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PATHOS IN PLATO’S THEORY OF THE SOUL

Year 2013, Volume: 1, 65 - 87, 01.06.2013
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677

Abstract

The meanings of pathos or other nouns derived from the verb paschein in Plato cannot be understood without considering the correlation between poiein to act and paschein to be acted upon that he sees as two basic motions kinēseis of the kosmos. Accordingly, pathos and its function in the human soul will be observed by focusing on the dynamis of the soul mainly in his three dialogues Phaedo, Republic and Timaeus which are devoted to examine the soul. These three dialogues reveal its negative and positive functions by showing how pathē plural of pathos are gradually added to the dynamis of the soul and making the meaning of pathos possible to follow in the context of pleasure, pain and kinēsis. Pathē are considered belonging to the body in Phaedo, the symptoms of the soul being affected by them are exhibited as pleasure and pain, whereby this approach prepares the way for the tripartite form eidos of soul. Then the symptom of feeling the pleasure and pain is determined as motion kinēsis in the soul in Republic, and this new determination results in putting forward the soul as the source of all motion in his subsequent dialogues. Finally, Plato rethinks the human soul in Timaeus by identifying completely with kinēsis and calling its passive motion as pathēma or pathos. The passive form divided into appetites and feelings in Timaeus leads to define a motion which occurs only in the soul independently from the body while feeling anger, fear, love, jealousy and the like mixed with pleasure and pain in Philebus. This definition will eventually lead to the definition of pathē in the meaning of ‘emotion’ in Aristotle.

References

  • AClass AJPh Arendt 19982 Acta classica.
  • C. Chamberlain, “The Meaning of Prohairesis in Aristotle's Ethics”. TAPhA 114, 147-157. C. H. Chen “Different Meanings of the Term Energeia in the Philosophy of Aristotle”. Ph&PhenR, 17, 1, (1956) 56-65.
  • M. Cummings, Metaphor and Emotion: Eros in the Greek Novel. (Doctoral dissertation), The University of Edinburgh. 2010 yılında şu adreste yayımlanmıştır: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4498
  • E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. (= Diogenes Laertios) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Lives of Eminent Philosophers. With an English translation by R. D. Hicks, vol. I-II. Cambridge, Mass.-London 200511 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Diogenes Laertios, Ünlü Filozofların Yaşamları ve Öğretileri. Çev.: C. Şentuna. İstanbul 2003.
  • M. Foucault, Cinselliğin Tarihi II. Çev.: H. Tufan. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları. Foucault 1988 Gal. PHP (= Galenus Medicus
  • De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Galen. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, ser. Corpus medicorum Graecorum. With an English translation by P. De Lacy, vol. V. 4. 1. 2, pts. 1-2. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, v. 1:1978; v. :1980 pp 1: 65-358; 2: 360-608.
  • J. Gordon, “Eros in Plato’s Timaeus”. Epoché, 9, 2, 255-278. W. V. Harris, Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. M. Heidegger, What is Philosophy? Trans. by J. T. Wilde and W. Kluback, Tübingen: Verlag Günther Neske Pfullingen (tıpkıbasım: Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2003). Hintikka 1973
  • J. Hintikka “Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato”. Ed. J. M. E. Moravcsik, Patterns in Plato’s Thought: Papers arising out of the 1971 West Coast
  • Greek Philosophy Conference. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, (1973) 1-30.
  • (= Hippocrates Medicus, Peri arkhaiēs iētrikēis = De prisca medicina) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: De Prisca Meidica. Ed. E. Littre, Ouvres Completes d’Hippokrate, vol. I. Paris 1839. (= Homeros, İlyada)
  • Kullanılan Metinler ve Çeviri: İlyada. Çev.: A. Erhat-A. Kadir. İstanbul TLG Hom. Od. (= Homeros, Odysseia) Kullanılan Metinler ve Çeviri: Odysseia. Çev.: A. Erhat-A. Kadir. İstanbul TLG M. Jammer, Concepts of Force: A Study in the Foundations of Dynamics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. C. H. Kahn, “Democritus and the Origins of Moral Psychology”. AJPh , 1 (1985) 1-31.
  • D. Konstan, The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press (tıpkıbasım: 2007). Ksen. Mem. (= Ksenophon , Memorabilia)
  • Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Xenophontis opera omnia. Ed. E. C. Merchant, vol. II. Oxford 1. Baskı: 1921, 2. Baskı: 1971. Miller 1952
  • H. W. Miller, “Dynamis and Physis in On Ancient Medicine”. TAPhA 83 (1952) 184-197.
  • A. Nehamas, Yaşama Sanatı Felsefesi: Platon’dan Foucault’ya Sokratik Düşünümler. Çev.: C. Soydemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. M. Oele, Aristotle on Pathos. (Doctoral dissertation), Loyola University Chicago. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses’ten alınmıştır (yayın numarası: 3280696).
  • Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. (= Plato Philosophus) Plat. Cra. (= Cratylus) Ly. (= Lysis) Phlb. (= Philebus) Prt. (= Protagoras) Symp. (= Symposium) Cri. (= Crito) Gorg. (= Gorgias) Men. (= Meneksenus) Phd. (= Phaedo) Plt. (= Politicus) Prm. (= Parmenides) R. (= Respublica) Tht. (= Theaetetus) Ti. (=Timaeus) Sph. (= Sophista) Kullanılan Metinler: TLG. (= Platon, Leges) Kullanılan Metin ve Çevirileri: Laws. With an English translation by R. G. Bury, vols. X-XI. Cambridge, Mass.-London, vols. X 20018, XI 20048
  • (The Loeb Classical Library). Yasalar (I-VI. Kitaplar). Çev.: C. Şentuna-S. Babür. İstanbul İstanbul: Ara Yayıncılık 1988. Plat. Phdr. (= Platon, Phaidros)
  • Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plato, Phaedrus. With an English translation by H. N. Fowler, vol. IX. Cambridge, Mass.-London 1925 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • J. Sallis, Chorology: On Beginning in Plato’s Timaeus. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. (= Sappho, fragmenta) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Supplementum Lyricis Graecis. Ed. D. L. Page. Oxford 1974, 87-97.
  • M. Scott, “Pity and Pathos in Homer”. AClass 22 (1979) 1-14.
  • R. C. Solomon, True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions are Really Telling Us. New York: Oxford University Press. V. S. Soloviev, Politics, Law, and Morality: Essays by V. S. Soloviev. Ed. and Trans. V. Wozniuk, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. J. Souilhé, Étude sur le terme δυναμις dans les dialogues de Platon. Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. CD-ROM, University of California, 2004.
  • F. Ünsal, Platon’da Aşk Kavramı. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitütüsü. G. Vlastos, Platonic Studies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. E. Voegelin, The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, 16: Order and History, : Plato and Aristotle. Ed. Dante Germino, Columbia - London: University of Missouri Press.

PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS

Year 2013, Volume: 1, 65 - 87, 01.06.2013
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677

Abstract

Platon’da pathos’un ya da paskhein fiilinden türe­yen diğer isimlerin anlamları, onun kosmos’un iki temel hareketi kinēseis olarak gördüğü poiein etkilemek ve paskhein etkilenmek arasındaki bağıntı dikkate alın­madan anlaşılamaz. Bu doğrultuda, pathos ve insan ruhundaki işlevi esas olarak Platon’un ruhu incelemeye ayırdığı üç söyleşisinde Phaidon, Politeia ve Timaios ruhun dynamis’ine poiein ve paskhein olanağı odak­lanarak izlenecektir. Bu üç söyleşi, pathos’ların ruhun dynamis’ine eklenmesini aşama aşama göstermeleri ve pathos’un haz, acı ve kinēsis’le ilgili anlamını izlemeyi olanaklı kılmaları bakımından onun olumlu ve olum­suz işlevlerini açığa çıkarır. Phaidon’da pathos’ların bedene ait olduğu düşünülürken, ruhun bunlardan etkilenmesinin belirtisi haz ve acı olarak ortaya koyulur ve bu sayede ruhun üçlü bir form eidos kazanmasının yolu açılır. Politeia’da ise haz ve acının belirtisi ruhta oluşan kinēsis olarak saptanır; bu yeni saptama sonraki söyleşilerde ruhun bütün hareketlerin kaynağı olarak öne sürülmesiyle sonuçlanır. Nihayet Platon, Timaios’ta insan ruhunu tümüyle kinēsis’le ilişkilendirerek yeni­den düşünür ve ruhun edilgen hareketine pathēma ya da pathos adını verir. Timaios’ta iştahlar ve duygular diye ikiye ayrılmış olan ruhun edilgen formu, Phile­bos’ta öfke, korku, aşk, kıskançlık gibi duygular için bedenden bağımsız olarak yalnızca ruhta oluşan bir hareket tanımlanmasına yol açar. Bu tanım da sonunda Aristoteles’in ‘duygulanım’ anlamındaki pathē tanı­mına öncülük edecektir.

References

  • AClass AJPh Arendt 19982 Acta classica.
  • C. Chamberlain, “The Meaning of Prohairesis in Aristotle's Ethics”. TAPhA 114, 147-157. C. H. Chen “Different Meanings of the Term Energeia in the Philosophy of Aristotle”. Ph&PhenR, 17, 1, (1956) 56-65.
  • M. Cummings, Metaphor and Emotion: Eros in the Greek Novel. (Doctoral dissertation), The University of Edinburgh. 2010 yılında şu adreste yayımlanmıştır: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4498
  • E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. (= Diogenes Laertios) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Lives of Eminent Philosophers. With an English translation by R. D. Hicks, vol. I-II. Cambridge, Mass.-London 200511 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Diogenes Laertios, Ünlü Filozofların Yaşamları ve Öğretileri. Çev.: C. Şentuna. İstanbul 2003.
  • M. Foucault, Cinselliğin Tarihi II. Çev.: H. Tufan. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları. Foucault 1988 Gal. PHP (= Galenus Medicus
  • De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Galen. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, ser. Corpus medicorum Graecorum. With an English translation by P. De Lacy, vol. V. 4. 1. 2, pts. 1-2. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, v. 1:1978; v. :1980 pp 1: 65-358; 2: 360-608.
  • J. Gordon, “Eros in Plato’s Timaeus”. Epoché, 9, 2, 255-278. W. V. Harris, Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. M. Heidegger, What is Philosophy? Trans. by J. T. Wilde and W. Kluback, Tübingen: Verlag Günther Neske Pfullingen (tıpkıbasım: Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2003). Hintikka 1973
  • J. Hintikka “Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato”. Ed. J. M. E. Moravcsik, Patterns in Plato’s Thought: Papers arising out of the 1971 West Coast
  • Greek Philosophy Conference. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, (1973) 1-30.
  • (= Hippocrates Medicus, Peri arkhaiēs iētrikēis = De prisca medicina) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: De Prisca Meidica. Ed. E. Littre, Ouvres Completes d’Hippokrate, vol. I. Paris 1839. (= Homeros, İlyada)
  • Kullanılan Metinler ve Çeviri: İlyada. Çev.: A. Erhat-A. Kadir. İstanbul TLG Hom. Od. (= Homeros, Odysseia) Kullanılan Metinler ve Çeviri: Odysseia. Çev.: A. Erhat-A. Kadir. İstanbul TLG M. Jammer, Concepts of Force: A Study in the Foundations of Dynamics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. C. H. Kahn, “Democritus and the Origins of Moral Psychology”. AJPh , 1 (1985) 1-31.
  • D. Konstan, The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press (tıpkıbasım: 2007). Ksen. Mem. (= Ksenophon , Memorabilia)
  • Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Xenophontis opera omnia. Ed. E. C. Merchant, vol. II. Oxford 1. Baskı: 1921, 2. Baskı: 1971. Miller 1952
  • H. W. Miller, “Dynamis and Physis in On Ancient Medicine”. TAPhA 83 (1952) 184-197.
  • A. Nehamas, Yaşama Sanatı Felsefesi: Platon’dan Foucault’ya Sokratik Düşünümler. Çev.: C. Soydemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. M. Oele, Aristotle on Pathos. (Doctoral dissertation), Loyola University Chicago. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses’ten alınmıştır (yayın numarası: 3280696).
  • Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. (= Plato Philosophus) Plat. Cra. (= Cratylus) Ly. (= Lysis) Phlb. (= Philebus) Prt. (= Protagoras) Symp. (= Symposium) Cri. (= Crito) Gorg. (= Gorgias) Men. (= Meneksenus) Phd. (= Phaedo) Plt. (= Politicus) Prm. (= Parmenides) R. (= Respublica) Tht. (= Theaetetus) Ti. (=Timaeus) Sph. (= Sophista) Kullanılan Metinler: TLG. (= Platon, Leges) Kullanılan Metin ve Çevirileri: Laws. With an English translation by R. G. Bury, vols. X-XI. Cambridge, Mass.-London, vols. X 20018, XI 20048
  • (The Loeb Classical Library). Yasalar (I-VI. Kitaplar). Çev.: C. Şentuna-S. Babür. İstanbul İstanbul: Ara Yayıncılık 1988. Plat. Phdr. (= Platon, Phaidros)
  • Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plato, Phaedrus. With an English translation by H. N. Fowler, vol. IX. Cambridge, Mass.-London 1925 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • J. Sallis, Chorology: On Beginning in Plato’s Timaeus. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. (= Sappho, fragmenta) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: Supplementum Lyricis Graecis. Ed. D. L. Page. Oxford 1974, 87-97.
  • M. Scott, “Pity and Pathos in Homer”. AClass 22 (1979) 1-14.
  • R. C. Solomon, True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions are Really Telling Us. New York: Oxford University Press. V. S. Soloviev, Politics, Law, and Morality: Essays by V. S. Soloviev. Ed. and Trans. V. Wozniuk, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. J. Souilhé, Étude sur le terme δυναμις dans les dialogues de Platon. Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. CD-ROM, University of California, 2004.
  • F. Ünsal, Platon’da Aşk Kavramı. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitütüsü. G. Vlastos, Platonic Studies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. E. Voegelin, The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, 16: Order and History, : Plato and Aristotle. Ed. Dante Germino, Columbia - London: University of Missouri Press.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Filiz Cluzeau

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 1

Cite

APA Cluzeau, F. (2013). PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS. Cedrus, 1, 65-87. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677
AMA Cluzeau F. PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS. Cedrus. June 2013;1:65-87. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677
Chicago Cluzeau, Filiz. “PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS”. Cedrus 1, June (June 2013): 65-87. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677.
EndNote Cluzeau F (June 1, 2013) PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS. Cedrus 1 65–87.
IEEE F. Cluzeau, “PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS”, Cedrus, vol. 1, pp. 65–87, 2013, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677.
ISNAD Cluzeau, Filiz. “PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS”. Cedrus 1 (June 2013), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677.
JAMA Cluzeau F. PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS. Cedrus. 2013;1:65–87.
MLA Cluzeau, Filiz. “PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS”. Cedrus, vol. 1, 2013, pp. 65-87, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/20131677.
Vancouver Cluzeau F. PLATON’UN RUH KURAMI’NDA PATHOS. Cedrus. 2013;1:65-87.

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