ICONOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON NEO – HITTITE ART 1 : FIGURES HOLDING A BUNCH OF GRAPES AND /OR EARS OF WHEAT

Abstract

This article concerns the representations of figures holding a bunch of grapes and/or ears of wheat which are frequently found in Neo-Hittite Art. In this context, the main focus is upon the question as to why these representations came to be commonly depicted during the first millennium in Neo-Hittite Art. This issue has been investigated and analysed within the framework of possibilities provided by the principles of iconographic research, under the titles of form, meaning, content, very similar and similar examples and concludes with the evaluation of the collected data within the context of research results from different branches.

Keywords

• The Early Iron Age • Neo-Hittite Art • Iconography • Bunch of Grapes and Ears of Wheat • Rural Landscape

YENİ HİTİT SANATI ÜZERİNE İKONOGRAFİK ARAŞTIRMALAR 1 : ÜZÜM SALKIMI VE/VEYA BAŞAK FİLİZİ TAŞIYANLAR

Abstract

Bu makalenin konusunu Yeni Hitit Sanatı’nda temsil değeri kazanan üzüm salkımı ve/veya başak demeti taşıyan figürler oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, söz konusu repertuarın neden I. binyılda; Yeni Hitit Sanatı’nda ve bu türden temsiller aracılığıyla yaygınlaş­mış olduğu araştırmanın temel sorunsalını teşkil etmiş­tir. Bu sorun, ikonografik araştırma ilkelerinin sunduğu olanaklar çerçevesinde biçim, anlam, yakın ve uzak ben­zerleri başlıklarında analiz edilmiş ve içerik bölü­münde, elde edilen veriler farklı alanlardan gelen araş­tırma sonuçları aracılığıyla değerlendirilmek suretiyle sonuca bağlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Erken Demir Çağ • Yeni Hitit Sanatı • İkongrafi • Üzüm Salkımı ve Başak Demeti • Kırsal Peyzaj

References

1. Abu Assaf 1990 A. Abu Assaf, Der Tempel von ‘Ain Dārā in Nordsyrien, Damaszener Forschungen 3. Mainz 1990.
2. Akurgal 1949 E. Akurgal, Spaethethitische Bildkunst. Ankara 1949.
3. Akurgal 1968 E. Akurgal, The Birth of Greek Art: The Mediterranean and the Near East. London 1968.
4. Alp 1999 S. Alp, Hititlerde Şarkı, Müzik, Dans. Hitit Çağı’nda Anadolu’da Üzüm ve Şarap. Ankara 1999.
5. Aro 1998 S. Aro, Tabal: zur Gescichte und materiellen Kultur des zentralanatolischen Hochplateaus von 1200 bis 600 v. Chr. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Helsinki Üniversitesi. Helsinki 1998.
6. Aro 2003 S. Aro, “Art and Architecture”. Ed. C. Melchert, The Luwians. HdO I/68. Leiden, Boston (2003) 281-337.
7. Barnett 1980 R. D. Barnett, “Winged Goddess of Winen on an Electrum Plaque”. AS 30 (1980) 169-178.
8. Bonatz 2000a D. Bonatz, Das Syro-hethitische Grabdenkmal. Untersuchungen zur Entstehung einer neuen Bildgattung in der Eisenzeit im nordsyrish-südanatolische Raum. Mainz 2000.

9. Bonatz 2000b D. Bonatz, “The Syro-Hittite Funerary Monuments: A Phenomenon of Tradition or Innovation ?”. Ed. G. Bunnens, Essasys on Syria in the Iron Age, ANES Suppl. 7. Louvain (2000) 189-210.
10. Brown 2008 B. A. Brown, Monumentalizing Identities: North Syrian Urbanism, 1200- 800 BCE. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, California Üniversitesi. Berkeley 2008.
11. Brunner-Traut 1980 E. Brunner-Traut, “Lotos”. LÄ 3 (1980) 1191-1196.
12. Bruns-Özgan 2005 Ch. Bruns-Özgan, “Ein späthethitisches Relief persischer Zeit ?”. Eds. M. Şahin – H. Mert, Ramazan Özgan’a Armağan. İstanbul (2005) 54-65.
13. Bryce 2012 T. Bryce, The World Of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford 2012.
14. Bunnens – Hawkins – Leirens 2006
15. G. Bunnens, J. D. Hawkins – I. Leirens, Tel Ahmar II: A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm God at Til Barsip/Masuwari. Leuen 2006. Çambel – Özyar 2003 H. Çambel – A. Özyar, Karatepe-Aslantaş. Azatiwataya. Die Bildwerke. Mainz am Rhein 2003.
16. Darga 1992 M. Darga, Hitit Sanatı. İstanbul 1992.
17. Dinçol 1994 B. Dinçol, “The New Archaeological and Epigraphical Finds from Ivriz”. Tel Aviv 21, 1 (1994) 117-128.
18. Edzard 1971 D. O. Edzard, “Geštinanna”. RIA 4 (1971) 299-301.
19. Emre 1971 K. Emre, Anadolu Kurşun Figürinleri ve Taş Kalıpları / Anatolian Lead Figurines and Their Stone Moulds. Ankara 1971.
20. Emre 1993 K. Emre, “The Hittite Dam of Karakuyu”. Ed. T. Mikasa, Essays on Anatolian Archaeology (1993) 1-41.
21. Ertem 1972 H. Ertem, “Çivi Yazılı Metinlere Göre ‘Hititlerde Tarla Tarımı”. TTK 7, 1 (1972) 84-89.
22. Ertem 1974 H. Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu’sunun Florası. Ankara 1974.
23. Faydalı 1974 E. Faydalı, “Gökbez Kaya Anıtı”. Anadolu/Anatolia 18 (1974) 135-136.
24. Gilibert 2011a A. Gilibert, Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millenium BCE. TOPOI. Studies of the Ancient World 2. Berlin 2011.
25. Gilibert 2011b A. Gilibert, “Die nordsyrische Sphinx”. Die Wege der Sphinx. Ein Monster zwischen Orient und Okzident (2011) 47-60.
26. Giufredi 2010 F. Giufredi, Sources for a Socia-Economic History of the Neo-Hittite City States. Heidelberg 2010.
27. Gorny 2005 R. L. Gorny, “Viniculture and Ancient Anatolia”. Eds. P. E Mcgovern, S. J Fleming – S. H Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food & Nutrition in History & Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 135-180.
28. Haas 1994 V. Haas, Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Leiden 1994.
29. Harmanşah 2005 Ö. Harmanşah, Spatial Narratives, Commemorative Practices and The Building Project: New Urban Faundations in Upper Syro-Mesopotamia During the Iron Age. PhD. Diss. History of Art, the University Pennsylvania 2005.
30. Harmanşah – Johnson 2011 Ö. Johnson – P. Johnson, “Yalburt Yaylası (Ilgın, Konya) Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırma Projesi 2010 Sezonu Sonuçları”. AST 29, 2 (2011) 335-360.
31. Harrison 2009 T. P. Harrison, “Lifting the Veil on a ‘Dark Age’: Ta‛yinat and the North Orontes Valley During the Early Iron Age”. Eds. D. Schloen – W. Lake, Exploring the Longue Durée: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager. Eisenbrauns (2009) 171-184.
32. Harrison 2010 T. P. Harrison, “The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition in the North Orontes Valley”. Ed. F. Venturi, Societies in Transition - Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Papers Presented on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the New Excavations in Tell Afis. Bologna 15th November 2007. Bologna 2010.
33. Hawkins 1972 J. D. Hawkins, “Building Inscriptions of Carchemish. The Long Wall of Sculpture and Great Staircase”. AS 22 (1972) 88-114.
34. Hawkins 1981 J. D. Hawkins, “Kubaba at Karkamiš and Elsewhere”. AS 31 (1981) 147- 176.
35. Hawkins 1982 J. D. Hawkins, “Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”. CAH 3, 1 (1982) 372-441.
36. Hawkins 1980-1983 J. D. Hawkins, “Kubaba. A. Philologisch”. RIA 6 (1980-1983) 257-261.
37. Hawkins 2000 J. D. Hawkins, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions Vol. 1, Parts 1- 3, Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Berlin, New York 2000.
38. Hawkins 2009 J. D. Hawkins, “Cilicia, The Amuq and Allepo. New Light in a Dark Age”. NEA 72, 4 (2009) 164-173.
39. Hermann 2011 V. H. R. Hermann, Society and Economy Under the Empire At Iron Age Sam’al. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Studies and Civilizations. Chicago, Illinois 2011.
40. Harpur 1987 Y. Harpur, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom: Studies in Orientation and Scene Content. London 1987.
41. Hutter 2003 M. Hutter, “Aspects of Luwian Religion”. Ed. C. Melchert, The Luwians. Leiden, Boston (2003) 211-280.
42. Jakubovic 2008 I. S. Jakubovic, Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. PhD Diss. University of Chicago, Near Eastern Studies and Civilizations. Chicago, Illinois 2008.
43. James 2005 T. G. H. James, “The Earliest History of Wine and Its Importance in Ancient Egypt”. Eds. P. E. Mcgovern, S. J. Fleming – S. H. Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 204-221.
44. Kalaç 1979 M. Kalaç, “Niğde’de Bulunan Bir Havatanrısı Steli/A Stele of the Storm God at Niğde”. TTK 8 (1979) 239-243.
45. Katz – Voigt 1986 S. H. Katz – M. M. Voigt, “Bread and Beer: The Early Use of Cereals in the Human Diet”. Expedition 28 (1986) 23-34.
46. Klengel 2000 H. Klengel, “The ‘Crisis Year’ and the New Political System in Early Iron Age Syria: Some Introductory Remarks“. Ed. G. Bunnens, Essasys on Syria in the Iron Age. ANES Suppl. 7. Louvain (2000) 21-30.
47. Kohlmeyer et al. 2005 K. Kohlmeyer, J. Gonnella – W. Khayata, Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes. Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen. Münster 2005.
48. Köroğlu 2006 K. Köroğlu, Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi. Başlangıcından Perslere Kadar. İstanbul 2006.
49. Kulakoğlu 2001 F. Kulakoğlu, “Şanlıurfa Bölgesinde Yeni Keşfedilen M.Ö. I. Binyıl Heykeltraşlık Eserleri”. TürkAED 2 (2001) 22-34.
50. Kuzucuoğlu 2003 C. Kuzucuoğlu, “Enviromental Changes in Southern (Antalya) and Southeastern (Euphrates Valley) Turkey, at the end of the 2nd Millenium BC and the Beggining oft he 1st Millenium BC.”. Eds. B. Fisher, H. Genz, E. Jean – K. Köroğlu, Identifying Changes: The Transition from Bronz to Iron Ages in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions, Proceeding of the International Workshop, Istanbul, November 8-9, 2002. İstanbul (2003) 271-282.
51. Lesko 2005 L. H. Lesko, “Egyptian Wine Production During the New Kingdom”. Eds. P. E. Mcgovern, S. J. Fleming – S. H. Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 222-238.
52. Liverani 1987 M. Liverani, “The Collapse of the Near Eastern Regional System at the End of the Bronze Age: The Case of Syria”. Eds. M. Rowlands, M. Larsen – K. Kristiansen, Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. (1987) 66- 73.
53. Lutz 1922 H. F. Lutz, Viticulture and Brewing in the Ancient Orient. Leipzig 1922. Markoe 1990 G. E. Markoe, “The Emergence of Phoenician Art”. BASOR 279 (1990) 13-26.
54. Mazzoni 1994 S. Mazzoni, “Aramean and Syrian New Foundations”. Ed. S. Mazzoni, Nuove fondizioni nel vicino Oriente antico: realtà e ideologia. (1994) 319- 340.
55. Mazzoni 1997 S. “The Gate and the City: Change and Continuity in Syro-Hittite Urban Ideology”. Ed. G. Wilhelm, Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontunuität. Wandel, Bruch (1997) 307-338.
56. Meyer 1986a Ch. Meyer, “Wein”. LÄ 6 (1986) 1170-1182.
57. Meyer 1986b Ch. Meyer, “Weintrauben”. LÄ 6 (1986) 1190-1192.
58. Marston 2012 J. M. Marston, “Agricultural Strategies and Political Economy in ancient Anatolia”. AJA 116, 3 (2012) 377-403.
59. McQueen 1959 J. G. McQueen, The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor. New York Neumann 1983 F. Neumann, Die Ikonographie der Kybele in der Phrygischen und der Griechischen Kunst. IstMitt Beiheft 28. Tübingen 1983.
60. Neumann – Parpola 1987 J. Neumann – S. Parpola, “Climatic Change and the Eleventh-TenthCentury Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia”. JNES 46 (1987) 161-182.
61. Orthmann 1971 W. Orthmann, Untersuchungen zur Späthethitischen Kunst. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 8. Bonn 1971.
62. Öz 2011 E. Öz, “Kültepe Tabletlerine Göre Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Döneminde Anadolu’da Üzüm Yetiştiriciliği ve Bağcılık”. Akademik Bakış 5, 9 (2011) 285-294.
63. Öztan 2007 A. Öztan, “Köşk Höyük: Niğde - Bor Ovası’nda Bir Neolitik Yerleşim”. Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen, Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. İstanbul (2007) 226-236.
64. Özyar 1991 A. Özyar, Architectural Relief Sculpture at Karkamish, Malatya and Tell Halaf. A Technical and Iconographic Study. PhD Dissertation, Bryn Mawr College. 1991.
65. Palmer 2005 R. Palmer, “Wine and Viticulture in the Linear A and B Texts of the Bronze Age Aegean”. Eds. P. E. McGovern, S. J. Fleming – S. H. Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 278-320.
66. Powell 2005 M. A. Powell, “Wine and the Vine in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Cuneiform Evidence”. Eds. P. E. Mcgovern, S. J. Fleming – S. H. Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 196-124.
67. Pucci 2008 M. Pucci, Functional Analyzis of Space in Syro-Hittite Architecture. Oxford 2008.
68. Ramsay 1907 W. M. Ramsay, The cities of St Paul, their influence on his life and thought. The Cities of Eastern Asia Minor. London 1907.
69. Scachner 2012 A. Scachner, “Orta Anadolu’da Coğrafya ve Ekonomi: Hititlerin Bıçak Sırtındaki İmparatorluğu”. CollAnat 9 (2012) 25-54.
70. Seeher 2011 J. Seeher, Taşa Yontulu Tanrılar: Hitit Kaya Tapınağı Yazılıkaya. İstanbul 2011.
71. Stronach 2005 D. Stronach, “The Imagery of the Wine Bowl: Wine in Assyria in the Early First Millennium B.C.”. Eds. P. E. Mcgovern, S. J. Fleming – S. H. Katz, Origins and Ancient History of Wine, Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Series 11. Amsterdam (2005) 181-203.
72. Şahin 1999 M. Şahin, “Neue Beobachtungen zum Felsrelief von Ivriz/Konya. Nicht in den Krieg, sondern zur Ernte: der Gott mit der Sichel”. AS 49 (1999) 165-176.
73. Taylor-Guthartz 1994 Ed. L. Taylor-Guthartz, Bible Land Museum Jerusalem. Guide to Museum Collection. Jerusalem 1994.
74. Tiryaki 2010 S. G. Tiryaki, Erken Demirçağ Gurgum (=Kahramanmaraş) Kabartmalı Mezartaşları. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Ünversitesi SBE, Antalya 2010.
75. Tiryaki 2011 S. G. Tiryaki, “Geç Hitit Araştırmaları için Seçilmiş Kaynakça (1811- 2011)”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 135 (2011) 57-70.
76. Ünal 1977 A. Ünal, “II. binyıl Anadolu’sunda Doğal Afetler/ Naturkatastrophen in Anatolien im 2. Jahrtausende V. ch”. Belleten 41, 163 (1977) 423-472.
77. Ünal 2007 A. Ünal, Anadolu’nun En Eski Yemekleri Hititler ve Çağdaşı Toplumlarda1959. Mutfak Kültürü. İstanbul 2007.
78. Voos 1988 J. Voos, “Bemerkungen zum syrohethitischen Totenkult der frühen Eisenzeit”. Eds. P. Vavroušek – V. Souček, ŠULMU. Papers on the Ancient Near East Presented at International Conference of Socialist Countries. Prague, Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1986. Praha (1988) 349-360.
79. Wooley 1952 C. L. Wooley, Carchemish. Report on the Excavations at Djerabis on Behalf of the British Museum, Part III. London 1952.
80. Winter 2010 I. Winter, On Art in the Ancient Near East: of the First Millennium B.C.E. Culture and the History of Ancient Near East 34, 1. Leiden 2010.