Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Terracotta Figurines and Monumental Sculptures: Independent or Followers?

Year 2019, Volume: 7, 299 - 331, 30.06.2019

Elçin Doğan Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201912

Abstract

Since
the very early period, one of the field of art which human being could be
depicted in a real-like manner have been the plastic art. In this field, sto­ne
sculptures and terracotta figurines have a special importance. In the region of
ancient Aegean, the earli­est human representations among three dimensional
ones, had been the figurines made from clay. Within the middle of the VIIth
century BC, in parallel with the progress of the knowledge in art and the sense
of aes­thetics, sculptors started to use the marble and the limestone in order
to create live-size human figures. From then on, till to the end of ancient
times, monu­mental sculptures were one of the most strong images in terms of
religion and social life. Terracotta figurines share the same chronology with
monumental sculp­tures. However, there have been some diffrences be­tween two
field of art in terms of their functions and meanings. In spite of the
technical and funtional dif­ferences, tipological characteristics reveal the
inter­raciton between these two fields. For understanding the characteristics
of this interaction clearly, it is esen­tial to examine the periodical progress
of the terra­cotta figurines and monumental sculptures. It seems that there
used to be a change of role between figu­rines and statues concerning to lead
to the style. While terracotta figurines have the effects of specific monu­mental
statues in certain periods, they also define the order of the sculpture in some
periods. Consequently, as terracottas had their own dynamics in terms of ty­pe,
iconography and function, they had a very im­portant role for understanding the
ancient people and their lives. 

Keywords

Statue Figurine Plastic Art Coroplastic

References

  • Albertocchi 2000 M. Albertocchi, “Le terrecotte di Athena Lindia: il problema dell’influsso ionico nella creazione di un tipo coroplastico”. Eds. F. Krinzinger – V. Gassner, Atti del Convegno: Die Ägäis und das westliche Mittelmeer. Beziehungen und Wechselwirkungen 8. bis 5.Jh. v.Chr. Vienna (1999) 349-356.
  • Alroth 1989 B. Alroth, Greek Gods and Figurines: Aspects of the Anthropomorphic Dedications. Upsala 1989.
  • Atik 2004 N. Atik, “Tekirdağ Karaevlialtı Pişmiş Toprak Figürinleri”. Eds. T. Korkut, H. İşkan – G. Işın, 60 Yaşında Fahri Işık’a Armağan-Anadolu’da Doğdu. İstanbul (2004) 43-53
  • Averett 2007 E. W. Averett, Dedications in Clay: Terracotta Figurines in Early Iron Age Greece (c. 1100– 700 BCE). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Missouri. Columbia 2007.
  • Barr-Sharrar 1993 B. Barr-Sharrar, “Earth and Water: Early Traditions and Uses of Ancient Greek Clay”. Harvard University Art Museums 1/3 (1993) 29-38.
  • Barletta 1987 B. A. Barletta, “The Draped Kouros Type and the Workshop of the Syracuse Youth”. AJA 91/2 (1987) 233-246.
  • Barfoed 2013 S. Barfoed, “The Mystery of the Seated Goddess. Archaic Terracotta Figurines of the Northeastern Peloponnese”. ActaHyp 13 (2013) 85-105.
  • Bayburtoğlu 1977 C. Bayburtoğlu, Pişmiş Toprak Eserler, Erythrai II. Ankara 1977.
  • Bell 1981 M. Bell, The Terracottas (Morgantina Studies I). Princeton 1981.
  • Besques 1986 S. Besques, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs étrusques et romains. IV. 1. Epoques hellénistique et romaine, Italie méridionale, Sicile, Sardaigne. Paris 1986.
  • Blinkenberg 1931 Ch. Blinkenberg, Lindos. Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914. I. Les Petits Objets. Paris 1931.
  • Blume 2010 C. Blume, “When Colour Tells a Story – The Polychromy of Hellenistic Sculpture and Terracottas”. Eds. V. Brinkmann, O. Primavesi – H. Hollein, Circumlitio. The Polychromy of Antique and Mediaveal Sculpture. Proceedings of the Johann David Passavant Colloquium, 10-13 December. München (2010) 240-257.
  • Boardman 1996 J. Boardman, Greek Art. New York 1996.
  • Boardman 1999 J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas. The early colonies and trade4. New York 1999.
  • Boardman 2001 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Arkaik Dönem. Çev. Y. Ersoy. İstanbul 2001.
  • Boardman 2005 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Klasik Dönem. Çev. G. Ergin. İstanbul 2005.
  • Boardman 2014 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Geç Klasik Dönem. Çev. G. Ergin. İstanbul 2014.
  • Böhm 1990 S. Böhm, Die 'nackte Göttin': zur Ikonographie und Deutung unbekleideter weiblicher Figuren in der frühgriechischen Kunst. Mainz 1990.
  • Brøns 2017 C. Brøns, Gods and Garments: Textiles in Greek Sanctuaries in the 7th to the 1st Centuries BC., Oxford 2017.
  • Buitron-Oliver 1992 D. Buitron-Oliver, The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy, the Fifth Century B.C. Washington 1992.
  • Bumke 2004 H. Bumke, Statuarische Gruppen in der frühen griechischen Kunst. Berlin 2004.
  • Burn 2004 L. Burn, Hellenistic Art: from Alexander the Great to Augustus. London 2004.
  • Burr-Thompson 1952 D. Burr-Thompson, “Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas”. Hesperia 21/2 (1952) 116-164.
  • Burr-Thompson 1954 D. Burr-Thompson, “Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas: I, B and C”. Hesperia 23 (1954) 72-107.
  • Casson 1933 S. Casson, The Technique of Early Greek Sculpture. Oxford 1933.
  • Cook 1987 R. M. Cook, “Origins of Greek Sculpture”. JHS 87 (1987) 24-32.
  • Coldstream 1994 Coldstream, N., "Prospectors and pioneers: Pithekussai, Kyme and Central Italy". Eds. G.Tsetskhladze – F. D. Angelis, The archaeology of Greek colonisation: essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman 9, Oxford (1994) 47-60.
  • Croissant 1983 F. Croissant, Les protomés féminines archaïques, Recherches sur les représentations du visage dans la plastique grecque de 550 à 480 av. J.-C. Paris-Athènes 1983.
  • D'Agostino 2006 B. d'Agostino, “The First Greeks in Italy”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 201-238.
  • Davidson 1952 G. R. Davidson, Corinth XII. The Minor Objects. Princeton 1952.
  • Daux 1960 G. Daux, “Chronique des fouilles”. BCH 84/2 (1960) 617-874.
  • De La Genière 1998 J. De La Genière, “Claros. Bilan provisoire de dix campagnes de fouilles”. REA (1988) 383-397.
  • Deacy – Villing 2001 S. Deacy –A. Villing, “Athena Past And Present: An Introduction”. Eds. S. Deacy –A. Villing, Athena in the Classical World, Leiden (2001) 1-25.
  • Desborough 1972 V. R. D'A. Desborough, The Greek Dark Ages. London 1972.
  • Dewailly 1992 M. Dewailly, Les statuettes aux parures du sanctuaires de la Malophoros à Sélinonte. Naples 1992.
  • Dewailly 2001 M. Dewailly, “Le sanctuaire d’Apollon à Claros: Place et fonction des dieux d’après leurs images”. MÉFRA 113-1 (2001) 365-382.
  • Doğan-Gürbüzer 2012 E. Doğan-Gürbüzer, Klaros Kazılarında Bulunmuş Olan Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Kültler Açısından Değerlendirilmeleri. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi. İzmir 2012.
  • Doğan-Gürbüzer 2016 E. Doğan-Gürbüzer, “Terracotta Figurines with Stringed Instruments from Claros”. Eds. A. Belia – C. Marconi, Musicians in Coroplastic Art. Iconography, Ritual Context and Functions. Roma (2016) 73-83.
  • Doğer 2009 E. Doğer, Roma Heykeltıraşlığı. İzmir 2009.
  • Dufková 1974 M. Dufková, Kyme Vol. 1. The Anatolian Collection of Charles University. Prag 1974.
  • Durugönül 2018 S. Durugönül, Heykeller Konuşabilseydi. Antik Yunan Heykeltıraşlık Sanatına Toplumsal Açıdan Bir Bakış. Ankara 2018.
  • Elderkin 1930 K. Elderkin, “Jointed Dolls in Antiquity”. AJA 34 (1930) 455-79.
  • Erlich 2015 A. Erlich, “Terracottas”. Eds: E. A. Friedland – M. Grunow, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture. New York (2015) 155-172.
  • Fischer 2008 M. Fischer, The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Calgary. Alberta 2008.
  • Flashar 1992 M. Flashar, Apollon Kitharodos. Statuarische Typen des musischen Apollon. Köln 1992.
  • Fuchs 1979 W. Fuchs, Die Skulptur de Griechen. München 1979.
  • Fullerton 2016 M. Fullerton, Greek Sculpture. London 2016
  • Furtwängler 1895 A. Furtwängler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture: a Series of Essays on the History of Art. London 1895.
  • Goldman 1940 H. Goldman, “The Acropolis of Halae”. Hesperia 9 (1940) 381-514.
  • Greco 2006 E.A. Greco, “Greek Colonisation in southern Italy: A Methodological Essay”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 169-200.
  • Guggisberg 1988 M. A. Guggisberg, “Terrakotten von Argos Ein Fundcomplex aus dem Theater”. BCH 112 (1988) 167-234.
  • Hadzisteliou-Price 1978 T. Hadzisteliou-Price, Kourotrophos. Cults and Representation of the Greek Nursing Deities. Leiden 1978
  • Hägg 1995 R. Hägg, “State and Religion in Mycenaean Greece”. Eds. R. Laffineur – W. D. Niemeier, Politeia. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut 10-13 April 1994/2, (Aegaeum 12). Liége (1995) 387-390.
  • Hallett 2015 C. H. Hallett, “Defining Roman Art”. Ed. B. Borg, A Companion to Roman Art. Oxford (2015) 11-32.
  • Hayden 1991 B. J. Hayden, “Terracotta Figures, Figurines, and Vase Attachments from Vrokastro, Crete”. Hesperia 60/1(1991) 103-144.
  • Havelock 1995 C. M. Havelock, The Aphrodite of Knidos and her successors: A historical review of the female nude in Greek art. Michigan 1995.
  • Hedrick 1988 W. Jr. Hedrick, “The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens”. AJA 92 (1988) 185-210.
  • Heilmeyer 1972 W. D. Heilmeyer, Frühe olympische Tonfiguren, Olympische Forschungen. Berlin 1972.
  • Higgins 1967 R. A. Higgins, Greek Terracottas. London 1978.
  • Higgins 1969 R. A. Higgins, Catalogue of the Terracottas in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities British Museum. Volume I-II. Greek: 730-330 B.C. London 1969.
  • Higgins 1986 R. A. Higgins, Tanagra The Figurines. New Jersey 1986.
  • Huseycom 2000 S. Huseykom, “Un kouros en terre cuite d’origine ionienne à Thasos. Production et diffusion d’une série”. Eds. F. Blondé – A. Muller, L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne, Les productions, les diffusions. Actes du Colloque de Lyon, Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, décembre 1998. Lyon (2000) 107-126.
  • Huseykom-Haxhi – Muller 2017
  • S. Huseykom-Haxhi – A. Muller, “Coroplastic production in the archaic era”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni et al., Figurines. A Microcomos of Clay, Exhibition Catalogue. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki (2017) 57-60.
  • Işık 1980 F. Işık, Die Koroplastik von Theangela in Karien und Ihre Beziehungen zu Ostionien (zwishen 560 und 270 v. Chr.). IstMitt Beiheft 21. Tübingen 1980.
  • Işık 1998 F. Işık, “Yunan Mucizesi Var mıydı?”. Adalya 3 (1998) 13-26.
  • Işık 2004 F. Işık “Zur anatolischen Athena im Lichte der Athena Ergane von Ilion und der Athena Nikephoros von Pergamon”. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 54 (2004) 507-518.
  • Işın 2007 G. Işın, Patara Terrakottaları. Hellenistik ve Erken Roma Dönemleri, Patara V.1. İstanbul 2007.
  • Jarosh 1994 V. Jarosh, Samische Tonfiguren. des 10. bis 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. aus dem Heraion von Samos. Bonn 1994.
  • Jenkins 1936 R. J. H. Jenkins, Dedalica: A Study of Dorian Plastic Art in the Seventh Century B.C. Cambridge 1936.
  • Jung 1982 H. Jung, Thronende und sitzende Götter. Zum griechischen Menschenideal in geometrischer und früharchaischer Zeit. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke. Reihe Klassische Archäologie, 17. Bonn 1982.
  • Karageorghis 1999 J. Karageorghis, The Coroplastic Art Of Ancient Cyprus V. (b) The Cypro-Archaic Period. Small Female Figurines B. Figurines Moulées. Nicosia 1999.
  • Karakasi 2003 K. Karakasi, Archaic Korai. Los Angeles 2003.
  • Kasapoğlu 2018 H. Kasapoğlu "X. Parion Theater Terracotta Figurines". Eds. C. Başaran – H. E. Ergürer, Roman Theater Of Parion- Excavations, Architecture and Finds from 2006-2015 Campaigns. Ankara (2018) 237-276.
  • Kassab-Tezgör 2003 D. Kassab-Tezgör, “Myrina et Alexandrie”. Tanagra. Mythe et Archéologie. Cairo (2003) 242-247.
  • Kilian 1981 K. Kilian, "Zeugnisse mykenischer Kultausübung in Tiryns". Eds. R. Hägg – N. Marinatos, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the First International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 12-13 May, 1980. Stockholm (1981) 49-58.
  • Koukouvou 2017 A. Koukouvou, “Terracotta figurines. Craftsmen and workshops”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni, A. Koukouvou, O. Palli, E. Stefani – E. Zografou, Figurines. A Microcosmos of Clay, Catalogur of the temproroy exhibition at the Archaeolohgical Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki 2017.
  • Köster 1926 A. Köster, Die Griechischen Terrakotten. Berlin 1926.
  • Landolfi 1987 M. Landolfi, “La stipe votiva del santuario di Zeus”. Studi su Iasos di Caria. Venticinque Anni di Scavi della Missione Archeologica Italiana, BdA suppl. 31-32 (1985) 59-66.
  • Langlotz – Hirmer 1965 E. Langlotz – M. Hirmer, Ancient Greek Sculpture of South Italy and Sicily. New York 1965.
  • Laumonier 1956 A. Laumonier, Exploration archéologique de Délos XXIII. Les figurines de terre cuite. Paris 1956.
  • Linfert 1983 A. Linfert, “Der Apollon von Daphne des Bryaxis”. DaM 1 (1983) 165-173.
  • Marantidou 2009 P. Marantidou, “The Standing Draped Female Figure in the Archaic Art of Cyprus and the Eastern Aegean: A Comparative Study”. Eds. V. Karageorghis – O. Kouka, Cyprus and the East Aegean. Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC. An International Archaeological Symposium held at Samos Pythagoreion, October 17th-18th 2008. Nicosia (2009) 171-188.
  • Mendel 1914 G. Mendel, Catalogue des Sculptures III. Paris 1914.
  • Merker 2000 G. S. Merker, The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. Terracotta Figurines of the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods Corinth 18-4. New Jersey 2000.
  • Mellink 1969 M. J. Mellink, “Archaeology in Asia Minor”. AJA 73/2 (1969) 203-227.
  • Miller-Ammerman 1987 R. Miller-Ammerman, "Stulitai in Magna Graecia: A coroplastic contribution to the history of columnar statue bases". Rivista di Archeologia 11 (1982) 25-33.
  • Miller-Ammerman 1991 R. Miller-Ammerman, "The Naked Standing Goddess: A Group of Archaic Terracotta Figurines from the Sanctuary in the località Santa Venera at Paestum". AJA 95 (1991) 203-230.
  • Mollard-Besques 1972 S. Mollard-Besques, Musée national du Louvre, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs, étrrusques et romains III, Époques Hellénistique et romaine. Gréce et Asie Mineure. Paris 1972.
  • Monloup 1984 T. Monloup, Salamine de Chypre XII. Les Figurines de Terres Cuites de Tradition Arhaïque. Bruxelles 1984.
  • Morris 1992 S. P. Morris, Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton 1992.
  • Muller 2000 A. Muller, “Artisans, techniques de production et diffusion: le cas de la coroplathie”. Eds. F. Blondé – A. Muller, L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne: les productions, les diffusions, Collection UL3. Lille (2000) 91-106.
  • Muller 2009 A. Muller, “Le tout et la partie. Encore les protomés: dédicataires ou dédicantes?”. Eds. Cl. Prétre – S. Huysecom-Haxhi, Le donateur, l'offrande et la déesse, Kernos Suppl. 23. (2009) 81-95.
  • Neer 2010 R. Neer, The Emergence of the Classical Style in Greek Sculpture. London 2010.
  • Olsen 1988 B. A. Olsen, “Women, Children and the Family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaean Constructions of Gender”. World Archaeology 29/3 (1988) 380-392.
  • Osborne 1998 R. Osborne, Archaic and Classical Greek Art. Oxford 1998.
  • Özgan 1978 R. Özgan, Untersuchungen zur archaischen Plastik Ioniens. Bonn 1978.
  • Özgan 2016 R. Özgan, Hellenistik Dönem Heykeltıraşlığı 1: Büyük İskender’den Diadochlar Sonrasına. İstanbul 2016.
  • Özgan 2018 R. Özgan, Roma Portre Sanatı 1. İstanbul 2018.
  • Özyiğit 1992 Ö. Özyiğit, “Efes Müzesindeki Arkaik Dönem Sonu Buluntuları”. Arkeoloji-Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 6 (1992) 91-106.
  • Palagia 1992 O. Palagia, "The Development of the Classical Style in Athens in the Fifth Century B.C.". Ed. D. Buitron-Oliver. The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy. The Fifith century BC. Washington (1992) 23-30.
  • Palumbo 1986 M. R. Palumbo, Le Terrecotte Figurate di Tipo Greco. In Daunia, Peucezia e Messapia. Galtina 1986.
  • Pfeiff 1943 K. A. Pfeiff, Apollon. Die Wandlung Seines Bildes in der Griechischen Kunst. Frankfurt am Main 1943.
  • Pritchard 1943 J. B. Pritchard, Palestinian figurines in relation to certain goddesses known through literature. New Haven 1943.
  • Picazo 2008 M. Picazo, “Greek terracotta figurines: images and representations of everyday life”. Eds. S. Montón-Subiás – M. Sánchez-Romero, Engendering Social Dynamics: The Archaeology of Maintenance Activities, BAR International Series 1862. Oxford (2008) 57-64.
  • Pisani 2006 M. Pisani, “The Collection of Terracotta Figurines in the Museum of the British School at Athens”. BSA 101(2006) 269-368.
  • Pollitt 1990 J. J. Pollitt, The Art of Ancient Greece: Sources and Documents. Cambridge1990.
  • Pollitt 1992 J.J. Pollit, “Art, Politics, and Thought in Classical Greece”. Ed. D. Buitron-Oliver. The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy. The Fifith century BC. Washington (1992), 31-44
  • Pottier – Reinach 1886 E. Pottier – S. Reinach, La necropolé de Myrina. Paris 1886.
  • Prost 1999 F. Prost , “La statue cultuelle d’Apollon à Délos”. REG 112 (1999) 37-60.
  • Reilly 1997 J. Reilly "Naked and limbless. Learning about the Feminine Body in Ancient Athens". Eds. A. O. Koloski-Ostrow – C. L. Lyons, Naked truths: women, sexuality, and gender in classical art and archaeology. London (1997) 154-173.
  • Richter 1960 G. M. A. Richter, Greek Portaits. III. How Were Likenesses Transmitted in Ancient Times? Small Portraits and Near-Portraits in Terracotta, Greek and Roman. Brussels 1960.
  • Richter 1968 G. M. A. Richter, Korai. Archaic Greek Maidens, A Study of the Development of the Kore Type in Greek Sculpture. New York 1968.
  • Richter 1970 G. M. A. Richter, Sculpture and Sculptors4. New Haven 1970.
  • Ridgway 1993 R. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture2. Chicago 1993.
  • Ridgway 2006 D. Ridgway, “Early Greek Imports in Sardegna”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 239-252
  • Roebuck 1959 C. Roebuck, Ionian Trade and Colonisation. New York 1959.
  • Rohimiopoulu 2017 K. Rohimiopoulu, “Akanthos, Figurines from the Coastal Cemetery”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni, et al., Figurines. A Microcomos of Clay, exhibition catalogue. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki (2017) 57-60.
  • Robinson 1933 D. M. Robinson, Excavation at Olynthus. Part VII: The Terracottas of Olynthus found in 1931. Batimore 1933.
  • Rohde 1969 E. Rohde, Griechische Terrakotten. Tubingen 1969.
  • Roccos 1989 L. J. Roccos, “Apollo Palatinus: The Augustan Apollo on the Sorrento Base”. AJA 93 (1989) 571-588.
  • Schuchhardt 1974 W. H. Schuchhardt, "Korinthische Beute in Pergamon". Melanges Mansel. Ankara (1974) 13-24.
  • Salapata 2015 G. Salapata, "Terracotta Votive Offerings in Sets or Groups". Eds. S. Huseykom-Haxhi – A. Muller, Figurines grecques en context: Présence muette dans le sanctuaire, la tombe et la maison. Villeneuve d’Ascq (2015)179-197.
  • Schertz et al. 2017 P. Schertz, P. Hatchfield, R. Newman, R. Pisano, R. Gupta – B. Reichardt, Made From Life: A Roman Terracotta Portrait In The Museum of Fine Arts. Boston 2017.
  • Stillwell 1952 A. N. Stillwell, Corinth XV The potters’ quarter: The terracottas. New Jersey 1952.
  • Spivey 2013 N. Spivey, Greek Sculpture. New York 2013.
  • Stewart 1990 A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An exploration. New Haven 1990.
  • Szabo 1994 M. Szabo, Archaic Terracottas of Boeotia. Rome 1994.
  • Şahin 1992 N. Şahin, “Les terre cuites du sondage 1a”. Eds. J. de La Genière, M. Amandry, L. Delattre, J. Rougetet, N. Şahin – M. Schwaller, Cahiers de Claros I. Paris (1992) 51-64.
  • Şahin 2005 M. Şahin, “Terrakotten aus Knidos: Erste Ergebnisse Die Kulte auf der Rundtempelterrasse”. IstMitt 55 (2005) 65-93.
  • Şakar 2015 G. Şakar, “Smyrna Antik Kenti’nde Bulunan Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler: Yeni Buluntular”. Eds: A. Ersoy – G. Şakar, Smyrna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları, I. Çalıştay Bildirileri. İstanbul (2015) 217-232.
  • Themelis 1998 P. G. Themelis, “The Sanctuary of Demeter and Dioscouri at Messene”. Ed. R. Hägg, Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence, International Seminar held at the Swedish Institute at Athens 22-24 October 1993. Stockholm (1998) 157-186.
  • Tuchelt 1970 K. Tuchelt, Archaischen Skulpturen von Didyma. Berlin 1970.
  • Töpperwein 1976 E. Töpperwein, Terrakotten von Pergamon. Berlin 1976.
  • Uhlenbrock 1989 J. P. Uhlenbrock, The Terracotta Protomai from Gela: A Discussion of Local Style in Archaic Sicily. Roma 1989.
  • Walbank et al. 1984 Walbank, F., Astin, A., Frederiksen, M., & Ogilvie, R. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 7, Part 1: The Hellenistic World2. Cambridge 1984
  • Whitley 2018 A. J. M. Whitley, “Near Eastern art in the Iron Age Mediterranean”. Ed. C. Ann, A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley-Blackwell (2018) 585-612.
  • Von Graeve 2007 V. Von Graeve, “2006 Yılı Milet Çalışmaları”. KST 29/3 (2007) 343-360.
  • Von March 2012 E. Von March, Greek Sculpture: Its Spirit and Principles. New York 2012.
  • Zimmerman 1989 J. L. Zimmerman, Les chevaux de bronze dans l'art geometrique grec. Mainz 1989.

Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?

Year 2019, Volume: 7, 299 - 331, 30.06.2019

Elçin Doğan Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201912

Abstract

Antikçağ insanının
kendini gerçeğe en yakın şekil­de ifade edebildiği alan plastik sanattır. Söz
konusu alan­da mermer heykeller ve pişmiş toprak figürinler özel bir öneme
sahiptir. Kilden üretilmiş olan figürin­ler, Ege coğrafyasında en erken üç
boyutlu insan betim­leri olarak karşımıza çıkar. MÖ VII. yüzyılın ortalarıyla
birlikte bilim ve sanattaki bilginin ve estetik anlayışın gelişimine paralel
olarak, heykeltıraşlar kireçtaşı ve mer­me­ri gerçek boyutlarda insan figürleri
oluşturmak için kullanmışlardır. Bu dönemden antikçağın sonuna dek anıtsal
heykeltıraşlık eserleri, dinsel ve sosyal açı­dan en güçlü ve zengin
betimlemelerden biri olmuştur. Pişmiş toprak figürinler de büyük mermer eserler
ile aynı kronolojiyi paylaşır. Buna karşın iki sanat dalı ara­sında işlevsel,
anlamsal ve sınıfsal farklar bulunmakta­dır. İşlevsel ve teknik açıdan aradaki
büyük farklılıklara rağmen tipolojik ortaklıklar iki alan arasındaki etkile­şimi
ortaya koyar. Bu etkileşimin özelliklerini net bir şekilde anlamak için heykel
ve pişmiş toprak figürin tip­lerinin gelişimleri dönemsel olarak
irdelenmelidir. Tarihsel süreçte, pişmiş toprak figürin ve heykel sanatı
arasında stile öncülük etme noktasında bir rol değişimi olduğu görülmektedir.
Belli dönemlerde anıtsal heykel­lerin izlerini taşıyan koroplastik eserler kimi
zaman hey­kel sanatının gündemini de belirlemiştir. Böylece piş­miş toprak
figürinler tip, ikonografi ve işlev açısın­dan kendi dinamiklerine sahip
eserler olarak antikçağ insanını ve onun yaşamını anlamada önemli bir role
sahip olmuştur.

Keywords

Heykel Figürin Plastik Sanat Koroplastik

References

  • Albertocchi 2000 M. Albertocchi, “Le terrecotte di Athena Lindia: il problema dell’influsso ionico nella creazione di un tipo coroplastico”. Eds. F. Krinzinger – V. Gassner, Atti del Convegno: Die Ägäis und das westliche Mittelmeer. Beziehungen und Wechselwirkungen 8. bis 5.Jh. v.Chr. Vienna (1999) 349-356.
  • Alroth 1989 B. Alroth, Greek Gods and Figurines: Aspects of the Anthropomorphic Dedications. Upsala 1989.
  • Atik 2004 N. Atik, “Tekirdağ Karaevlialtı Pişmiş Toprak Figürinleri”. Eds. T. Korkut, H. İşkan – G. Işın, 60 Yaşında Fahri Işık’a Armağan-Anadolu’da Doğdu. İstanbul (2004) 43-53
  • Averett 2007 E. W. Averett, Dedications in Clay: Terracotta Figurines in Early Iron Age Greece (c. 1100– 700 BCE). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Missouri. Columbia 2007.
  • Barr-Sharrar 1993 B. Barr-Sharrar, “Earth and Water: Early Traditions and Uses of Ancient Greek Clay”. Harvard University Art Museums 1/3 (1993) 29-38.
  • Barletta 1987 B. A. Barletta, “The Draped Kouros Type and the Workshop of the Syracuse Youth”. AJA 91/2 (1987) 233-246.
  • Barfoed 2013 S. Barfoed, “The Mystery of the Seated Goddess. Archaic Terracotta Figurines of the Northeastern Peloponnese”. ActaHyp 13 (2013) 85-105.
  • Bayburtoğlu 1977 C. Bayburtoğlu, Pişmiş Toprak Eserler, Erythrai II. Ankara 1977.
  • Bell 1981 M. Bell, The Terracottas (Morgantina Studies I). Princeton 1981.
  • Besques 1986 S. Besques, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs étrusques et romains. IV. 1. Epoques hellénistique et romaine, Italie méridionale, Sicile, Sardaigne. Paris 1986.
  • Blinkenberg 1931 Ch. Blinkenberg, Lindos. Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914. I. Les Petits Objets. Paris 1931.
  • Blume 2010 C. Blume, “When Colour Tells a Story – The Polychromy of Hellenistic Sculpture and Terracottas”. Eds. V. Brinkmann, O. Primavesi – H. Hollein, Circumlitio. The Polychromy of Antique and Mediaveal Sculpture. Proceedings of the Johann David Passavant Colloquium, 10-13 December. München (2010) 240-257.
  • Boardman 1996 J. Boardman, Greek Art. New York 1996.
  • Boardman 1999 J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas. The early colonies and trade4. New York 1999.
  • Boardman 2001 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Arkaik Dönem. Çev. Y. Ersoy. İstanbul 2001.
  • Boardman 2005 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Klasik Dönem. Çev. G. Ergin. İstanbul 2005.
  • Boardman 2014 J. Boardman, Yunan Heykeli. Geç Klasik Dönem. Çev. G. Ergin. İstanbul 2014.
  • Böhm 1990 S. Böhm, Die 'nackte Göttin': zur Ikonographie und Deutung unbekleideter weiblicher Figuren in der frühgriechischen Kunst. Mainz 1990.
  • Brøns 2017 C. Brøns, Gods and Garments: Textiles in Greek Sanctuaries in the 7th to the 1st Centuries BC., Oxford 2017.
  • Buitron-Oliver 1992 D. Buitron-Oliver, The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy, the Fifth Century B.C. Washington 1992.
  • Bumke 2004 H. Bumke, Statuarische Gruppen in der frühen griechischen Kunst. Berlin 2004.
  • Burn 2004 L. Burn, Hellenistic Art: from Alexander the Great to Augustus. London 2004.
  • Burr-Thompson 1952 D. Burr-Thompson, “Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas”. Hesperia 21/2 (1952) 116-164.
  • Burr-Thompson 1954 D. Burr-Thompson, “Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas: I, B and C”. Hesperia 23 (1954) 72-107.
  • Casson 1933 S. Casson, The Technique of Early Greek Sculpture. Oxford 1933.
  • Cook 1987 R. M. Cook, “Origins of Greek Sculpture”. JHS 87 (1987) 24-32.
  • Coldstream 1994 Coldstream, N., "Prospectors and pioneers: Pithekussai, Kyme and Central Italy". Eds. G.Tsetskhladze – F. D. Angelis, The archaeology of Greek colonisation: essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman 9, Oxford (1994) 47-60.
  • Croissant 1983 F. Croissant, Les protomés féminines archaïques, Recherches sur les représentations du visage dans la plastique grecque de 550 à 480 av. J.-C. Paris-Athènes 1983.
  • D'Agostino 2006 B. d'Agostino, “The First Greeks in Italy”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 201-238.
  • Davidson 1952 G. R. Davidson, Corinth XII. The Minor Objects. Princeton 1952.
  • Daux 1960 G. Daux, “Chronique des fouilles”. BCH 84/2 (1960) 617-874.
  • De La Genière 1998 J. De La Genière, “Claros. Bilan provisoire de dix campagnes de fouilles”. REA (1988) 383-397.
  • Deacy – Villing 2001 S. Deacy –A. Villing, “Athena Past And Present: An Introduction”. Eds. S. Deacy –A. Villing, Athena in the Classical World, Leiden (2001) 1-25.
  • Desborough 1972 V. R. D'A. Desborough, The Greek Dark Ages. London 1972.
  • Dewailly 1992 M. Dewailly, Les statuettes aux parures du sanctuaires de la Malophoros à Sélinonte. Naples 1992.
  • Dewailly 2001 M. Dewailly, “Le sanctuaire d’Apollon à Claros: Place et fonction des dieux d’après leurs images”. MÉFRA 113-1 (2001) 365-382.
  • Doğan-Gürbüzer 2012 E. Doğan-Gürbüzer, Klaros Kazılarında Bulunmuş Olan Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Kültler Açısından Değerlendirilmeleri. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi. İzmir 2012.
  • Doğan-Gürbüzer 2016 E. Doğan-Gürbüzer, “Terracotta Figurines with Stringed Instruments from Claros”. Eds. A. Belia – C. Marconi, Musicians in Coroplastic Art. Iconography, Ritual Context and Functions. Roma (2016) 73-83.
  • Doğer 2009 E. Doğer, Roma Heykeltıraşlığı. İzmir 2009.
  • Dufková 1974 M. Dufková, Kyme Vol. 1. The Anatolian Collection of Charles University. Prag 1974.
  • Durugönül 2018 S. Durugönül, Heykeller Konuşabilseydi. Antik Yunan Heykeltıraşlık Sanatına Toplumsal Açıdan Bir Bakış. Ankara 2018.
  • Elderkin 1930 K. Elderkin, “Jointed Dolls in Antiquity”. AJA 34 (1930) 455-79.
  • Erlich 2015 A. Erlich, “Terracottas”. Eds: E. A. Friedland – M. Grunow, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture. New York (2015) 155-172.
  • Fischer 2008 M. Fischer, The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Calgary. Alberta 2008.
  • Flashar 1992 M. Flashar, Apollon Kitharodos. Statuarische Typen des musischen Apollon. Köln 1992.
  • Fuchs 1979 W. Fuchs, Die Skulptur de Griechen. München 1979.
  • Fullerton 2016 M. Fullerton, Greek Sculpture. London 2016
  • Furtwängler 1895 A. Furtwängler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture: a Series of Essays on the History of Art. London 1895.
  • Goldman 1940 H. Goldman, “The Acropolis of Halae”. Hesperia 9 (1940) 381-514.
  • Greco 2006 E.A. Greco, “Greek Colonisation in southern Italy: A Methodological Essay”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 169-200.
  • Guggisberg 1988 M. A. Guggisberg, “Terrakotten von Argos Ein Fundcomplex aus dem Theater”. BCH 112 (1988) 167-234.
  • Hadzisteliou-Price 1978 T. Hadzisteliou-Price, Kourotrophos. Cults and Representation of the Greek Nursing Deities. Leiden 1978
  • Hägg 1995 R. Hägg, “State and Religion in Mycenaean Greece”. Eds. R. Laffineur – W. D. Niemeier, Politeia. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut 10-13 April 1994/2, (Aegaeum 12). Liége (1995) 387-390.
  • Hallett 2015 C. H. Hallett, “Defining Roman Art”. Ed. B. Borg, A Companion to Roman Art. Oxford (2015) 11-32.
  • Hayden 1991 B. J. Hayden, “Terracotta Figures, Figurines, and Vase Attachments from Vrokastro, Crete”. Hesperia 60/1(1991) 103-144.
  • Havelock 1995 C. M. Havelock, The Aphrodite of Knidos and her successors: A historical review of the female nude in Greek art. Michigan 1995.
  • Hedrick 1988 W. Jr. Hedrick, “The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens”. AJA 92 (1988) 185-210.
  • Heilmeyer 1972 W. D. Heilmeyer, Frühe olympische Tonfiguren, Olympische Forschungen. Berlin 1972.
  • Higgins 1967 R. A. Higgins, Greek Terracottas. London 1978.
  • Higgins 1969 R. A. Higgins, Catalogue of the Terracottas in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities British Museum. Volume I-II. Greek: 730-330 B.C. London 1969.
  • Higgins 1986 R. A. Higgins, Tanagra The Figurines. New Jersey 1986.
  • Huseycom 2000 S. Huseykom, “Un kouros en terre cuite d’origine ionienne à Thasos. Production et diffusion d’une série”. Eds. F. Blondé – A. Muller, L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne, Les productions, les diffusions. Actes du Colloque de Lyon, Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, décembre 1998. Lyon (2000) 107-126.
  • Huseykom-Haxhi – Muller 2017
  • S. Huseykom-Haxhi – A. Muller, “Coroplastic production in the archaic era”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni et al., Figurines. A Microcomos of Clay, Exhibition Catalogue. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki (2017) 57-60.
  • Işık 1980 F. Işık, Die Koroplastik von Theangela in Karien und Ihre Beziehungen zu Ostionien (zwishen 560 und 270 v. Chr.). IstMitt Beiheft 21. Tübingen 1980.
  • Işık 1998 F. Işık, “Yunan Mucizesi Var mıydı?”. Adalya 3 (1998) 13-26.
  • Işık 2004 F. Işık “Zur anatolischen Athena im Lichte der Athena Ergane von Ilion und der Athena Nikephoros von Pergamon”. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 54 (2004) 507-518.
  • Işın 2007 G. Işın, Patara Terrakottaları. Hellenistik ve Erken Roma Dönemleri, Patara V.1. İstanbul 2007.
  • Jarosh 1994 V. Jarosh, Samische Tonfiguren. des 10. bis 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. aus dem Heraion von Samos. Bonn 1994.
  • Jenkins 1936 R. J. H. Jenkins, Dedalica: A Study of Dorian Plastic Art in the Seventh Century B.C. Cambridge 1936.
  • Jung 1982 H. Jung, Thronende und sitzende Götter. Zum griechischen Menschenideal in geometrischer und früharchaischer Zeit. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke. Reihe Klassische Archäologie, 17. Bonn 1982.
  • Karageorghis 1999 J. Karageorghis, The Coroplastic Art Of Ancient Cyprus V. (b) The Cypro-Archaic Period. Small Female Figurines B. Figurines Moulées. Nicosia 1999.
  • Karakasi 2003 K. Karakasi, Archaic Korai. Los Angeles 2003.
  • Kasapoğlu 2018 H. Kasapoğlu "X. Parion Theater Terracotta Figurines". Eds. C. Başaran – H. E. Ergürer, Roman Theater Of Parion- Excavations, Architecture and Finds from 2006-2015 Campaigns. Ankara (2018) 237-276.
  • Kassab-Tezgör 2003 D. Kassab-Tezgör, “Myrina et Alexandrie”. Tanagra. Mythe et Archéologie. Cairo (2003) 242-247.
  • Kilian 1981 K. Kilian, "Zeugnisse mykenischer Kultausübung in Tiryns". Eds. R. Hägg – N. Marinatos, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the First International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 12-13 May, 1980. Stockholm (1981) 49-58.
  • Koukouvou 2017 A. Koukouvou, “Terracotta figurines. Craftsmen and workshops”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni, A. Koukouvou, O. Palli, E. Stefani – E. Zografou, Figurines. A Microcosmos of Clay, Catalogur of the temproroy exhibition at the Archaeolohgical Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki 2017.
  • Köster 1926 A. Köster, Die Griechischen Terrakotten. Berlin 1926.
  • Landolfi 1987 M. Landolfi, “La stipe votiva del santuario di Zeus”. Studi su Iasos di Caria. Venticinque Anni di Scavi della Missione Archeologica Italiana, BdA suppl. 31-32 (1985) 59-66.
  • Langlotz – Hirmer 1965 E. Langlotz – M. Hirmer, Ancient Greek Sculpture of South Italy and Sicily. New York 1965.
  • Laumonier 1956 A. Laumonier, Exploration archéologique de Délos XXIII. Les figurines de terre cuite. Paris 1956.
  • Linfert 1983 A. Linfert, “Der Apollon von Daphne des Bryaxis”. DaM 1 (1983) 165-173.
  • Marantidou 2009 P. Marantidou, “The Standing Draped Female Figure in the Archaic Art of Cyprus and the Eastern Aegean: A Comparative Study”. Eds. V. Karageorghis – O. Kouka, Cyprus and the East Aegean. Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC. An International Archaeological Symposium held at Samos Pythagoreion, October 17th-18th 2008. Nicosia (2009) 171-188.
  • Mendel 1914 G. Mendel, Catalogue des Sculptures III. Paris 1914.
  • Merker 2000 G. S. Merker, The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. Terracotta Figurines of the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods Corinth 18-4. New Jersey 2000.
  • Mellink 1969 M. J. Mellink, “Archaeology in Asia Minor”. AJA 73/2 (1969) 203-227.
  • Miller-Ammerman 1987 R. Miller-Ammerman, "Stulitai in Magna Graecia: A coroplastic contribution to the history of columnar statue bases". Rivista di Archeologia 11 (1982) 25-33.
  • Miller-Ammerman 1991 R. Miller-Ammerman, "The Naked Standing Goddess: A Group of Archaic Terracotta Figurines from the Sanctuary in the località Santa Venera at Paestum". AJA 95 (1991) 203-230.
  • Mollard-Besques 1972 S. Mollard-Besques, Musée national du Louvre, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs, étrrusques et romains III, Époques Hellénistique et romaine. Gréce et Asie Mineure. Paris 1972.
  • Monloup 1984 T. Monloup, Salamine de Chypre XII. Les Figurines de Terres Cuites de Tradition Arhaïque. Bruxelles 1984.
  • Morris 1992 S. P. Morris, Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton 1992.
  • Muller 2000 A. Muller, “Artisans, techniques de production et diffusion: le cas de la coroplathie”. Eds. F. Blondé – A. Muller, L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne: les productions, les diffusions, Collection UL3. Lille (2000) 91-106.
  • Muller 2009 A. Muller, “Le tout et la partie. Encore les protomés: dédicataires ou dédicantes?”. Eds. Cl. Prétre – S. Huysecom-Haxhi, Le donateur, l'offrande et la déesse, Kernos Suppl. 23. (2009) 81-95.
  • Neer 2010 R. Neer, The Emergence of the Classical Style in Greek Sculpture. London 2010.
  • Olsen 1988 B. A. Olsen, “Women, Children and the Family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaean Constructions of Gender”. World Archaeology 29/3 (1988) 380-392.
  • Osborne 1998 R. Osborne, Archaic and Classical Greek Art. Oxford 1998.
  • Özgan 1978 R. Özgan, Untersuchungen zur archaischen Plastik Ioniens. Bonn 1978.
  • Özgan 2016 R. Özgan, Hellenistik Dönem Heykeltıraşlığı 1: Büyük İskender’den Diadochlar Sonrasına. İstanbul 2016.
  • Özgan 2018 R. Özgan, Roma Portre Sanatı 1. İstanbul 2018.
  • Özyiğit 1992 Ö. Özyiğit, “Efes Müzesindeki Arkaik Dönem Sonu Buluntuları”. Arkeoloji-Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 6 (1992) 91-106.
  • Palagia 1992 O. Palagia, "The Development of the Classical Style in Athens in the Fifth Century B.C.". Ed. D. Buitron-Oliver. The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy. The Fifith century BC. Washington (1992) 23-30.
  • Palumbo 1986 M. R. Palumbo, Le Terrecotte Figurate di Tipo Greco. In Daunia, Peucezia e Messapia. Galtina 1986.
  • Pfeiff 1943 K. A. Pfeiff, Apollon. Die Wandlung Seines Bildes in der Griechischen Kunst. Frankfurt am Main 1943.
  • Pritchard 1943 J. B. Pritchard, Palestinian figurines in relation to certain goddesses known through literature. New Haven 1943.
  • Picazo 2008 M. Picazo, “Greek terracotta figurines: images and representations of everyday life”. Eds. S. Montón-Subiás – M. Sánchez-Romero, Engendering Social Dynamics: The Archaeology of Maintenance Activities, BAR International Series 1862. Oxford (2008) 57-64.
  • Pisani 2006 M. Pisani, “The Collection of Terracotta Figurines in the Museum of the British School at Athens”. BSA 101(2006) 269-368.
  • Pollitt 1990 J. J. Pollitt, The Art of Ancient Greece: Sources and Documents. Cambridge1990.
  • Pollitt 1992 J.J. Pollit, “Art, Politics, and Thought in Classical Greece”. Ed. D. Buitron-Oliver. The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy. The Fifith century BC. Washington (1992), 31-44
  • Pottier – Reinach 1886 E. Pottier – S. Reinach, La necropolé de Myrina. Paris 1886.
  • Prost 1999 F. Prost , “La statue cultuelle d’Apollon à Délos”. REG 112 (1999) 37-60.
  • Reilly 1997 J. Reilly "Naked and limbless. Learning about the Feminine Body in Ancient Athens". Eds. A. O. Koloski-Ostrow – C. L. Lyons, Naked truths: women, sexuality, and gender in classical art and archaeology. London (1997) 154-173.
  • Richter 1960 G. M. A. Richter, Greek Portaits. III. How Were Likenesses Transmitted in Ancient Times? Small Portraits and Near-Portraits in Terracotta, Greek and Roman. Brussels 1960.
  • Richter 1968 G. M. A. Richter, Korai. Archaic Greek Maidens, A Study of the Development of the Kore Type in Greek Sculpture. New York 1968.
  • Richter 1970 G. M. A. Richter, Sculpture and Sculptors4. New Haven 1970.
  • Ridgway 1993 R. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture2. Chicago 1993.
  • Ridgway 2006 D. Ridgway, “Early Greek Imports in Sardegna”. Ed. G.Tsetskhladze, Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume I. Brill, Leiden, (2006) 239-252
  • Roebuck 1959 C. Roebuck, Ionian Trade and Colonisation. New York 1959.
  • Rohimiopoulu 2017 K. Rohimiopoulu, “Akanthos, Figurines from the Coastal Cemetery”. Eds. P. Adam-Veleni, et al., Figurines. A Microcomos of Clay, exhibition catalogue. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki (2017) 57-60.
  • Robinson 1933 D. M. Robinson, Excavation at Olynthus. Part VII: The Terracottas of Olynthus found in 1931. Batimore 1933.
  • Rohde 1969 E. Rohde, Griechische Terrakotten. Tubingen 1969.
  • Roccos 1989 L. J. Roccos, “Apollo Palatinus: The Augustan Apollo on the Sorrento Base”. AJA 93 (1989) 571-588.
  • Schuchhardt 1974 W. H. Schuchhardt, "Korinthische Beute in Pergamon". Melanges Mansel. Ankara (1974) 13-24.
  • Salapata 2015 G. Salapata, "Terracotta Votive Offerings in Sets or Groups". Eds. S. Huseykom-Haxhi – A. Muller, Figurines grecques en context: Présence muette dans le sanctuaire, la tombe et la maison. Villeneuve d’Ascq (2015)179-197.
  • Schertz et al. 2017 P. Schertz, P. Hatchfield, R. Newman, R. Pisano, R. Gupta – B. Reichardt, Made From Life: A Roman Terracotta Portrait In The Museum of Fine Arts. Boston 2017.
  • Stillwell 1952 A. N. Stillwell, Corinth XV The potters’ quarter: The terracottas. New Jersey 1952.
  • Spivey 2013 N. Spivey, Greek Sculpture. New York 2013.
  • Stewart 1990 A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An exploration. New Haven 1990.
  • Szabo 1994 M. Szabo, Archaic Terracottas of Boeotia. Rome 1994.
  • Şahin 1992 N. Şahin, “Les terre cuites du sondage 1a”. Eds. J. de La Genière, M. Amandry, L. Delattre, J. Rougetet, N. Şahin – M. Schwaller, Cahiers de Claros I. Paris (1992) 51-64.
  • Şahin 2005 M. Şahin, “Terrakotten aus Knidos: Erste Ergebnisse Die Kulte auf der Rundtempelterrasse”. IstMitt 55 (2005) 65-93.
  • Şakar 2015 G. Şakar, “Smyrna Antik Kenti’nde Bulunan Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler: Yeni Buluntular”. Eds: A. Ersoy – G. Şakar, Smyrna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları, I. Çalıştay Bildirileri. İstanbul (2015) 217-232.
  • Themelis 1998 P. G. Themelis, “The Sanctuary of Demeter and Dioscouri at Messene”. Ed. R. Hägg, Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence, International Seminar held at the Swedish Institute at Athens 22-24 October 1993. Stockholm (1998) 157-186.
  • Tuchelt 1970 K. Tuchelt, Archaischen Skulpturen von Didyma. Berlin 1970.
  • Töpperwein 1976 E. Töpperwein, Terrakotten von Pergamon. Berlin 1976.
  • Uhlenbrock 1989 J. P. Uhlenbrock, The Terracotta Protomai from Gela: A Discussion of Local Style in Archaic Sicily. Roma 1989.
  • Walbank et al. 1984 Walbank, F., Astin, A., Frederiksen, M., & Ogilvie, R. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 7, Part 1: The Hellenistic World2. Cambridge 1984
  • Whitley 2018 A. J. M. Whitley, “Near Eastern art in the Iron Age Mediterranean”. Ed. C. Ann, A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley-Blackwell (2018) 585-612.
  • Von Graeve 2007 V. Von Graeve, “2006 Yılı Milet Çalışmaları”. KST 29/3 (2007) 343-360.
  • Von March 2012 E. Von March, Greek Sculpture: Its Spirit and Principles. New York 2012.
  • Zimmerman 1989 J. L. Zimmerman, Les chevaux de bronze dans l'art geometrique grec. Mainz 1989.
There are 140 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elçin Doğan Gürbüzer This is me 0000-0002-9047-8416

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Submission Date March 2, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 7

Cite

APA Doğan Gürbüzer, E. (2019). Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?. Cedrus, 7, 299-331. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201912
AMA Doğan Gürbüzer E. Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?. Cedrus. June 2019;7:299-331. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201912
Chicago Doğan Gürbüzer, Elçin. “Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler Ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?”. Cedrus 7, June (June 2019): 299-331. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201912.
EndNote Doğan Gürbüzer E (June 1, 2019) Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?. Cedrus 7 299–331.
IEEE E. Doğan Gürbüzer, “Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?”, Cedrus, vol. 7, pp. 299–331, 2019, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS.201912.
ISNAD Doğan Gürbüzer, Elçin. “Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler Ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?”. Cedrus 7 (June 2019), 299-331. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201912.
JAMA Doğan Gürbüzer E. Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?. Cedrus. 2019;7:299–331.
MLA Doğan Gürbüzer, Elçin. “Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler Ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?”. Cedrus, vol. 7, 2019, pp. 299-31, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201912.
Vancouver Doğan Gürbüzer E. Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?. Cedrus. 2019;7:299-331.
 Download Cover Image

The issue of the relevant year publishes a maximum of 25 articles, with article acceptance dates falling between 15th October and 1st May. As of October 2024, Cedrus will accept articles only in foreign languages.