Research Article
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Year 2019, , 156 - 172, 16.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554488

Abstract

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2012). R 40 internet use disorder, DSM-5 development. Retrieved on 10 May 2018 from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/ proposedrevision.aspx?rid=573#
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y. & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71-80.
  • Beard, K. W. (2005). Internet addiction: A review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 8(1), 7-14.
  • Bernardi, S. & Pallanti, S. (2009). Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(6), 510-516.
  • Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 306-307.
  • Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J.E., Douglas, A.C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Lee, S.K., Loutfi, J.,Lee, J., Atallah, M. & Blanton, M. (2009). Internet addiction: metasynthesis of 1996-2006 quantitative research. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 203-207. Canan, F., Ataoglu, A., Ozcetin, A. & Icmeli, C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and dissociation among Turkish college students. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 422-426.
  • Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory based cognitive behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553-575.
  • Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625-648.
  • Chang, M. K., & Law, S. P. M. (2008). Factor structure for young’s Internet addiction test: A confirmatory study. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 2597-2619.
  • Chen, K., Chen, I. & Paul, H. (2001). Explaining online behavioral differences: an Internet dependency perspective. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41(3), 59-64.
  • Chou, C., Condron, L. & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363-388.
  • Chou, C. & Hsiao, M. C. (2000). Internet addiction. Usage gratification and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case. Computers & Education, 35(1), 65-80.
  • Chou, W. -P., Ko, C. -H., Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E., Hsiao, R. C., Wang, P. -W.,...Yen, C. -F. (2015). Association of stress coping strategies with Internet addiction in college students: The moderating effect of depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 62, 27-33.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Vol. 4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195.
  • Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D. & Hollander, E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders – A critical review. European. Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(8), 464-475.
  • Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H. & Zhao, X. (2011).Precursor or sequela: pathological disorders in people with Internet addiction disorder. PloS One, 6(2), 14703.
  • Dong, G., Wang, J., Yang, X. & Zhou, H. (2013). Risk personality traits of Internet addiction: A longitudinal study of Internet-addicted Chinese university students. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5(4), 316-321.
  • Dowling, N. A. & Quirk, K. L. (2009). Screening for Internet dependence: Do the proposed diagnostic criteria differentiate normal from dependent Internet use? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(1), 21-27.
  • Everhard, R. A. (2000). Characteristics of pathological internet users: An examination of on-line gamers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Spalding University, Department of Psychology, Louisville, KT.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Fu, K. W., Chan, W. S., Wong, P. W. & Yip, P. S. (2010). Internet addiction: prevalence. discriminant validity and correlates among adolescents in Hong Kong. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(6), 486-492.
  • Gamez-Guadix, M., Villa-George, F. I. & Calvete, E. (2012). Measurement and analysis of the cognitive-behavioral model of generalized problematic Internet use among Mexican adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1581-1591.
  • Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D. & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), 319-329.
  • Goldberg, I. (1996), Internet addiction disorder. Retrieved on 30 April 2018 from http://users. rider.edu/ ~suler/psycyber/supportgp.html
  • Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: Does it really exist? In J. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal interpersonal and transpersonal implications. New York: Academic Press.
  • Griffiths. M. D. (2012). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(2), 111-124. Ha, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M.,…Cho, S. C. (2007). Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology, 40(6), 424,430.
  • Henderson, E. C. (2001). Understanding addiction. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Holden, C. (2010). Behavioral addictions debut in proposed DSM-V. Science, 327(5968), 935.
  • Jang, K. S., Hwang, S. Y. & Choi, J. Y. (2008). Internet addiction and psychiatric symptoms among Korean adolescents. Journal of School Health, 78(3), 165-171.
  • Jiang, Q. & Leung, L. (2012). Effects of individual differences, awareness-knowledge and acceptance of Internet addiction as a health risk on willingness to change Internet habits. Social Science Computer Review, 30(2), 170-183.
  • Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college students. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(1), 11-17.
  • Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
  • Kim, H. K. & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 450-500.
  • Kim, J. & Haridakis, P. M. (2009). The role of internet user characteristics and motives in explaining three dimensions of internet addiction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 988-1015.
  • Kim, J., LaRose, R. & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic internet use: The relationship between internet use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(4), 451-455.
  • Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, C.-S., Yeh, Y.-C. & Yen. C.-F. (2009). Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: A 2-year prospective study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(10), 937-943.
  • Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Liu, S.-C., Huang, C.-F. & Yen, C.-F. (2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 598-605.
  • Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D. & Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966.
  • LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., and Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction. habit. or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253.
  • Lee, H. W., Choi, J. S., Shin, Y. C., Lee, J. Y., Jung, H. Y. & Kwon. J. S. (2012). Impulsivity in internet addiction: a comparison with pathological gambling. CyberPsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 15(7), 373-377.
  • Leung, L. & Lee, P. S. N. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136.
  • Mitchell, P. (2000). Internet addiction: Genuine diagnosis or not? Lancet, 355(9204),632.
  • Morahan-Martin, J. & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13-29.
  • Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Fernandez, L. & Gamez-Guadix, M. (2010). Analysis of the indicators of pathological Internet use in Spanish University students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 697-707.
  • Muusses, L. D., Finkenauer, C., Kerkhof, P. & Billedo, C. J. (2014). A longitudinal study of the association between compulsive internet use and wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 21-28.
  • Odaci, H. & Kalkan, M. (2010). Problematic Internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Computers and Education, 55(3), 1091-1097.
  • Ozdemir, Y., Kuzucu, Y. & Ak, S. (2014). Depression, loneliness and Internet addiction: How important is low self-control? Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 284-290.
  • Park, S. M., Park, Y. A., Lee, H. W., Jung, H. Y., Lee, J. Y. & Choi, J. S. (2013). The effects of behavioral inhibition/approach system as predictors of Internet addiction in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(1), 7-11.
  • Russell, D. (1996). The UCLA loneliness scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.
  • Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S. & Stein, D. J. (2003). Problematic internet use: proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 17(4), 207-216.
  • Shek, D. T. L., Sun, R. C. F., and Yu, L. (2013). Internet addiction. In D. W. Pfaff (Ed.). Neuroscience in the 21st Century: From Basic to Clinical (pp. 2775-2811), New York: Springer.
  • Tao, R., Huang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. & Li, M. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction, 105(3), 556-564.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. & Rains, S. A. (2010). An evaluation of two characterizations of the relationships between problematic Internet use time spent using the Internet and psychosocial problems. Human Communication Research, 36(4), 512-545.
  • Tonioni, F., Mazza, M., Autullo, G., Cappelluti, R., Catalano, V., Marano, G.,...Lai, C. (2014). Is Internet addiction a psychopathological condition distinct from pathological gambling? Addictive Behaviors, 39(6), 1052-1056.
  • Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C. & Yang, Y. C. (2009). The risk factors of Internet addiction – A survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167(3), 294-299.
  • Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G.-J. & Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive Internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), 765-776.
  • Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Meerkerk, G. J., Vermulst, A. A., Spijkerman, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008). Online communication. Compulsive Internet use and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 655-665.
  • Veen, W. & Vrakking, B. (2006). Homo sapiens: Growing up in a digital age. London: Network Continuum Education.
  • Widyanto, L. & Griffiths, M. (2006). Internet addiction: A critical review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4(1), 31-51.
  • Yang, C. K., Choe, B. M., Baity, M., Lee, J. H. & Cho, J. S. (2005). Scl-90-r and 16pf profiles of senior high school students with excessive internet use. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 407-414.
  • Yao, M. Z. & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170.
  • Yen, C. F., Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chang, Y. P. & Cheng, C. P. (2009). Multi-dimensional discriminative factors for Internet addiction among adolescents regarding gender and age. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 63(3), 357-364.
  • Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y. & Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93-98.
  • Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. C., Chen, S. H. & Ko, C. H. (2007). Family factors of internet addiction and substance use experience in Taiwanese adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(3), 323-329.
  • Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: A case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 899-902.
  • Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
  • Young, K. S. (1999). The research and controversy surrounding internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 381-383.
  • Young, K. S. (2004). Internet addiction – A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(4), 402-415.
  • Young, K. S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with Internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671-679.
  • Young, K. & Abreu, C. (2011). Internet addiction. A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Yussuf, A. D., Issa, B. A., Ajiboye, P. O. & Buhari, O. I. N. (2013). The correlates of stress, coping styles and psychiatric morbidity in the first year of medical education at a Nigerian University. African Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 206-215.

Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables

Year 2019, , 156 - 172, 16.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554488

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the loneliness and
Internet addiction levels of
college students in terms of demographic variables and to
determine the variables that predict their Internet addiction level. Data were collected from
college students studying at a public
university in Turkey. The UCLA Loneliness Scale Version3 and Internet Addiction
Test (IAT) were used as the data collection tools. College students were
delivered an online survey and at the end
489 college students were voluntarily participated in the study. This survey study
employed independent sample t-tests, ANOVA tests, correlation and multiple
regression tests for data analysis.
The results show that younger participants felt
significantly more loneliness than older participants; similarly, students in
lower classes felt more alone than those in upper classes. In terms of
addiction, it is seen that the frequent use of computers, smartphones and
social media increases the Internet addiction level of students. The study
suggests a significant correlation between loneliness, Internet addiction, age,
and Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). Additionally, loneliness and CGPA
significantly predict Internet addiction. This study may be important in terms
of determining the psychological variables affecting today's increasing technology
addiction (internet, smart phone, etc.). Thus, determining the effect of the
level of loneliness of young people on internet addiction may be effective in
terms of preventing this addiction.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2012). R 40 internet use disorder, DSM-5 development. Retrieved on 10 May 2018 from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/ proposedrevision.aspx?rid=573#
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y. & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71-80.
  • Beard, K. W. (2005). Internet addiction: A review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 8(1), 7-14.
  • Bernardi, S. & Pallanti, S. (2009). Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(6), 510-516.
  • Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 306-307.
  • Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J.E., Douglas, A.C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Lee, S.K., Loutfi, J.,Lee, J., Atallah, M. & Blanton, M. (2009). Internet addiction: metasynthesis of 1996-2006 quantitative research. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 203-207. Canan, F., Ataoglu, A., Ozcetin, A. & Icmeli, C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and dissociation among Turkish college students. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 422-426.
  • Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory based cognitive behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553-575.
  • Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625-648.
  • Chang, M. K., & Law, S. P. M. (2008). Factor structure for young’s Internet addiction test: A confirmatory study. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 2597-2619.
  • Chen, K., Chen, I. & Paul, H. (2001). Explaining online behavioral differences: an Internet dependency perspective. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41(3), 59-64.
  • Chou, C., Condron, L. & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363-388.
  • Chou, C. & Hsiao, M. C. (2000). Internet addiction. Usage gratification and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case. Computers & Education, 35(1), 65-80.
  • Chou, W. -P., Ko, C. -H., Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E., Hsiao, R. C., Wang, P. -W.,...Yen, C. -F. (2015). Association of stress coping strategies with Internet addiction in college students: The moderating effect of depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 62, 27-33.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Vol. 4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195.
  • Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D. & Hollander, E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders – A critical review. European. Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(8), 464-475.
  • Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H. & Zhao, X. (2011).Precursor or sequela: pathological disorders in people with Internet addiction disorder. PloS One, 6(2), 14703.
  • Dong, G., Wang, J., Yang, X. & Zhou, H. (2013). Risk personality traits of Internet addiction: A longitudinal study of Internet-addicted Chinese university students. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5(4), 316-321.
  • Dowling, N. A. & Quirk, K. L. (2009). Screening for Internet dependence: Do the proposed diagnostic criteria differentiate normal from dependent Internet use? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(1), 21-27.
  • Everhard, R. A. (2000). Characteristics of pathological internet users: An examination of on-line gamers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Spalding University, Department of Psychology, Louisville, KT.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Fu, K. W., Chan, W. S., Wong, P. W. & Yip, P. S. (2010). Internet addiction: prevalence. discriminant validity and correlates among adolescents in Hong Kong. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(6), 486-492.
  • Gamez-Guadix, M., Villa-George, F. I. & Calvete, E. (2012). Measurement and analysis of the cognitive-behavioral model of generalized problematic Internet use among Mexican adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1581-1591.
  • Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D. & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), 319-329.
  • Goldberg, I. (1996), Internet addiction disorder. Retrieved on 30 April 2018 from http://users. rider.edu/ ~suler/psycyber/supportgp.html
  • Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: Does it really exist? In J. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal interpersonal and transpersonal implications. New York: Academic Press.
  • Griffiths. M. D. (2012). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(2), 111-124. Ha, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M.,…Cho, S. C. (2007). Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology, 40(6), 424,430.
  • Henderson, E. C. (2001). Understanding addiction. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Holden, C. (2010). Behavioral addictions debut in proposed DSM-V. Science, 327(5968), 935.
  • Jang, K. S., Hwang, S. Y. & Choi, J. Y. (2008). Internet addiction and psychiatric symptoms among Korean adolescents. Journal of School Health, 78(3), 165-171.
  • Jiang, Q. & Leung, L. (2012). Effects of individual differences, awareness-knowledge and acceptance of Internet addiction as a health risk on willingness to change Internet habits. Social Science Computer Review, 30(2), 170-183.
  • Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college students. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(1), 11-17.
  • Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
  • Kim, H. K. & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 450-500.
  • Kim, J. & Haridakis, P. M. (2009). The role of internet user characteristics and motives in explaining three dimensions of internet addiction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 988-1015.
  • Kim, J., LaRose, R. & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic internet use: The relationship between internet use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(4), 451-455.
  • Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, C.-S., Yeh, Y.-C. & Yen. C.-F. (2009). Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: A 2-year prospective study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(10), 937-943.
  • Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Liu, S.-C., Huang, C.-F. & Yen, C.-F. (2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 598-605.
  • Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D. & Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966.
  • LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., and Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction. habit. or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253.
  • Lee, H. W., Choi, J. S., Shin, Y. C., Lee, J. Y., Jung, H. Y. & Kwon. J. S. (2012). Impulsivity in internet addiction: a comparison with pathological gambling. CyberPsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 15(7), 373-377.
  • Leung, L. & Lee, P. S. N. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136.
  • Mitchell, P. (2000). Internet addiction: Genuine diagnosis or not? Lancet, 355(9204),632.
  • Morahan-Martin, J. & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13-29.
  • Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Fernandez, L. & Gamez-Guadix, M. (2010). Analysis of the indicators of pathological Internet use in Spanish University students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 697-707.
  • Muusses, L. D., Finkenauer, C., Kerkhof, P. & Billedo, C. J. (2014). A longitudinal study of the association between compulsive internet use and wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 21-28.
  • Odaci, H. & Kalkan, M. (2010). Problematic Internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Computers and Education, 55(3), 1091-1097.
  • Ozdemir, Y., Kuzucu, Y. & Ak, S. (2014). Depression, loneliness and Internet addiction: How important is low self-control? Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 284-290.
  • Park, S. M., Park, Y. A., Lee, H. W., Jung, H. Y., Lee, J. Y. & Choi, J. S. (2013). The effects of behavioral inhibition/approach system as predictors of Internet addiction in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(1), 7-11.
  • Russell, D. (1996). The UCLA loneliness scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.
  • Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S. & Stein, D. J. (2003). Problematic internet use: proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 17(4), 207-216.
  • Shek, D. T. L., Sun, R. C. F., and Yu, L. (2013). Internet addiction. In D. W. Pfaff (Ed.). Neuroscience in the 21st Century: From Basic to Clinical (pp. 2775-2811), New York: Springer.
  • Tao, R., Huang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. & Li, M. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction, 105(3), 556-564.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. & Rains, S. A. (2010). An evaluation of two characterizations of the relationships between problematic Internet use time spent using the Internet and psychosocial problems. Human Communication Research, 36(4), 512-545.
  • Tonioni, F., Mazza, M., Autullo, G., Cappelluti, R., Catalano, V., Marano, G.,...Lai, C. (2014). Is Internet addiction a psychopathological condition distinct from pathological gambling? Addictive Behaviors, 39(6), 1052-1056.
  • Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C. & Yang, Y. C. (2009). The risk factors of Internet addiction – A survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167(3), 294-299.
  • Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G.-J. & Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive Internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6), 765-776.
  • Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Meerkerk, G. J., Vermulst, A. A., Spijkerman, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008). Online communication. Compulsive Internet use and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 655-665.
  • Veen, W. & Vrakking, B. (2006). Homo sapiens: Growing up in a digital age. London: Network Continuum Education.
  • Widyanto, L. & Griffiths, M. (2006). Internet addiction: A critical review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4(1), 31-51.
  • Yang, C. K., Choe, B. M., Baity, M., Lee, J. H. & Cho, J. S. (2005). Scl-90-r and 16pf profiles of senior high school students with excessive internet use. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 407-414.
  • Yao, M. Z. & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Osman Erol 0000-0002-9920-5211

Nese Sevim Cirak This is me 0000-0002-5843-6291

Publication Date April 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Erol, O., & Cirak, N. S. (2019). Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(2), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554488
AMA Erol O, Cirak NS. Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables. Contemporary Educational Technology. April 2019;10(2):156-172. doi:10.30935/cet.554488
Chicago Erol, Osman, and Nese Sevim Cirak. “Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables”. Contemporary Educational Technology 10, no. 2 (April 2019): 156-72. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554488.
EndNote Erol O, Cirak NS (April 1, 2019) Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables. Contemporary Educational Technology 10 2 156–172.
IEEE O. Erol and N. S. Cirak, “Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables”, Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156–172, 2019, doi: 10.30935/cet.554488.
ISNAD Erol, Osman - Cirak, Nese Sevim. “Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables”. Contemporary Educational Technology 10/2 (April 2019), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554488.
JAMA Erol O, Cirak NS. Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2019;10:156–172.
MLA Erol, Osman and Nese Sevim Cirak. “Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables”. Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, 2019, pp. 156-72, doi:10.30935/cet.554488.
Vancouver Erol O, Cirak NS. Exploring the Loneliness and Internet Addiction Level of College Students Based on Demographic Variables. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2019;10(2):156-72.