Greek Sophists and Rhetors: Their Social Class and Influence in Public Life in Asia Minor in the Roman Empire

Abstract

In this study, the families of some sophists and rhetors in Anatolia in the Second Sophistic are discussed. Both epigraphic documents and the ancient sources indicate that with few exceptions, most sophists and rhetors came from wealthy, powerful and leading families. Most of their families had a relationship with the Roman Empire and obtained Roman citizenship. Some sophists and rhetors rose to Senatorial rank and paved the way for such promotion for their children. They had to take upon themselves some public duties in consequence of their wealth, prominence amongst the elite classes of society and having relations with the emperors. Both epigraphic documents and the ancient sources show sophists and rhetors played an active role in public duties and that they fulfilled the obligations incurred by their position quite successfully.

Keywords

• Sophist • Rhetor • Asia Minor • The Second Sophistic

Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde Anadolu’daki Sofistlerin-Retorların Sınıfsal Özellikleri ve Toplumsal Yaşamdaki Etkileri

Abstract

Bu makalede, II. Sofistik Dönem’de Anadolu kökenli bazı sofist ve retorların aileleri ele alınmaktadır. Epigrafik belgeler ve antik kaynaklar çok az örnek dışında sofist ve retorların toplumun en zengin ve etkili ailelerinden gel­diklerini göstermektedir. Pek çoğunun ailesi Roma İm­pa­ratorluğu ile ilişki içinde olup Roma vatandaşlık hak­kını elde etmiştir. Bazı sofist ve retorlar senator sınıfına yükselmiş ve çocukları içinde böyle bir kariyerin yolunu açmışlardır. Hem zengin ve ünlü olmaları hem de impa­ra­torlarla yakın ilişkiler kurmuş olmalarından dolayı, bu kişilerden bazı kamusal görevleri yerine getirmeleri bek­len­miştir. Edebi kaynaklar ve epigrafik belgeler sofist ve retorların geldikleri aile ve aldıkları eğitim sonucunda, kamusal yükümlülükleri ait oldukları toplumsal sınıf için­de dikkat çekici bir şekilde başarıyla yerine getirmiş olduklarını kanıtlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Sofist • Retor • Anadolu • II. Sofistik Dönem

References

1. Ael. Ar. Orat. (= Aelius Aristeides, Orationes) Kullanılan Metin: Aristides. Ed. W. Dindorf. Leipzig 1829.
2. Cass. Dio (= Cassius Dion, Historiae Romanae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Historiae Romanae. Ed. U. P. Boissevain. Berlin 1895. Dio’s Roman History, vol. V. Trans. E. Cary – H. B. Foster. Londra 1955 (Loeb Classical Library).
3. Dig. (= Digesta Iustiniani Augusti, Corpus Iuris Civilis.) Kullanılan Metin: Corpus Iuris Civilis. Ed. I. L. G. Beck. Leipzig 1928.
4. Philostr. VS (= Philostratos, Vitae Sophistarum/βίοι σοφιστῶν) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Vitae Sophistarum. Ed. C. L. Kayser. Leipzig 1871. Philostratus and Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists. Trans. C. Wright. Cambridge 1961.
5. Phot. Bib (= Photios, Bibliotheca) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Photius, Bibliotheque. Ed. R. Henry, vols. 8, Paris 1977. Photius, The Bibliotheca: A Selection. Trans. N. G. Wilson. London 2002.
6. Strab. (= Strabon, Geographica/Γεωγραφικά) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Strabonis Geographica. Ed. A. Meineke. Leipzig 1877. The Geography of Strabo, vols. I-VIII. Trans. H. L. Jones. London - New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library). Strabon, Coğrafya. Çev. A. Pekman. İstanbul 2000.
7. Suda (= Suda/Suidas Lexicon/Λεξικόν) Kullanılan Metin: Suidae Lexicon. Ed. A. Adler. Leipzig 1928-1935.
8. Agora XV The Athenian Agora, vol. XV. Eds. B. D. Meritt – J. Traill. Princeton 1974.

9. Akgün-Kaya 2015 E. Akgün-Kaya, “Sofist ve Biyografi Yazarı Philostratos”. Akron 9: Eskiçağ Yazıları VII (2015) 251-270.
10. Akgün-Kaya 2016 E. Akgün-Kaya, “Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde Doğu Kökenli Sofistler: Marcus Antonius Polemon ve L. Vibullius Hipparkhos Tiberius Claudius Attikos Herodes”. Akron 12: Eskiçağ Yazıları 9 (2016) 231-265.
11. Alföldy – Engelmann 1979 G. Alföldy – H. Engelmann, “Iunius Maximus und die Victoria Parthica”. ZPE 35 (1979) 195-213.
12. Ameling 1983 W. Ameling, Herodes Atticus, I Biographie, II Inschriftenkatalog. Hildesheim, Zürich - New York 1983.
13. Ameling 1985 W. Ameling, “Der Sophist Rufus”. EA 6 (1985) 27-33.
14. Anderson 1986 G. Anderson, Philostratus. Biography and Belles-Letters in the Third Century A.D. London 1989.
15. Anderson 1993 G. Anderson, The Second Sophistic, A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire. Londra 1993
16. Arjava 1991 A. Arjava, “Zum Gebrauch der griechischen Rangprädikate des Senatorenstandes in den Papyri und Inschriften”. Tyche 6 (1991) 16-35.
17. Avotins 1975 I. Avotins, “On the Dating of the Exedra of Herodes Atticus at Olympia”. Phoenix 29 (1975) 244-249.
18. Avotins 1978 I. Avotins, “The Sophist Aristocles and the Grammarian Phrynichus”. La Parola Del Passato 33 (1978) 181-191.
19. Behr 1968 C. A. Behr, Aelius Aristides and the Sacred Tales. Amsterdam 1968.
20. Behr 1986 C. A. Behr, P. Aelius Aristides, The Complete Works, Vol. I. Orations IXVI, with an Appendix Containing the Fragments and Inscriptions. Leiden 1986.
21. Bérard 1891 V. Bérard, “Inscriptions d'Asie Mineure. Carie, Lycie, Pisidie, Pamphylie, Phrygie”. BCH 15 (1891) 538-562.
22. Borg 2004 B. E. Borg, Paideia: The World of the Second Sophistic. Berlin 2004.
23. Bosch 1967 E. Bosch, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ankara im Altertum. Ankara 1967.
24. Bowersock 1969 G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford 1969.
25. Bowersock 2002 G. W. Bowersock, “Philosophy in the Second Sophistic”. Eds. G. Clark – T. Rajak, Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World. Oxford (2002) 157-173.
26. Bowie – Elsner 2009 E. Bowie – J. Elsner, Philostratus. Oxford 2009.
27. Bowie 1970 E. L. Bowie, “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic”. Past and Present 46 (1970) 3-41.
28. Bowie 1973 E. L. Bowie, “The Vedii Antonini and the Temple of Hadrian at Ephesus”. Ed. Ekrem Akurgal, The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaelogy, vol. II. Ankara (1978) 867-874.
29. Bowie 2002 E. Bowie, “Plutarch and Literary Activity in Achaea”. Eds. P. A. Stadter – L. V. der Stockt, Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.). Leuven (2002) 41-56.
30. Brunt 1994 P. A. Brunt, “The Bubble of the Second Sophistic”. BICS 39 (1994) 25-54.
31. Buraselis 2000 K. Buraselis, Kos Between Hellenism and Rome: Studies on the Political, Institutional and Social History of Kos from ca. The Middle Second Century B. C. Until Late Antiquity. Philadelphia 2000.
32. Campanile 1994 M. D. Campanile, Sacerdoti del koinon d'Asia. (I sec. a.C-III. sec. d.C) Contributo allo studio della romanizzazione delle élites provinciali nell 'Oriente Greco. Pisa 1994.
33. Chaniotis 2003 A. Chaniotis, “The Perception of Imperial Power in Aphrodisias: The Epigraphic Evidence”. Eds. L. de Blois, P. Erdkamp, O. Hekster, G. de Kleijn – S. Mols, The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power: Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.-A.D. 476), Rome, March 20-23, 2002. Amsterdam (2003) 250-260.
34. Christol, Drew-Bear – Taşlıalan 2003 M. Christol, T. Drew-Bear – M. Taşlıalan, “Lucius Egnatius Victor Lollianus, Proconsul d'Asie”. Anatolia Antiqua XI (2003) 343-59.
35. CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin 1828-1877.
36. CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin 1862-. Clinton 1853 H. F. Clinton, An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople: From the Death of Augustus to the Death of Heraclius. Oxford 1853.
37. Collignon 1878 M. Collignon, “Inscriptions de Cibyra”. BCH 2 (1878) 593-614.
38. Cormack 1964 J. M. R. Cormack, “Inscriptions from Aphrodisias”. ABSA 59 (1964) 16-29.
39. Cousin - Diehl 1886 G. Cousin – C. Diehl, “Inscriptions d’Alabanda en Carie”. BCH 10 (1886) 299-314.
40. Dietz 1980 K. H. Dietz, Senatus Contra Principem. Untersuchungen zur Senatorischen Opposition gegen Kaiser Maximinus Thrax. Munich 1980.
41. Engelmann 2000 H. Engelmann, “Asiarchs”. ZPE 132 (2000) 173-175.
42. Ertekin 2009 E. Ertekin, “Atinalı Sofist Herodes Atticus’un Asia Eyaleti Corrector’luğu”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 132 (2009) 77-84.
43. Eshleman 2008 K. Eshleman, “Defining the Circle of Sophists: Philostratus and the Construction of the Second Sophistic”. Classical Philology 103 (2008) 395-413.
44. Eshleman 2012 K. Eshleman, The Social World of Intellectuals in the Roman Empire: Sophists, Philosophers, and Christians. Cambridge 2012.
45. Fernoux 2004 Henri-Louis Fernoux, Notables et élites des cités de Bithynie aux époques Hellénistique et Romaine. Lyon 2004.
46. FIRA Fontes luris Romani Anteiustiniani.
47. Fisher 2014 J. Fischer, “Redner, Sophisten und Philosophen im römischen Ephesos”. Eds. J. Fischer – E. Trinkl, Der Beitrag Kleinasiens zur Kultur und Geistesgeschichte der Griechisch – Römischen Antike. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums, Wien 3-5. November 2010. Wien (2014) 125-151.
48. Follet 1976 S. Follet, Athènes au Iıe et au IIIe siècle: études Chronologiques et Prosopographiques. Paris 1976.
49. Fowler 2010 R. Fowler, “The Second Sophistic”. Ed. L. P. Gerson, The Cambridge History of Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Cambridge (2010) 100-115.
50. French 1981 D. H French, “Milestones of Pontus, Galatia, Phrygia and Lycia”. ZPE 43 (1981) 149-174.
51. Friesen 1999a St. J. Friesen, “Highpriests of Asia and Asiarchs: Farewell to the Identification Theory”. Eds. P. Sscherrer, H. Tauerrer – H. Thür, Steine und Wege. Festschrift für Dieter Knibbe zum 65. Geburtstag. Wien (1999) 303- 307.
52. Friesen 1999b St. J. Friesen, “Asiarchs”. ZPE 126 (1999) 275-290.
53. Gasco 1989 F. Gasco, “The Meeting between Aelius Aristides and Marcus Aurelius in Smyrna”. AJPh 110/3-1 (1989) 471-478.
54. Geagan 1967 D. J. Geagan, “The Athenian Constitution after Sulla”. Hesperia: Supplements XII (1967) 1-242.
55. Geissen 1986 A Geissen, “Zu Beamtennamen auf Münzen von Hypaipa”. EA 7 (1986) 113-123.
56. Goldhill 2001 S. Goldhill, Being Greek under Rome, Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire. Cambridge 2001.
57. Halfmann 1982 H. Halfmann, “Die Senatoren aus den Kleinasiatichen Provinzen des Römischen Reiches vom 1. bis 3. Jahrhundert (Asia, Pontus-Bithynia, Lycia - Pamphylia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia)”. Ed. S. Panciera, Epigrafia e Ordine Senatorio Atti del Colloquio Internazionale AlEGL. Roma, 14- 20 Maggio 1981, vol. II. Roma (1982) 603-650.
58. Harris 1980 B. F. Harris, “Bithynia: Roman Sovereignty and the Survival of Hellenism”. ANRW II/7-2 (1980) 857-902.
59. Hepping 1907 H. Hepping, “Die Arbeiten zu Pergamon 1904-1905”. MDAI (A) 32 (1907) 161-469.
60. Herrmann – Malay 2003 P. Herrmann – H. Malay, “Statue Bases of the Mid-Third Century A. D. From Smyrna”. EA 36 (2003) 1-11.
61. Herz 1992 P. Herz, “Asiarchen und Archiereiai. Zum Provinzialkult der Provinz Asia”. Tyche 7 (1992) 93-115.
62. Horsley 1989 G. H. R. Horsley, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, vol. 5: Linguistic Essays. Sydney 1989.
63. I. Ephesos H. Wankel, C. Börker, R. Merkelbach, H. Engelmann – D. Knibbe, Die Inscriften von Ephesos. Bonn 1979-1991.
64. I. Miletos D. F. McCabe – M. A. Plunkett, Miletos Inscriptions. Texts and List. Princeton 1984.
65. I. Mylasa D. F. McCabe, Mylasa Inscriptions. Texts and List. Bonn 1987-1988.
66. I. Mysia – Troas M. Barth – J. Stauber, Inschriften Mysia – Troas. München 1993.
67. I. Olympia W. Dittenberger – K. Purgold, Die Inschriften von Olympia. Berlin 1896.
68. I. Pergamon III C. Habicht, Die Inschriften des Asklepieions. Mit einem Beitrag von Michael Wörrle. Berlin 1969.
69. I. Prusa ad Olympum T. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Prusa ad Olympum, 2 volumes. Bonn 1991-1993.
70. I. Smyrna II G. Petzl, Die Inschriften von Smyrna II/1. Bonn 1987.
71. I. Tralles D. F. McCabe, Tralles Inscriptions. Texts and List. Princeton 1991.
72. IG Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin 1877 -.
73. IGR Inscriptiones Graecae Ad Res Romanas Pertinentes.
74. Janiszewski, Stebnicka – Szabat 2015 P. Janiszewski, K. Stebnicka – E. Szabat, Prosopography of Greek Rhetors and Sophists of the Roman Empire. Oxford 2015.
75. Jansen 2006 K. Jansen, Herodes Atticus und seine Trophimoi (ό). Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Universität Münster. Münster 2006.
76. Jones 1967 C. P. Jones, “A Friend of Galen”. CQ 17 (1967) 311-312.
77. Jones 1980 C. P. Jones, “Prosopographical Notes on the Second Sophistic”. GRBS 21 (1980) 373-380.
78. Jones 1990 C. P. Jones, “Heracles at Smyrna”. AJN 2 (1990): 65-76.
79. Jones 2008 C. P. Jones, “The Survival of the Sophists”. Eds. T. C. Brennan – H. L. Flower, East and West: Papers in Ancient History presented to Glen W. Bowersock. Cambridge ( 2008) 113-125.
80. Jones 2012 C. P. Jones, “Joys and Sorrows of Multiple Citizenship: The Case of Dio Chrysostom”. Eds. A. Heller – A. V. Pont, Patrie d’origine et Patries électives: les citoyennetés multiples dans le monde Grec d’époque Romaine Actes du colloque international de Tours, 6-7 Novembre 2009. Paris (2012) 213-371.
81. Kaçar 2007 T. Kaçar, “Pax Romananın Gölgesinde İkinci Sofistler Dönemi ve Bir Sofistin Kaleminden Roma İmparatorluğu”. Doğu Batı 40 (2007) 141-153.
82. Kaçar 2013 T. Kaçar, “II. Yüzyıl Roma Dünyası’nda İmparator, Entelektüel ve Kent”. Toplumsal Tarih 240 (2013) 52-58.
83. Kaçar 2014 T. Kaçar, “Kentlerden Yüce, İmparatorlara Eşit: Sofist ve Politikacı Olarak Laodikeialı Polemon”. Ed. C. Şimşek, Laodikeia Çalışmaları III. 10. Yılında Laodikeia (2003-2013 Yılları). İstanbul (2014) 195-205.
84. Kaibel 1878 G. Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca ex Lapidibus Conlecta. Berlin 1878.
85. Kalinowski 2002 A. Kalinowski, “The Vedii Antonini: Aspects of Patronage and Benefaction in Second Century Ephesos”. Phoenix LVI/1-2 (2002) 109-149.
86. Kayser 1841 C. L. Kayser, P. Hordeonius Lollianus, geschildert nach einer noch nicht herausgegebenen Athenischen Inschrift. Heidelberg 1841.
87. Kearsley 1986 R. A. Kearsley, “Asiarchs, Archiereis, and the Archiereiai of Asia”. GRBS 27 (1986) 183-192.
88. Kearsley 1988a R. A. Kearsley, “Asiarchs: Titulature and Function. Areappraisal”. StudClas 26 (1988) 57-65.
89. Kearsley 1988b R. A. Kearsley, “A Leading Family of Cibyra and some Asiarchs of the First Century”. AS 38 (1988) 42-51.
90. Kearsley 1990 R. A. Kearsley, “Asiarchs, Archiereis and Archiereiai of Asia: New Evidence from Amorium in Phrygia”. EA 16 (1990) 69-80.
91. Kearsley 1996 R. A. Kearsley, “The Asiarchs of Cibyra again”. Tyche 11 (1996) 129-155.
92. Keil 1953 J. Keil, “Vertreter der zweiten Sophistik in Ephesos”. JÖAI 40 (1953) 5- 26.
93. Kemezis 2014 A. M. Kemezis, Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Casius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian. Cambridge 2014.
94. Knibbe – Merkelbach 1978 D. Knibbe – R. Merkelbach, “Ephesische Bauinschriften 2: Die Inschrift des Hydreions”. ZPE 31 (1978) 96-98.
95. Knibbe 1981 D. Knibbe, “Quandocumque quis trium virorum rei publicae constituendae…: Ein neuer Text aus Ephesos”. ZPE 44 (1981) 1-10.
96. Körner 2002 C. Körner, Philippus Arabs: Ein Soldatenkaiser in der Tradition des Antoninisch-Severischen Prinzipats. Berlin - New York 2002.
97. Le Bas – Waddington 1870 P. Le Bas – W. H. Waddington, Voyage Archéologique en Gréce et en Asie Mineure. Paris 1870.
98. Leunissen 1989 P. M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (180-235 N. Chr.): Prosopographische Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Elite im Römischen Kaiserreich. Amsterdam 1989.
99. Levick 2000 B. Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook, Second Edition. London - New York 2000.
100. Liermann 1889 O. Liermann, Analecta Epigraphica et Agonistica, Dissertationes Philologicae Halenses, vol. X. Halle 1889.
101. MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua.
102. Marek 1993 C. Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus – Bithynia und Nord-Galatia. Tübingen 1993.
103. McCrum – Woodhead 1961 M. McCrum – A. G. Woodhead, Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian Emperors. Cambridge 1961.
104. MDAI (A) Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Berlin.
105. Mellor 1975 R. Mellor, ΘΕΑ ΡΩΜΝ: The Worship of the Goddess Roma in the Greek World. Göttingen 1975.
106. Mennen 2011 I. Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284. Leiden - Boston 2011.
107. Millar 1992 F. Millar, The Emperor in the RomanWorld (31 BC–AD 337). London 1992.
108. Milner 1998 N. P. Milner, An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region Conducted by A.S. Hall. Ankara 1998.
109. Mitchell – French 2012 S. Mitchell – D. French, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara (Ancyra), Vol. I: From Augustus to the End of the Third Century AD. München 2012.
110. Moraux 1967 P. Moraux, “Aristoteles, der Lehrer. Alexanders von Aphrodisias”. AGPh 49 (1967)169-182.
111. Nawotka 2000 K. Nawotka, “Boularchos in Roman Asia Minor”. Epigraphica 62 (2000) 61-85.
112. OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Ed. W. Dittenberger. Leipzig 1903- 1905.
113. Oliver 1967 J. H. Oliver, “The Sacred Gerusia and the Emperor's Consilium”. Hesperia 36 (1967) 329-335.
114. Oliver 1970 J. H. Oliver, Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East. Princeton 1970.
115. Oliver 1989 J. H. Oliver, Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri. Philadelphia 1989.
116. Özlem-Aytaçlar 2006 P. Özlem-Aytaçlar, Yazıtlar ve Antik Kaynaklar Işığında Batı Anadolu’da Entelektüeller. İstanbul 2006.
117. Papalas 1981 A. J. Papalas, “Herodes Atticus. An Essay on Education in the Antonine Age”. History of Education Quarterly 21 (1981) 171-188.
118. Perry 1964 B. E. Perry, Secundus the Silent Philosopher. Oxford 1964.
119. Pflaum 1960 H. G. Pflaum, Les carrières Procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut – Empire Romain. Paris 1960.
120. PIR Prosopographia Imperii Romani.
121. Pomeroy 2007 S. B. Pomeroy, The Murder of Regilla: A Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity. Harvard 2007.
122. Puech 2002 B. Puech, Orateurs et Sophistes Grecs Dans Les Inscriptions D’époque Impériale. Paris 2002.
123. Ramsey 1895 W. M. Ramsay, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Being an Essay of the Local History of Phrygia from the Earliest Times to the Turkish Conquest, vol. I. Oxford 1895.
124. Raubitschek 1966 A. E. Raubitschek, “Greek Inscriptions”. Hesperia XXXV/3 (1966) 241-251.
125. REG Revue des études Grecques. Paris.
126. Rémy 1989 B. Rémy, Varia Anatolica II Les Carrieres Senatoriales Dans Les Provinces Romaines D'Anatolie Au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.C.–284 ap. J.C.). Pont – Bythinie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie – Pamphylie et Cilicie. İstanbul - Paris 1989.
127. Reynolds 1982 J. Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome: Documents from the Excavation of the Theatre at Aphrodisias Conducted by Kenan T. Erim, Together with Some Related Texts. London 1982.
128. Robert 1940 L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient Grec. Paris 1940.
129. Robert 1966 L. Robert, “Inscriptions d'Aphrodisias”. Antiquité Classique 36 (1966) 397- 432.
130. Robert 1969 L. Robert, Laodicée du Lycos: Le Nymphée Campagnes (1961–1963). Paris 1969.
131. Roozenbeek 1993 H. Roozenbeek, “Another Archiatros from Ephesos?”. EA 21 (1993) 103- 105.
132. Rothe 1989 S. Rothe, Kommentar zu ausgewählten Sophistenviten des Philostratos. Heidelberg 1989.
133. Roueché 1993 C. Roueché, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods. London 1993.
134. Rüpke 2007 J. Rüpke, The Religion of the Romans. Cambrige 2007.
135. Sandy 1997 G. Sandy, The Greek World of Apuleius and the Second Sophistic. Leiden, New York - Köln 1997.
136. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.
137. Settipani 2000 C. Settipani, Continuité Gentilice et Continuité Sénatoriale dans les Familles Sénatoriales Romaines à l'époque Impériale. Oxford 2000.
138. Sherk 1988 R. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian. Cambridge 1998.
139. Steskal 2001 M. Steskal, “Zur den Stiftungen des M. Claudius P. Vedius Antoninus Phaedrus Sabinianus und ihrem Echo in Ephesos”. Tyche 16 (2001) 177-188.
140. Swain 1996 S. Swain, Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World AD 50-250. Oxford 1996.
141. Şahin 2004 S. Şahin, Die Inschriften von Perge, Teil II. Bonn 2004.
142. TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris.
143. Thonemann 2004 P. J. Thonemann, “Polemo, Son of Polemo (Dio, 59.12.2)”. EA 37 (2004) 144-150.
144. Tobin 1997 J. Tobin, Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens. Patronage and Conflict Under the Antonines. Amsterdam 1997.
145. Várhelyi 2010 Z. Várhely, The Religion of Senators in the Roman Empire: Power and the Beyond. Cambridge 2010.
146. Whitmarsh 2005 T. Whitmarsh. The Second Sophistic. Oxford 2005.
147. Whitmarsh 2013 T. Whitmarsh, Beyond the Second Sophistic: Adventures in Greek Postclassicism. London 2013.
148. Yakut 2015 A. Yakut, “Smyrna’yı M.S. 177 Yılı Depreminden Kurtaran Aelius Aristeides’in 18. 19. ve 20. Söylevleri”. TAD XXXIV/58 (2015) 489-506.