THE SYSTEM OF PERSIAN SATRAPIES IN ANATOLIA

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze the system of Persian satrapies in Anatolia. There are various administrative changes, consequences of the regional and cultural differences of each satrapy. However, in the ancient sources and from the epigraphic documenta­tion there is insufficient information concerning this subject. For this reason, adding this data to the public administrative structure which must be included in the center of each satrapy, this paper aims to identify the complement of common officials for all satrapies. In this context, this work has focused on the satrap assign­ment criteria; the staff under the satraps; sub-satrapies and the local government/management units. The study ends with a general evaluation and compilation of the data employed.

Keywords

• Persian/Achaemenid • Satrapy • SubSatrapies • Satrap • Hyparchs

Anadolu’da Pers Satraplık Sistemi

Abstract

Bu makalede, Akhaimenid İmparatorluğu’nun yö­netim sisteminde Anadolu’daki satraplık teşkilatının a­na­lizinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Satraplıklarda böl­gesel ve kültürel farklılıklardan kaynaklanan çeşitli yö­netimsel değişiklikler söz konusudur. Ne var ki, epigra­fik belgeler ve antik kaynaklarda her eyalet için idari biçim­leri belirleyecek yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu ne­denle var olan eksik verilere her satraplık merke­zin­de olması gereken ortak idari yapılar da eklenerek en azın­dan bütün satraplıklar için geçerli hizmetli kadrosu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda makalede, eya­letlere satrap atama kriterleri; satrapların altındaki memur kadrosu; alt satraplık bölgeleri ve yönetim bi­rim­lerine ilişkin bilgiler sunulmuştur. Çalışma, kullanı­lan verilerin derlendiği genel bir değerlendirmeyle son­lan­dırılmıştır.

Keywords

• Pers/Akhaimenid • Satraplık • Alt Satraplık Bölgeleri • Satrap • Hyparkhos

References

1. Aiskh. Pers. (= Aiskhylos, Persai) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aeschylus. Trans. H. W. Smyth. Cambridge 1926.
2. App. Mithr. (= Appianus, Mithridateios) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Appian’s Roman History, vols. I-IV. Trans. H. White. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1912-1913 (The Loeb Classical Library).
3. Aristot. Oecon. (= Aristoteles, Oeconomica) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Aristote: Économique. Eds. B. A. van Groningen – A. Wartelle. Paris 1968. Oikonomika. Übrstzt. R. Zoepffel. Berlin 2006.
4. Arr. anab. (= Arrianus, Anabasis) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Arrian, vols. I-II. Trans. P. A. Brunt. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1976-1983 (The Loeb Classical Library).
5. Ath. Deip. (= Athenaios, Deipnosophisticarum Epitome) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Deipnosophistis, vols. I-VII. Trans. C. B. Gulick. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1927-19996 (The Loeb Classical Library).
6. Cic. Sen. (= Cicero, De Senectute) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: M. Tullius Cicero. Cato Maior de Senectute. M. Tulli Ciceronis Scripta Quae Manserunt Omnia. Fasc. 47. Ed. K. Simbeck. Berlin 1917. Cicero, Dostluk ve Yaşlılık Üzerine. Çev. H. Berat. İstanbul 2013.
7. Corn. Nep. (= Cornelius Nepos)
8. Dat. (= Datames) | Kim. (= Kimon) | Kon. (= Konon) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: On the Great Generals of Foreign Nations. Trans. J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge - Massachusetts 1966 (The Loeb Classical Library).

9. Curt. (= Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Quintus Curtius Rufus. Trans. J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1946 (The Loeb Classical Library).
10. Diod. (= Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus of Sicily. Trans. R. M. Geer. London - New York 1947 (The Loeb Classical Library). FGrHist Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, vols. I-XV. Ed. F. Jacoby. Berlin - Leiden 1923-1958.
11. Flor. epit. (= Annius Florus, L. Annaei Flori Epitoma De Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC Libri II) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Lucius Annaeus Florus The Two Books of the Epitome, Extracted from Titus Livius, of All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years. Trans. E. S. Foster. London - New York 1929 (The Loeb Classical Library).
12. Hdt. (= Herodotos, Historiae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Herodotus, vols. I-IV. Trans. A. D. Godley. London - New York 1975 (The Loeb Classical Library).
13. Hell. Oxy. (= Hellenica Oxyrhynchia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Eds. & Trans. P. R. Mc Kechnie – S. J. Kern. England 1993. Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Ed. V. Bartoletti. Leipzig (1959) 6-37.
14. Hes. lex. (= Hesychius Alexandrinus, Lexicon) Kullanılan Metinler: Hesychius Alexandrinus, Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon, vols. I-II [Α-Ο]. Ed. K. Latte. Copenhagen 1953.
15. Ioseph. Ant. Iud. (= Flavius Iosephus Historicus, Antiquitates Iudaicae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Jewish Antiquities, vols. IV-IX. Trans. H. St. J. Thackeray. London - New York 1930-1939 (The Loeb Classical Library).
16. Iust. (= Marcus Iulianus Iustinus, M. Iuliani Iustini Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Trans. J. C. Yardley. Intr. R. Develin. Atlanta 1994.
17. Ksen. Anab. (= Ksenophon, Anabasis) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Anabasis, vols. I-VII. Trans. C. L. Brownson. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1968 (The Loeb Classical Library).
18. Ksen. Hell. (= Ksenophon, Hellenika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Hellenica, vols. I-III. Trans. C. L. Brownson – O. J. Todd. London - New York 1961 (The Loeb Classical Library). Ksenophon, Yunan Tarihi. Çev. S. Sinanoğlu. Ankara 1999.
19. Ksen. Kyr. (= Ksenophon, Cyropaedia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cyropaedia. Ed. E. C. Marchant, Xenophontis Opera Omnia, vol. 4. Oxford 1910.
20. Ksen. Oecon. (= Ksenophon, Oeconimicus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Memorabilia, Oeconomicus. Trans. E. C. Marchant. London - New York 19979 (The Loeb Classical Library). Xenophon, Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary. Trans. S. B. Pomeroy. New York 1994.
21. Phot. Bib. (= Photios, Bibliotheka) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Photios, Bibliotheka. Ed. R. Henry. Paris 1971. Photius, The Bibliotheka, A Sellection. Trans. N. G. Wilson. London 2002.
22. Plat. Leg. (= Platon, Leges) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plato, Plato in Twelve Volumes, vols. X-XI. Trans. R. G. Bury. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1967 - 1968 (The Loeb Classical Library).
23. Plin. nat. (= Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Naturalis Historia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pliny Natural History, vols. I-X. Trans. H. R. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones – D. E. Eichholz. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1938-1971 (The Loeb Classical Library).
24. Plut. mor. (= Plutarkhos, Moralia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch’s Moralia, vols. I-XIV. Trans. F. C. Babbitt – W. C. Helmbold. London - New York 1928-1967 (The Loeb Classical Library).
25. Plut. (= Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi) Ages. (= Agesilaos) Alk. (= Alkibiades) Artaks. (= Artakserkses) Demetr. (= Demetrius) Them. (= Themistokles) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch’s Lives, vols. I-XI. Trans. B. Perrin. London - New York 1959 (The Loeb Classical Library).
26. Polyain. strat. (= Polyainos, Strategemata) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Strategemata. Ed. E. Woelfflin – J. Melber, Polyaeni Strategematon Libri VIII. Leipzig (1887) 2-301.
27. Polyb. (= Polybios, Historiai) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Histories, vols. I-VI. Trans. W. R. Paton. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1922- (The Loeb Classical Library). Pomp. Trog. prolog (= Pompeius Trogus, Prologues) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Prologues to the Philippic History of Trogus. Trans. J. C. Yardley. Intr. R. Develin. Atlanta 1994.
28. Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: The Geography of Strabo, vols. I-VIII. Trans. H. L. Jones. London - New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library).
29. Suda (= Suda-Suidas, Suidae Lexicon) Kullanılan Metin: Suidae Lexicon. Ed. A. Adler I-IV. Leipzig 1928-1971.
30. Tac. ann. (= Tacitus, Annales) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Annals. Trans. J. Jackson. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1969 (The Loeb Classical Library).
31. Theophr. hist. plant. (= Theophrastos, Historia Plantarum) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, vols. I–II. Ed. A. Hort. Cambridge - Massachusetts 1968.
32. Thuk. (= Thukydides, Historiae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Thucydides Historiae, vols. I–II. Ed. H. S. Jones – J. E. Powell. Oxford 1942. Peloponnes Savaşı. Çev. T. Gökçöl. İstanbul 1976.
33. Zonar. epit. hist. (= Zonarae, Epitome Historiarum) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Ioannis Zonarae Epitome Historiarum, vol III. Ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig 1868.
34. AH Achaemenid History. Leiden 1983-.
35. AI Acta Iranica (Encyclopédie Permanente des études Iraniennes), Tehran, Liège- Leiden.
36. AMI Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Berlin.
37. Arslan 2007 M. Arslan, Mithradates VI. Eupator, Dionysos: Roma’nın En Büyük Düşmanı. İstanbul 2007.
38. Asher et al. 2007 A. Asher, A. Lloyd – A. Corcella, A Commentary on Herodotus Books I-IV. Oxford 2007.
39. Balcer 1988 J. M. Balcer, “Persian Occupied Thrace (Skudra)”. Historia 37 (1988) 1-21.
40. Balcer 1993 J. M. Balcer, “The Ancient Persian Satrapies and Satraps in Western Anatolia”. AMI 26 (1993) 81-90.
41. Balcer 1995 J. M. Balcer, The Persian Conquest of the Greeks 545-450 B.C. Konstanz 1995.
42. Binder 2008 C. Binder, Plutarchs Vita des Artaxerxes Ein historischer Kommentar. Berlin-New York 2008.
43. Bosworth 2005 A. B. Bosworth, Büyük İskender’in Yaşamı ve Fetihleri: Fetih ve İmparatorluk. Çev. H. Çalışkan. Ankara 2005.
44. Bremmer 1999 J. N. Bremmer, “Paradise: From Persia, Via Greece, into the Septuagint”. Ed. G. P. Luttikhuizen, Paradise Interpreted: Representations of Biblical Paradise in Judaism and Christianity. Leiden - Boston (1999) 1-20.
45. Briant 1982 P. Briant, Rois, Tributs et Paysans. Études sur les formations tributaires du Moyen-Orient ancien. Paris 1982.
46. Briant 2002 P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Trans. P. T. Daniels. Winona Lake 2002.
47. Chaumont 1990 M. L. Chaumont, “Un nouveau gouverneur de Sardes à l’époque achéménide d’apès une inscription récemment découverte”. Syria 57/3 (1990) 579-608.
48. Dandamaev 1984 M. A. Dandamaev, “Royal Paradeisoi in Babylonia”. AI IX (1984) 113-117.
49. Dandamaev 1989 M. A. Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Çev. W. J. Vogelsang. Leiden 1989.
50. DB Dareios Behistan-Bisutun Yazıtı.
51. Debord 1999 P. Debord, L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Bordeaux 1999.
52. DNa Dareios Naqš-i Rustam Yazıtı.
53. DPe Dareios Persepolis Yazıtı.
54. DSe Dareios Susa Yazıtı.
55. Facella 2009 M. Facella, “Darius and the Achaemenids in Commagene”. Eds. P. Briant – M. Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs et contacts culturels dans les pays de l’empire Achéménide. Paris (2009) 379-409.
56. Hallock 1969 R. T. Hallock, Persepolis Fortification Tablets. Chicago 1969.
57. Hansen – Nielsen 2004 M. H. Hansen – T. H. Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. Oxford - New York 2004
58. Hinz 1975 W. Hinz, Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen. Wiesbaden 1975.
59. Historia Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte; Revue d’ Histoire Ancienne; Journal of Ancient History; Rivistadi Storia Antiyak. Stuttgart.
60. Hornblower 1982 S. Hornblower, Mausolus. Oxford 1982.
61. How – Wells 19758 W. W. How – J. Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus, vols. I-II. Oxford 19758
62. I. Magnesia Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Meander. Ed. O. Kern. Berlin 1900. JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago.
63. Kawami1992 T. S. Kawami, “Antike persische Gärten”. Ed. M. Carroll-Spillecke, Der Garten von der Antike bis zum Mittelalter. Mainz (1992) 81-100.
64. Keen 1998 A. G. Keen, Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with Foreign Powers c. 545-362 B.C. Leiden 1998.
65. Kent 1953 R. G. Kent, Old Persian. New Haven 1953.
66. Klinkott 2005 H. Klinkott, Der Satrap ein Achaimenidischer Amtsträger und seine Handlungsspielräume. Frankfurt 2005.
67. Koch 1992 H. Koch, Es kündet Dareios der König. Mainz 1992.
68. Kuhrt 2007 A. Kuhrt, Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu MÖ. 3000-330. Çev. D. Şendil. İstanbul 2007.
69. Lehman-Haupt 1964 F. Lehman-Haupt, “Satrap”. RE II A/1 (1964) 82-188.
70. Mørkholm – Zahle 1972 O. Mørkholm – J. Zahle, “The Coinage of Kuprlli: Numismatic and Archaeological Study”. Acta Archaeologica 43 (1972) 57-113.
71. OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, vols. I-II. Ed. W. Dittenberger. Leipzig 1903-1905.
72. Olba Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi (KAAM) Yayınları. Mersin. PFT Persepolis Fortification Tablets.
73. Porten 1996 B. Porten, The Elephantine Papyri in English. Three Millenia of Cross-cultural Continuity and Change. Leiden, New York - Köln 1996.
74. RE Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classichen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart.
75. Sarıkaya 2015 S. Sarıkaya, “Daskyleion Dynastes’lik Sisteminde Artabazos’un Rolü”. Olba XXIII (2015) 175-197.
76. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Eds. H. W. Pleket – R. S. Stroud. Alphen aan den Rijn 1923-.
77. Sekunda 1988 N. Sekunda, “Persian Settlement in Hellespontine Phrygia”. AH III (1988) 175-196.
78. Şahin 1998 S. Şahin, “Nemrut Dağ Tapınak Mezarındaki Büyük Kült Yazıtı Çevirisi”. Ed. N. Başgelen, Tanrılar Dağı Nemrut: Mountain of the Gods. İstanbul (1998) 31-35.
79. TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris. Vienna 1901-.
80. Treuber 1887 O. Treuber, Geschichte der Lykier. Stuttgart 1887.
81. Tuplin 1987 C. Tuplin, “The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire”. Ed. I. Carradice, Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires, The Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History. Oxford (1987) 109-166.
82. Concerning Local Instability in the Achaemenid Far West. Stuttgart 1989.
83. Wiesehöfer 2003 J. Wiesehöfer, Antik Pers Tarihi. Çev. M. A. İnci. İstanbul 2003.