Tax Audit in Turkiye: Simulation and Estimations Based on Kernel and Weight Functions
Year 2024,
Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 264 - 272
Mehmet Niyazi Çankaya
,
Murat Aydın
Abstract
This research examines the use of kernel estimation and $FindDistribution$ methods in $Mathematica$ software to analyze the ratio of taxpayer audits to total taxpayers, focusing on two large populations: one with approximately 80,000 audits per 100,000 taxpayers and the other with 4.5 million audits per 6 million taxpayers. Comparing the maximum statistics, the study shows that a larger number of taxpayers leads to more audits. The dataset also includes a weighted average for audits and taxpayers with a maximum of around 75,000 and 4 million respectively. These numerical values have been determined using the simulation carried out after modeling the real data sets of the total number of taxpayers and their audits from the years 2012 to 2023. These results show that different taxpayer populations require the targeted audit strategies and highlight the importance of the statistical models with corresponding estimation method to better understand complex distributions and improve tax audit processes.
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2024a A model for bimodal rates and proportions.
Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 664–681.
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properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 49: 3044–
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class of trimodal distributions: properties and inference. Journal
of Applied Statistics 51: 1446–1469.
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Year 2024,
Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 264 - 272
Mehmet Niyazi Çankaya
,
Murat Aydın
References
- Alleva, G. and A. E. Giommi, 2016 Topics in Theoretical and Applied
Statistics. Springer.
- Aydın, M. and M. N. Çankaya, 2024 Assessing the regulatory impact
of the turkish competition authority on market dynamics:
A statistical approach using kernel estimation and its simulation.
Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and
Administrative Sciences Faculty 11: 837–853.
- Brushwood, J. D., D. M. Johnston, and S. J. Lusch, 2018 The effect
of tax audit outcomes on the reporting and valuation of
unrecognized tax benefits. Advances in Accounting 42: 1–11.
- Çankaya, M. N., 2020a M-estimations of shape and scale parameters
by order statistics in least informative distributions on
q-deformed logarithm. Journal of the Institute of Science and
Technology 10: 1984–1996.
- Çankaya, M. N., 2020b On the robust estimations of location and
scale parameters for least informative distributions. Turkish Journal
of Science and Technology 15: 71–78.
- Çankaya, M. N. and O. Arslan, 2020 On the robustness properties
for maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in exponential
power and generalized t distributions. Communications in
Statistics-Theory and Methods 49: 607–630.
- Çankaya, M. N. and M. Aydın, 2024 Future prediction for tax
complaints to turkish ombudsman by models from polynomial
regression and parametric distribution. Chaos Theory and Applications
6: 63–72.
- Çankaya, M. N. and J. Korbel, 2018 Least informative distributions
in maximum q-log-likelihood estimation. Physica A: Statistical
Mechanics and its Applications 509: 140–150.
- Çankaya, M. N. and R. Vila, 2023 Maximum log q likelihood estimation
for parameters of weibull distribution and properties:
Monte carlo simulation. Soft Computing 27: 6903–6926.
- Çankaya, M. N., A. Yalçınkaya, Ö. Altındaˇ g, and O. Arslan, 2019
On the robustness of an epsilon skew extension for burr iii distribution
on the real line. Computational Statistics 34: 1247–1273.
- Çankaya, M. N., 2021 Derivatives by ratio principle for q-sets on
the time scale calculus. Fractals 29: 2140040.
- Chamberlain, A. and G. Prante, 2007 Who Pays Taxes and Who
Receives Government Spending? An Analysis of Federal, State
and Local Tax and Spending Distributions, 1991-2004. SSRN
Electronic Journal.
- Chen, Y. and H. Wang, 2011 Construction and application of bipartite
recursive algorithm based on kernel density estimation:
A new non-parametric method to measure the given income
population scale. In Statistics & Information Forum, pp. 3–8.
- Chotikapanich, D., 2008 Modeling income distributions and Lorenz
curves, volume 5. Springer Science & Business Media.
Cowx, M. and M. Vernon, 2023 Accounting for tax uncertainty
over time. Available at SSRN 4678373 .
- Davidson, R. and J.-Y. Duclos, 1997 Statistical Inference for the Measurement
of the Incidence of Taxes and Transfers. Econometrica
65: 1453.
- Hanif, M. and U. Shahzad, 2019 Estimation of population variance
using kernel matrix. Journal of Statistics and Management
Systems 22: 563–586.
- Johns, A. and J. Slemrod, 2010 The distribution of income tax
noncompliance. National Tax Journal 63: 397–418.
- Kuk, A. Y., 1993 A kernel method for estimating finite population
distribution functions using auxiliary information. Biometrika
80: 385–392.
- Maronna, R. A., R. D. Martin, V. J. Yohai, and M. Salibián-Barrera,
2019 Robust statistics: theory and methods (with R). JohnWiley &
Sons.
- Minoiu, C. and S. Reddy, 2008 Kernel density estimation based
on grouped data: The case of poverty assessment. IMF Working
Papers 08: 1.
- Özen, E. and M. N. Çankaya, 2023 Estimation of the turkish stock
investor numbers based on kernel method. In Competitivitatea ¸si
inovarea în economia cunoa¸sterii, pp. 445–454.
- Papatheodorou, C., P. Peristera, and A. Kostaki, 2004 Kernel density
techniques as a tool for estimating and comparing income
distributions: a cross european–country study. Journal of Income
Distribution 13: 2–2.
- Perese, K., 2015 The distribution of household income and federal
taxes, 2011. Current Politics and Economics of the United States,
Canada and Mexico 17: 695.
- Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2017 Distributional National
Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States*. The
Quarterly Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
- Piketty, T., E. Saez, and G. Zucman, 2018 Distributional national
accounts: methods and estimates for the united states. The Quarterly
Journal of Economics 133: 553–609.
- Ruggles, P. and M. O’Higgins, 1981 The distribution of public
expenditure among households in the united states. Review of
Income andWealth 27: 137–164.
- Serikova, M., L. Sembiyeva, K. Balginova, G. Alina, A. Shakharova,
et al., 2020 Tax revenues estimation and forecast for state tax
audit. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 7: 2419–2435.
- VDK, T., 2023 Vdk annual reports. https://en-vdk.hmb.gov.tr/
annual-reports, [Online; accessed 10-May-2024].
- Vila, R., L. Alfaia, A. F. Menezes, M. N. Çankaya, and M. Bourguignon,
2024a A model for bimodal rates and proportions.
Journal of Applied Statistics 51: 664–681.
- Vila, R. and M. N. Çankaya, 2022 A bimodal weibull distribution:
properties and inference. Journal of Applied Statistics 49: 3044–
3062.
- Vila, R., V. Serra, M. N. Çankaya, and F. Quintino, 2024b A general
class of trimodal distributions: properties and inference. Journal
of Applied Statistics 51: 1446–1469.
- Wand, M. P. and M. C. Jones, 1994 Kernel smoothing. CRC press.
Wolfram, S., 2003 The mathematica book.Wolfram Research, Inc.