The Neuroscience of Learning, Problem-Solving and Decision Making

Abstract

Nowadays, concepts such as learning, problem solving, and decision making are subjects that follow each other and how they occur is controversial. In this direction, many ideas or models have been put forward that express changing situations depending on the stimulation of cell groups and the dominant use of some parts of the brain in order to understand learning and the functioning of the brain. The striatum, lateral prefrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex are important in problem solving processes, and it has been reported that the hypothalamus and oxytocin release are effective in addition to these structures. The decision-making process takes place through interactions between the limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical structures including the pons and areas of the prefrontal region. In addition, changes occur in the activation of these regions according to Type-1 and Type-2 decision-making processes. As a result of the damage of these structures, there are effects on decision making and problem-solving processes. While the anatomical structures under the control of many processes that affect the decision-making processes are known, there is no clear information about the control of metacognition, which is known to affect the decision-making process. In addition, applications that can be made for the effective realization of these concepts and their integration into the clinical environment are important issues. In this review, the process in the structures where learning, problem solving and decision-making take place and improvement suggestions for the development of these processes are discussed.

Keywords

• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Decision Making
• Neuroscience

Öğrenme, Problem Çözme ve Karar Vermenin Sinir Bilimi

Abstract

Günümüzde öğrenme, problem çözme, karar verme gibi kavramlar birbirini takip eden ve nasıl gerçekleştiği tartışmalı olan konulardır. Bu doğrultuda öğrenme ve beynin işleyişini anlamak için hücre topluluklarının uyarılması ve beynin bazı bölümlerinin baskın kullanılmasına bağlı olarak değişen durumları ifade eden birçok fikir veya model ileri sürülmüştür. Problem çözme süreçlerinde striatum, lateral prefontal korteks ve prefrontal korteks önemli olup bu yapıların haricinde hipotalamus ve oksitosinin salınımının etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Karar verme süreci ise limbik sistem, bazal gangliyonlar, talamus, serebellum ve ponsu içeren subkortikal yapılar ile prefrontal bölgenin alanları arasındaki etkileşimlerle gerçekleşmektedir. Ayrıca bu bölgelerin aktivasyonlarında Tip-1 ve Tip-2 karar verme sürecine göre değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. Bu yapıların hasarı sonucunda karar verme ve problem çözme süreçlerinde etkilenimler olmaktadır. Karar verme süreçlerine etki eden birçok sürecin kontrolündeki anatomik yapılar bilinirken karar verme sürecine etki ettiği bilinen üstbilişin kontrolüne dair net bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca bu kavramların etkili bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi için yapılabilecek uygulamalar ve bunların klinik ortama entegrasyonu önemli bir husustur. Bu derlemede öğrenme, problem çözme, karar vermenin gerçekleştiği yapılardaki süreç ve bu süreçlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik iyileştirme önerileri konu alınmıştır

Keywords

• Öğrenme
• Problem Çözme
• Karar Verme
• Sinir Bilimi

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