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THE CILICIAN GOVERNORSHIP OF CICERO

Year 2016, Volume: 4, 105 - 126, 01.06.2016
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201608

Abstract

The renowned Roman jurist, statesman and orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 BC after reach­ing the highest post in the Roman Republic, the consu­late 63 BC experienced serious problems in his politi­cal career. After his return from exile in 58 BC Cicero focused mostly upon his philosophical and liter­ary works. Although it was customary for the ap­point­ment of an ex-consul to the provincial governor­ship, Cic­ero was quite surprised when his governorship came into question and he was very reluctant to take up this post while many others were eager to obtain such an office. Nevertheless, Cicero was appointed to the post of gov­er­norship of Cilicia with the rank of procon­sul, holding office from July 51 to July of 50 BC Cicero held the Cili­cian governor­ship in the late Republican period when corruption and misgovernment in the Ro­man provin­cial admin­istra­tion increased considera­bly, but during his tenure in office, he set an example of how a Roman governor should act. In addition to the politi­cal and mili­tary measures he took against both political unrest in his province and against the potential Par­thian threat from outside the province, he also made some econom­ic arrangements such as tax regula­tions. In this paper while discussing the Cilician gover­norship of Cicero as one of the leading political and intellec­tual figure of the late Roman Republican period, light is also cast upon the political and economic conditions in the province during his governor­ship.

References

  • App. Mith. (= Appianos, Mithridateios) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Appian’s Roman History, vol. II. Ed. & Trans. H. White. London 1912 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Acad. Pr. (= Cicero, Academica Priora) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods. Academics. Ed. &Trans. H. Rackham. London 1933 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Att. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Atticus. Ed. & Trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey. London 1999 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Brut. (= Cicero, Brutus et de Claris Oratoribus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Brutus. Orator. Ed. & Trans. G. L. Hendrickson – H. M. Hubbell. London 1939 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. de Or. (= Cicero, De Oratore) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Orator, vols. I-II. Ed. & Trans. E. W. Sutton – H. Rackham. London 1942 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Fam. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Friends, vols. I-III. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2001 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Leg. (= Cicero, de Legibus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Republic. On the Laws. Ed. & Trans. C. W. Keyes. London 1928 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Pis.; Rab. Post. (= Cicero, In Pisonem; Pro Rabirio Postumo) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Pro Milone. In Pisonem. Pro Scauro. Pro Fonteio. Pro Rabirio Postumo. Pro Marcello. Pro Ligario. Pro Rege Deiotaro. Ed. &Trans. N. H. Watts. London 1931 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Q. Fr. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2002 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • De vir. ill. (= De Viris Illustribus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, De viris Illustribus Urbis Romae. Ed. F. Pichlmayr. Leipzig 1911 (Teubner).
  • Diod. Sic. (= Diodoros Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, vols. IXII. Ed. &Trans. F. R. Walton. London 1967 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Gell. (= Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Gellius, Attic Nights, vols. I-III. Ed. & Trans. J. C. Rolfe. London 1927 (The Loeb Classical Library)
  • Liv. (= Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Livy, From the Founding of the City, vols. I-XIII. Eds. & Trans. B. O. Foster et al. London 1919-1959 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plut. (= Plutarkhos, Vitae Parallelae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch, Lives, vols. I-XI. Ed. & Trans. M. Perrin. London 1914-1926 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabo, Geography, vols. I-VIII. Ed. & Trans. H. L. Jones. London 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Suet. Iul. (= Suetonius, Divus Iulius) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, vols. I-II. Ed. &Trans. J. C. Rolfe. London 1914 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Val. Max. (= Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, vols. I-II. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2000 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • APR III Amici Populi Romani: Prosopographie der Auswärtigen Freunde Roms/ Prosopography of the Foreign Friends of Rome. Ed. A. Coşkun. Waterloo 2010.
  • BMC Phrygia British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins of Phrygia. Ed. B. V. Head. London 1906.
  • Brennan 2000 T. C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, vols. I-II. Oxford 2000.
  • Dmitriev 2005 S. Dmitriev, “The History and Geography of the Province of Asia during its First Hundred Years and the Provincialization of Asia Minor”. Athenaeum 93 (2005) 71-133.
  • Eilers 2002 C. Eilers, Roman Patrons of Greek Cities. Oxford 2002. Fuhrmann 1992 M. Fuhrmann, Cicero and the Roman Republic. Çev. W. E. Yuill. Oxford 1992.
  • Gelzer 1939 M. Gelzer, “M. Tullius Cicero (als Politiker)”. RE VIIA/1 (1939) 827-1091.
  • Gruen 1974 E. S. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley 1974.
  • Head 1911 B. V. Head, Historia Nummorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Oxford 1911
  • Hunter 1913 L. W. Hunter, “Cicero's Journey to His Province of Cilicia in 51 BC”. JRS III (1913) 73-97.
  • Lintott 2008 A. W. Lintott, Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Companion. Oxford 2008.
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the end of Third Century after Christ, vols. I-II. Princeton 1950.
  • MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, vols. I. Eds. W. M. Calder et al. Manchester 1928
  • Marshall 1966 A. J. Marshall, “Governors on the Move”. Phoenix 20/3 (1966) 231-246.
  • Marshall 1972 A. J. Marshall, “The Lex Pompeia de Provinciis (52 BC) and Cicero’s Imperium in 51-50 BC: Constitutional Aspects”. ANRW 1/1 (1972) 887- 921.
  • Mason 1974 H. J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis. Toronto 1974.
  • MRR The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vols. I-III. Ed. T. R. S. Broughton. New York 1951-1986.
  • Özbayoğlu 1998 E. Özbayoğlu, “Cicero’nun Panter Avına İlişkin Birkaç Cilicia Mektubu”. Olba I (1998) 131-138.
  • Palaz-Erdemir 2009 H. Palaz-Erdemir, “Economic Management of Cilicia in the Time of Cicero”. Olba XVII (2009) 141-156.
  • Sayar 2001 M. H. Sayar, “Tarkondimotos. Seine Dynastie, seine Politik und sein Reich”. Eds. E. Jean et al., La Cilicie. Espaces et pouvoirs locaux (2e millénaire av. J.-C. – 4e siècle ap. J.-C.). Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999. [Varia Anatolica 13]. Paris (2001) 373-380.
  • Sherwin-White 1984 A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168 BC to A.D. 1. London 1984.
  • Sullivan 1990 R. D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and Rome 100-30 BC Toronto 1990.
  • Tempest 2011 K. Tempest, Cicero: Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome. London 2011.
  • Tozan 2014 M. Tozan, “Üçüncü Makedonya Savaşı’ndan Pompeius’un Seferine Roma’nın Doğu Politikası ve Anadolu’nun Güney Kıyılarında Korsanlık (M.Ö. 167-M.Ö. 67)”. CedrusII (2014) 135-169.
  • van der Blom 2010 H. van der Blom, Cicero’s Role Models: The Political Strategy of a Newcomer. Oxford 2010.
  • Williamson 2005 C. Williamson, The Laws of the Roman People: Public Law in the Expansion and Decline of the Roman Republic. Ann Arbor 2005.

CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ

Year 2016, Volume: 4, 105 - 126, 01.06.2016
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201608

Abstract

Ünlü Romalı hukukçu, devlet adamı ve hatip Mar­cus Tullius Cicero MÖ 106-43 MÖ 63 yılında devlet hi­yerar­şisindeki en yüksek konum olan con­sul’luğa kadar yüksel­mesinin ardından politik kariye­rinde önem­li so­runlar yaşa­mış, MÖ 58 yılında gönde­rildiği sürgünden dönüşünün ardından kendini daha çok felsefi ve edebi çalışmalara ver­miştir. Bir ex-consul olarak eyalet valiliği yapması normal olsa da MÖ 51 yılında kendisinin Cilicia valiliği gündeme gelince oldukça şaşırmış ve birçokları­nın elde etmek için can attığı bu görevi istemeyerek kabul etmek durumunda kal­mıştı. Nihayetinde procon­sul rütbesi ile Cilicia valiliğine atanan Cicero, MÖ 51 yılı Temmuz ayından MÖ 50 yılı Temmuz ayına kadar bir yıl süreyle bu gö­revde kalmıştır. Eyalet yönetimindeki yol­suzlukların ve görevi kötüye kullan­maların oldukça arttığı Roma Geç Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Cilicia valili­ği yapan Cicero, bu görevi boyunca bir Romalı valinin na­sıl olması gerek­tiği konusunda adeta bir örnek teşkil etmiş­tir. Gerek eyalet içerisindeki politik huzursuzluk­lara ge­rekse eya­lete dışarıdan gelebilecek Parth tehdidine karşı askeri ve politik önlemler alan Cicero, vergi ödeme­leri konusun­daki düzenlemeleriyle ekonomik alanda da re­form­larda bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Roma Geç Cum­huriyet Dönemi’nin başlıca politik ve entellektüel kişilik­lerinden olan Cicero’nun Cilicia Eyaleti valiliği ele alınır­ken eyaletin bu dönemdeki siyasi ve ekonomik durumu da gözler önüne serilecektir.

References

  • App. Mith. (= Appianos, Mithridateios) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Appian’s Roman History, vol. II. Ed. & Trans. H. White. London 1912 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Acad. Pr. (= Cicero, Academica Priora) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods. Academics. Ed. &Trans. H. Rackham. London 1933 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Att. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Atticus. Ed. & Trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey. London 1999 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Brut. (= Cicero, Brutus et de Claris Oratoribus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Brutus. Orator. Ed. & Trans. G. L. Hendrickson – H. M. Hubbell. London 1939 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. de Or. (= Cicero, De Oratore) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Orator, vols. I-II. Ed. & Trans. E. W. Sutton – H. Rackham. London 1942 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Fam. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Friends, vols. I-III. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2001 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Leg. (= Cicero, de Legibus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Republic. On the Laws. Ed. & Trans. C. W. Keyes. London 1928 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Pis.; Rab. Post. (= Cicero, In Pisonem; Pro Rabirio Postumo) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Pro Milone. In Pisonem. Pro Scauro. Pro Fonteio. Pro Rabirio Postumo. Pro Marcello. Pro Ligario. Pro Rege Deiotaro. Ed. &Trans. N. H. Watts. London 1931 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Cic. Q. Fr. (= Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2002 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • De vir. ill. (= De Viris Illustribus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, De viris Illustribus Urbis Romae. Ed. F. Pichlmayr. Leipzig 1911 (Teubner).
  • Diod. Sic. (= Diodoros Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, vols. IXII. Ed. &Trans. F. R. Walton. London 1967 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Gell. (= Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Gellius, Attic Nights, vols. I-III. Ed. & Trans. J. C. Rolfe. London 1927 (The Loeb Classical Library)
  • Liv. (= Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Livy, From the Founding of the City, vols. I-XIII. Eds. & Trans. B. O. Foster et al. London 1919-1959 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plut. (= Plutarkhos, Vitae Parallelae) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch, Lives, vols. I-XI. Ed. & Trans. M. Perrin. London 1914-1926 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabo, Geography, vols. I-VIII. Ed. & Trans. H. L. Jones. London 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Suet. Iul. (= Suetonius, Divus Iulius) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, vols. I-II. Ed. &Trans. J. C. Rolfe. London 1914 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Val. Max. (= Valerius Maximus, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, vols. I-II. Ed. & Trans. D. R. S. Bailey. London 2000 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • APR III Amici Populi Romani: Prosopographie der Auswärtigen Freunde Roms/ Prosopography of the Foreign Friends of Rome. Ed. A. Coşkun. Waterloo 2010.
  • BMC Phrygia British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins of Phrygia. Ed. B. V. Head. London 1906.
  • Brennan 2000 T. C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, vols. I-II. Oxford 2000.
  • Dmitriev 2005 S. Dmitriev, “The History and Geography of the Province of Asia during its First Hundred Years and the Provincialization of Asia Minor”. Athenaeum 93 (2005) 71-133.
  • Eilers 2002 C. Eilers, Roman Patrons of Greek Cities. Oxford 2002. Fuhrmann 1992 M. Fuhrmann, Cicero and the Roman Republic. Çev. W. E. Yuill. Oxford 1992.
  • Gelzer 1939 M. Gelzer, “M. Tullius Cicero (als Politiker)”. RE VIIA/1 (1939) 827-1091.
  • Gruen 1974 E. S. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley 1974.
  • Head 1911 B. V. Head, Historia Nummorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Oxford 1911
  • Hunter 1913 L. W. Hunter, “Cicero's Journey to His Province of Cilicia in 51 BC”. JRS III (1913) 73-97.
  • Lintott 2008 A. W. Lintott, Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Companion. Oxford 2008.
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the end of Third Century after Christ, vols. I-II. Princeton 1950.
  • MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, vols. I. Eds. W. M. Calder et al. Manchester 1928
  • Marshall 1966 A. J. Marshall, “Governors on the Move”. Phoenix 20/3 (1966) 231-246.
  • Marshall 1972 A. J. Marshall, “The Lex Pompeia de Provinciis (52 BC) and Cicero’s Imperium in 51-50 BC: Constitutional Aspects”. ANRW 1/1 (1972) 887- 921.
  • Mason 1974 H. J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis. Toronto 1974.
  • MRR The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vols. I-III. Ed. T. R. S. Broughton. New York 1951-1986.
  • Özbayoğlu 1998 E. Özbayoğlu, “Cicero’nun Panter Avına İlişkin Birkaç Cilicia Mektubu”. Olba I (1998) 131-138.
  • Palaz-Erdemir 2009 H. Palaz-Erdemir, “Economic Management of Cilicia in the Time of Cicero”. Olba XVII (2009) 141-156.
  • Sayar 2001 M. H. Sayar, “Tarkondimotos. Seine Dynastie, seine Politik und sein Reich”. Eds. E. Jean et al., La Cilicie. Espaces et pouvoirs locaux (2e millénaire av. J.-C. – 4e siècle ap. J.-C.). Actes de la table ronde internationale d’Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999. [Varia Anatolica 13]. Paris (2001) 373-380.
  • Sherwin-White 1984 A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168 BC to A.D. 1. London 1984.
  • Sullivan 1990 R. D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and Rome 100-30 BC Toronto 1990.
  • Tempest 2011 K. Tempest, Cicero: Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome. London 2011.
  • Tozan 2014 M. Tozan, “Üçüncü Makedonya Savaşı’ndan Pompeius’un Seferine Roma’nın Doğu Politikası ve Anadolu’nun Güney Kıyılarında Korsanlık (M.Ö. 167-M.Ö. 67)”. CedrusII (2014) 135-169.
  • van der Blom 2010 H. van der Blom, Cicero’s Role Models: The Political Strategy of a Newcomer. Oxford 2010.
  • Williamson 2005 C. Williamson, The Laws of the Roman People: Public Law in the Expansion and Decline of the Roman Republic. Ann Arbor 2005.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Tozan

Publication Date June 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 4

Cite

APA Tozan, M. (2016). CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ. Cedrus, 4, 105-126. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201608
AMA Tozan M. CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ. Cedrus. June 2016;4:105-126. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201608
Chicago Tozan, Murat. “CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ”. Cedrus 4, June (June 2016): 105-26. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201608.
EndNote Tozan M (June 1, 2016) CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ. Cedrus 4 105–126.
IEEE M. Tozan, “CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ”, Cedrus, vol. 4, pp. 105–126, 2016, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS/201608.
ISNAD Tozan, Murat. “CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ”. Cedrus 4 (June 2016), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201608.
JAMA Tozan M. CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ. Cedrus. 2016;4:105–126.
MLA Tozan, Murat. “CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ”. Cedrus, vol. 4, 2016, pp. 105-26, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201608.
Vancouver Tozan M. CICERO’NUN CILICIA VALİLİĞİ. Cedrus. 2016;4:105-26.

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