Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesinde Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 715 - 720, 31.12.2021

Pınar Yaşar , Zeliha Başkurt

https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.943441

Öz

Çocukluk çağı obezitesi, beslenme değişiklikleri ve fiziksel inaktiviteye bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan, prevalansı gittikçe artan ciddi bir problemdir. Çocukluk çağında obezitenin neden olduğu kardiyorespiratuar ve metabolik hastalıklar yetişkinlik dönemi için de büyük tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Çocuklarda fiziksel aktivitenin azalmasıyla, aşırı kilo veya obezite ihtimali daha da artmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivitenin sürdürülmesi, doğru beslenme ve uykunun düzenlenmesi ile çocukluk çağı obezitesine yönelik koruyucu rehabilitasyon sağlanmaktadır. Doğru beslenme için, besin değeri düşük, yüksek kalorili yiyecekler yerine sebze ve meyve gibi lifli gıdaların tercih edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çocuklarda kaliteli uyku beden kitle indeksinin korunması ve obezitenin önlenmesinde büyük bir yardımcıdır. Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin çocuklarda kemik gelişimi ve kilo kontrolünü sağladığı bilinmektedir. Çocukluk çağında yapılan düzenli egzersiz vücut kompozisyonun geliştirilmesi ve kardiyometabolik sağlığın sürdürülmesini sağlamaktadır. Çocuklara egzersiz alışkanlığının kazandırılması ve okulda yapılabilecek çeşitli egzersizlerle fiziksel aktivitenin artırılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı çocuklar için önerilebilecek alternatif egzersizler olan aerobik egzersizler, pilates, yoga, yüksek yoğunluklu aralıklı antrenman (HIIT) ve sanal gerçeklik uygulamalarını incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocukluk çağı obezitesi, egzersiz, rehabilitasyon

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation in Childhood Obesity: Review

Öz

Childhood obesity is a serious problem with increasing prevalence due to dietary changes and physical inactivity. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases caused by childhood obesity also pose a great danger for adulthood. With the decrease in physical activity in children, the possibility of overweight or obesity increases even more. Preventive rehabilitation is provided for childhood obesity by maintaining physical activity, proper nutrition and sleep regulation. For proper nutrition, foods with fiber such as vegetables and fruits should be preferred instead of high-calorie foods with low nutritional value. Quality sleep in children is a great helpful in maintaining body mass index and preventing obesity. It is known that regular physical activity provides bone development and weight control in children. Regular exercise in childhood provides improvement of body composition and maintenance of cardiometabolic health. It is aimed to get children adopt the exercise habit and to increase physical activity with various exercises that can be done at school. The purpose of this review is to examine the alternative exercises that can be recommended for children, such as aerobic exercises, pilates, yoga, high intensity interval training (HIIT) and virtual reality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Childhood obesity, Exercise, Rehabilitation

Kaynakça

• Sevinç, Ö, Bozkurt, A.I, Gündoǧdu, M, Baş Aslan, Ü, Aǧbuǧa, B, Aslan, Ş, ve ark. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention program on preventing childhood obesity in Denizli, Turkey. Turkısh Journal of Medıcal Scıences. 2011, 41(6), 1097–105.
• Kaya, M, Sayan, A, Birinci, M, Yildiz, M, Türkmen, K, The obesity prevalence among students between the ages of 5 and 19 in Kütahya, Turkısh Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014, 44(1), 10–5.
• Gilman, A.D, Volpe, S.L, The global status of physical activity in the prevention oh childhood obesity, Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de ciencias del ejercicio y la salud, 2018, 16(2), 2.
• Yılmazbaş, P, Gökçay, G, Çocukluk çağı obezitesi ve önlenmesi, Çocuk Dergisi, 2018, 18.3, 103-112.
• Berberoğlu, M, Adolesanlarda obezi̇te, İÜ Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi, 2008, Adolesan S(63), 79–80.
• Ökdemir, D, Esen, İ, Çocukluk çağı obezitesinden korunma ve tedavi yaklaşımları, Fırat Tıp Dergisi,2018, 23, 100–5.
• Erdim, L, Kuğuoğlu, S, Fazla kilolu çocuklara yönelik beslenme ve egzersiz programının etkisi, Doktora tezi, 2012.
• Köksal, G, Özel, H.G, Okul öncesi̇ dönemde obezi̇te. Ankara: TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Beslenme ve Fiziksel Aktiviteler Daire Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2008.
• Kumar, S, Kelly, A.S, Review of childhood obesity: From epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment, Mayo Clinic Proceedeings, 2017, 92(2), 251–65.
• Rathi, S.S, Joshi, R.R, Tekur, P, et al., Effect of the yoga on anthropometric and physical assessments in adolescent obesity, Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome, 2018,07(05).
• Yıldız, D, Fidancı, B.E, Suluhan, D, Çocukluk dönemi obezitesi ve önleme yaklaşımları, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 2015, 14(4), 338–45.
• Tarakcı, E, Ersöz Hüseyinsinoğlu, B, Çiçek, A, Physical inactivity, obesity and preventive rehabilitation approaches in children: Review, Turkiye Klin ikleri Journal of Health Science, 2016, 1(2), 111–8.
• Hainsworth, K, Liu, X, Simpson, P, Swartz, A, Linneman, N, Tran, S, et al., A Pilot study of Iyengar yoga for pediatric obesity: Effects on gait and emotional functioning, Children, 2018, 5(7), 92.
• Inal, S, Canbulat, N, Çocukluk çağı obezitesine genel bakış, Güncel Pediatri, 2013, 11(1), 27–30.
• Lee, E.Y, Yoon, K.H, Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention, Frontiers in Medicine, 2018,12(6),658–66.
• Firouzi, S, Koon, B, Noor, M, Sadeghilar, A, Sleep habits , food intake , and physical activity levels in normal and overweight and obese Malaysian children, Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 2014, 8, e70–8.
• Nixon, G.M, Thompson, J.M.D, Han, D.Y, Becroft, D.M, Clark, P.M, Robinson, E, et al., Short sleep duration in middle childhood: Risk factors and consequences, Sleep, 2008, 31(1), 71–8.
• Fatima, Y, Doi, S.A.R, Mamun, A.A, Sleep quality and obesity in young subjects : a meta-analysis, Obesity Reviews, 2016, 17(11), 1154–66.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2.edition, 2018.
• García-Hermoso, A, Cerrillo-Urbina, A.J, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Cristi-Montero, C, Saavedra, J.M, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Is high-intensity interval training more effective on improving cardiometabolic risk and aerobic capacity than other forms of exercise in overweight and obese youth? A meta-analysis, Obesity Reviews, 2016, 17(6), 531–40.
• Liu, J, Zhu, L, Su, Y, Comparative effectiveness of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training for cardiometabolic risk factors and cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood obesity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Frontiers in Physiology, 2020, 11(April), 1–18.
• WHO, Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, In: World Health Organization: Geneva, 2010.
• Bülbül, S, Çocuklarda obezite tedavisinde egzersiz, Türk Peidatri Arşivi, 2020, 55(1), 2–10.
• Sekhon, B.S, Maniazhagu, D, Effects of aerobıc traınıng and jump rope traınıng on flexıbılıty of overweıght chıldren, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 2018, 5(5), 385–9.
• Kelley, G.A, Kelley, K.S, Pate, R.R, Exercise and BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials, Journal of Evidence Based Medicine, 2017, 10(2), 108–28.
• Bharath, L.P, Choi, W.W, Cho, J, min, Skobodzinski, A.A, Wong, A, Sweeney, T.E, et al. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise training reduces insulin resistance and central adiposity in adolescent girls who are obese: randomized clinical trial, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018, 118, 1653–60.
• Azuma, K, Matsumoto, H, Potential universal application of high-intensity interval training from athletes and sports lovers to patients, Keio Journal Of Medicine, 2017, 66(2), 19–24.
• Akgül, Ş.M, Koz, M, Gürses, V.V, Kürkçü, R, Yüksek şi̇ddetli̇ ı̇nterval antrenman, Spormetre, 2017, 15(2), 39–46.
• Liu, J.X, Zhu, L, Deng, J.M, The effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on fat loss and cardiometabolic health in pediatric obesity: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis, Medicine, 2019, 98(10), e14751.
• Eddolls, W.T.B, McNarry, M.A, Stratton, G, Winn, C.O.N, Mackintosh, K.A, High-ıntensity ınterval training ınterventions in children and adolescents: a systematic review, Sports Medicine, 2017, 47, 2363–74.
• Kravitz, L, Zuhl, M, High ıntensity ınterval training vs continuous cardio training: Battle of the Aerobic Titans, 2014.
• Bilge, M, Yıldırım, D.S, Ersöz, G, Güncel yüksek şiddetli aralıklı antrenman (high ıntensity ınterval training- hııt) uygulamalarının kardiyovasküler- metabolik ve performans yanıtları: sistematik derleme, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Science, 2021;
• Bogataj, Š, Trajković, N, Cadenas-Sanchez, C, Sember, V, Effects of school-based exercise and nutrition intervention on body composition and physical fitness in overweight adolescent girls, Nutrients, 2021, 13(1), 1–12.
• Chandler, R.M, Stringer, A.J, A comprehensive exploration into utilizing high-ıntensity ınterval training (hııt) in physical education classes, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 2020, 91(1), 14–23.
• Cvetković, N, Stojanović, E, Stojiljković, N, Nikolić, D, Milanović, Z, Effects of a 12 week recreational football and high-ıntensity ınterval training on physical fitness in overweight children, Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport, 2018, 16(2), 435.
• Kim, K.J, Wee, S.J, Gilbert, B.B, Choi, J, Young children’s physical and psychological well-being through yoga, Childhood Education, 2016, 92(6), 437–45.
• Nanthakumar, C, The benefits of yoga in children, Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2018, 16(1), 14–9.
• Dai, C.L, Sharma, M, Chen, C.C, Yesilyurt, E, Godbey, S, Yoga as an alternative therapy for weight management in child and adolescent obesity: A systematic review and implications for research, Alternative Therapies In Health Medicine, 2021, 27(1), 48–55.
• Jago, R, Jonker, M.L, Missaghian, M, Baranowski, T, Effect of 4 weeks of pilates on the body composition of young girls, Preventive Medicine, 2006, 42(3), 177–80.
• Hornsby, E, Johnston, L.M, Effect of pilates ıntervention on physical function of children and youth: A systematic review, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2020, 101(2), 317–28.
• Tunar, M, Ozen, S, Goksen, D, Asar, G, Bediz, C.S, Darcan, S, The effects of pilates on metabolic control and physical performance in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Journal of Diabetes Complications, 2012, 26(4), 348–51.
• Hartono, G.E, Kesoema, T.A, A.P RI, Anantyo, D.T, The effect of mat pılates ın lumbar flexıbılıty of overweıght and obese chıldren, Dıponegoro Medical Journal, 2020, 9(3), 220–4.
• Cebolla, I, Martí, A, Álvarez-Pitti, J.C, Provinciale, J.G, Lisón, J.F, Rivera, R.B, Alternative options for prescribing physical activity among obese children and adolescents: brisk walking supported by an exergaming platform, Nutricion Hospitalaria, 2015, 31(2), 841–8.
• Baños, R.M, Escobar, P, Cebolla, A, Guixeres, J, Alvarez Pitti, J, Lisón, J.F, et al., Using virtual reality to distract overweight children from bodily sensations during exercise, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 2016, 19(2), 115–9.
• Kiefer, A.W, Pincus, D, Richardson, M.J, Myer, G.D, Virtual reality as a training tool to treat physical ınactivity in children, Frontiers in Public Health, 2017, 5, 349.