100 m de koşu hızının azalması, AU parametresinin anlamlı olarak kısalması ile açıklanabilir (p<0,001). Tüm açısal kinematik verilerin negatif değişimleri sporcuların koşu parametrelerin negatif değişimleri ile paralel olduğu tartışma konusu olmuştur. Atletlerdeki en belirgin değişim gösteren açılar, Dorsifleksiyon (DF) pozisyonunda diz açısı (β°), bilek açısı (ι°), gövde açısı (α°) ve Plantarfleksiyon (PF) pozisyonunda diz açısı (β°) olduğu tespit edildi. Bu kinematik değişimlerin yarışmanın son metrelerinde yavaşlamanın sebeplerinden biri olduğu ve atletlerin AS ve AU koşu parametrelerin doğrudan etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak yarışmanın en hızlı ve en yavaş bölümündeki tüm parametrelerde bir düşüş ve açısal kinematik verilerinde 8 faktörden 7’si istatistik olarak anlamlı fark göstermektedir.

Keywords

Adım uzunluğu, Adım sıklığı, Açısal kinematik

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde Araştırma ekibine verdikleri destekler ve izin dolayısıyla Türkiye Atletizm Federasyon Başkanlığı'na teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

Evaluation of the Running Parameters of Professional 400m Runners in the Competition Environment in Türkiye

Abstract

Knowledge of the most economical use of energy resources is critical, as small differences in performance determine the outcome in athletics and sprints. However, when the literature on performance is reviewed, it is seen that there are only few studies on this subject. In this study, it was aimed to examine the 400 m track and field in terms of running parameters and angular kinematics of the athletes. In order to obtain the data of the athletes, four cameras were placed in the appropriate places in the competition environment and the recording was carried out. According to the fastest and slowest parts of the competition (140 m-150 m) and (350 m-360 m), the most significant differences in running mechanics were observed in the Stride Length (SL) (p<0.001) and Step Frequency (SF) (p=0.002). It was determined that SF was dominant in the first 100 m, SL in the second 100 m, and SF in the third 100 m. In the last 100 m, there was an almost parallel decrease in both parameters. The third 100m decrease in running speed can be explained by the shortened significantly of the SL parameter. (p<0.001). It has been controversial that the negative changes of all angular kinematic data are parallel to the negative changes of the athletes running parameters. The angles with the most significant changes in athletes were found to be knee angle (β°), wrist angle (ι°), trunk angle (α°) in dorsiflexion (DF) position, and knee angle (β°) in plantarflexion (PF) position. It is thought that these kinematic changes are one of the reasons for the slowdown in the last meters of the competition and directly affect the SF and SL running parameters of the athletes. As a result, it is seen that there is a decrease in all parameters in the fastest and slowest section of the competition and a significant difference in 7 out of 8 factors in the angular kinematics data.

Keywords

Step length, Step frequency, Running parameters

References

• Ferro, A., Rivera, A., Pagola, I., Ferreruela, M., Martin, A., & Rocandio, V. (2001). Biomechanical analysis of the 7th World Championships in Athletics Seville 1999. New Studies Athletics, 16(1/2), 25-60. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=9e9d0970-6235-41ee-9739-2c9031773f06.pdf&urlslug=biomechanical-research-project-at-the-at-the Gajer, B., Hanon, C., & Thépaut-Mathieu, C. (2007). Velocity and stride parameters in the 400 meters. New Studies in Athletics, 22(3), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318194e071
• Graubner, R., Buckwitz, R., Landmann, M., & Starke, A. (2009). Final report: Srint men. In: Hommel H (Project Coordinator), Biomechanical analyses at the 12th I.A.A.F. World Championships in Athletics, Berlin 15–23 August 2009, Deutscher Leichtathletick-Verband,Darmstadt.13–14. https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=76ade5f9-75a0-4fda-b9bf-1b30be6f60d2.pdf&urlslug=1%20-%20Biomechanics%20Report%20WC%20Berlin%202009%20Sprint%20Men
• Hanon, C., & Gajer, B. (2009). Velocity and stride parameters of world-class 400-meter athletes compared with less experienced runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 524-531. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318194e071
• Haugen, T., McGhie, D., & Ettema, G. (2019). Sprint running: From fundamental mechanics to practice-a review. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(6), 1273-1287. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318194e071
• Hay, J.G. (1985). The Biomechanics of sports techniques, (3rd edt.). Prentice-Hall.
• Hirvonen, J., Nummela, A., Rusko, H., Rehunen, S., & Harkonen, M. (1992). Fatigue and changes of ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate during the 400-m sprint. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17(2),141-144. Erişim adresi: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1324108/
• Hobara, H., Inoue, K., Gomi, K., Sakamoto, M., Muroaka, T., Iso, S., & Kanosue, K. (2010). Continuous change in spring-mass characteristics during a 400 m sprint. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.02.002
• Hunter, A. P., Marshall, R. N., & Mcnair, P. J. (2004). Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(2), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000113664.15777.53
• Lucia, A., Oliván, J., Gómez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., Montil, M., & Foster, C. (2007). Citius and longius (faster and longer) with no alpha-actinin-3 in skeletal muscles? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(9), 616–617. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.034199
• Mero, A., Komi, P. V., & Gregor, R. J. (2012). Biomechanics of sprint running. Sports Medicine, 13(6), 376-392. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213060-00002
• Muller, H., & Hommel, H. (1997). Biomechanical research project at the VIth World Championships in athletics, Athens 1997: Preliminary report. New Studies Athletics, 12(2/3), 3-73. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=4b65d42f-9bce-4333-92d8-52e8e1be2b33.pdf&urlslug=biomechanical-research-project-at-the-vith-wo
• Nummela, A., Vuorimaa, T., & Rusko, H. (1992). Changes in force production, blood lactate and EMG activity in the 400-m sprint. Journal of Sports Sciences, 10(3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419208729920
• Nummela, A., Rusko, H., & Mero, A. (1994). EMG activities and ground reaction forces during fatigued and nonfatigued sprinting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), 605-609. Erişim adresi: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8007809/
• Nummela, A., Stray-Gundersen, J., & Rusko, H. (1996). Effects of fatigue on stride characteristics during a short-term maximal run. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.2.151
• Pollitt, L., Walker, J., Tucker, C., Sutton, L., Gallagher, L., Lawton, L., & Cooke, M. (2017). Biomechanical Report 400 m Men, 58. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=8a95b26a-333d-4b05-b935-08f48f434e20.pdf&urlslug=Men%27s%20400m%20-%202017%20IAAF%20World%20Championships%20Biomechanical%20report
• Thelen, D. G., Chumanov, E. S., Hoerth, D. M., Best, T. M., Swanson, S. C., Li, Young, M., & Heiderscheit, B. C. (2005). Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(1), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000150078.79120.C8
• Tucker, R., Lambert, M. I., & Noakes, T. D. (2006). An analysis of pacing strategies during men’s world-record performances in track athletics. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(3), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.3.233
• Tucker, R., Santos-Concejero, J., & Collins, M. (2013). The genetic basis for elite running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 545-549. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092408
• Wood, G. A. (1986). Optimal performance criteria and limiting factors in sprint running. New Studies Athletics, 1(2), 55-63. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldathletics.org/download/downloadnsa?filename=fc7063fc-4b81-4102-b03c-8e8f75940144.pdf&urlslug=optimal-performance-criteria-and-limited-fact
• Yu, B., Queen, R.M., Abbey, A.N., Liu, Y., Moorman, C.T., & Garrett, W.E. (2008). Hamstring muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(15), 3121-3126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.005