Chaotic Encryption Algorithm Based on Gingerbreadman Map with Adaptive Symmetry
Year 2025,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 31 - 41
Petr Fedoseev
,
Dmitry Pesterev
,
Vladislav Rozhkov
,
Vyacheslav Rybin
,
Denis Butusov
Abstract
The security of sensitive data is a crucial issue in the information age. While the existing encryption protocols cannot always guarantee the required level of security due to the rapidly increasing computational capability of attackers, developing new cryptographically strong encryption techniques is of great importance in modern computer science. One of the advanced approaches in the field of cryptography is chaos-based encryption. In this study, we propose an efficient algorithm for arbitrary multimedia data encryption using the novel finite-difference scheme with adaptive symmetry based on the Gingerbreadman chaotic map. In the experimental part of the study, we use several analysis techniques to prove the presence of chaos in the dynamics of the reported discrete map and investigate the dependence between system dynamics and symmetry coefficient. Parametric chaotic sets and the largest Lyapunov exponent plots are given to evaluate the dynamics of the investigated finite-difference model. NIST statistical tests were applied to assess the properties of the developed pseudo-random numbers generator, and correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the secrecy of the encrypted image. It is experimentally shown, that varying the symmetry coefficient can significantly increase the keyspace for the encryption algorithm based on the symmetric Gingerbreadman map. The results of this study can be used to develop encryption software, including secure text messengers or stream data ciphers.
Supporting Institution
Russian Science Foundation (RSF)
Project Number
20-79-10334
References
- Abuturab, M. R., 2020 A superposition based multiple-image encryption
using fresnel-domain high dimension chaotic phase
encoding. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 129: 106038.
- Ahmad, J. and S. O. Hwang, 2016 A secure image encryption
scheme based on chaotic maps and affine transformation. Multimedia
Tools and Applications 75: 13951–13976.
- Alghamdi, Y., A. Munir, and J. Ahmad, 2022 A lightweight image
encryption algorithm based on chaotic map and random
substitution. Entropy 24: 1344.
- Alvarez, G. and S. Li, 2006 Some basic cryptographic requirements
for chaos-based cryptosystems. International journal of bifurcation
and chaos 16: 2129–2151.
- Barnsley, M. F., R. L. Devaney, B. B. Mandelbrot, H.-O. Peitgen,
D. Saupe, et al., 1988 Fractal patterns arising in chaotic dynamical
systems. The science of fractal images pp. 137–168.
- Butusov, D. N., A. I. Karimov, N. S. Pyko, S. A. Pyko, and M. I.
Bogachev, 2018 Discrete chaotic maps obtained by symmetric
integration. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
509: 955–970.
- El-Latif, A. A. A., J. Ramadoss, B. Abd-El-Atty, H. S. Khalifa, and
F. Nazarimehr, 2022 A novel chaos-based cryptography algorithm
and its performance analysis. Mathematics 10: 2434.
- Elgendy, F., A. M. Sarhan, T. E. Eltobely, S. F. El-Zoghdy, H. S.
El-Sayed, et al., 2016 Chaos-based model for encryption and
decryption of digital images. Multimedia tools and applications
75: 11529–11553.
- Elkamchouchi, H., W. M. Salama, and Y. Abouelseoud, 2020 New
video encryption schemes based on chaotic maps. IET Image
Processing 14: 397–406.
- Elmanfaloty, R. A. and E. Abou-Bakr, 2019 Random property enhancement
of a 1d chaotic prng with finite precision implementation.
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 118: 134–144.
- Foster, C. C., 1997 Drawbacks of the one-time pad. Cryptologia 21:
350–352.
- Gafsi, M., N. Abbassi, M. A. Hajjaji, J. Malek, and A. Mtibaa,
2020 Improved chaos-based cryptosystem for medical image
encryption and decryption. Scientific Programming 2020: 1–22.
- Garcia-Bosque, M., A. Pérez-Resa, C. Sánchez-Azqueta, C. Aldea,
and S. Celma, 2018 Chaos-based bitwise dynamical pseudorandom
number generator on fpga. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement 68: 291–293.
- Guan, Z.-H., F. Huang, and W. Guan, 2005 Chaos-based image
encryption algorithm. Physics letters A 346: 153–157.
- Henon, M., 1976 A two-dimensonal mapping with a strange attractor.
Communications in Mathematical Physics 50: 376–392.
- Hobincu, R. and O. Datcu, 2018 A novel chaos based prng targeting
secret communication. In 2018 International Conference on
Communications (COMM), pp. 459–462, IEEE.
- Hu, T., Y. Liu, L.-H. Gong, and C.-J. Ouyang, 2017 An image
encryption scheme combining chaos with cycle operation for
dna sequences. Nonlinear Dynamics 87: 51–66.
- Irfan, M., A. Ali, M. A. Khan, M. Ehatisham-ul Haq, S. N.
Mehmood Shah, et al., 2020 Pseudorandom number generator
(prng) design using hyper-chaotic modified robust logistic map
(hc-mrlm). Electronics 9: 104.
- Kanso, A., M. Ghebleh, and M. Bou Khuzam, 2022 A probabilistic
chaotic image encryption scheme. Mathematics 10: 1910.
- Karimov, A. I., D. N. Butusov, V. G. Rybin, and T. I. Karimov, 2017
The study of the modified chirikov map. In 2017 XX IEEE International
Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM),
pp. 341–344, IEEE.
- Khan, M. and Z. Asghar, 2018 A novel construction of substitution
box for image encryption applications with gingerbreadman
chaotic map and s 8 permutation. Neural computing and applications
29: 993–999.
- Kopets, E., V. Rybin, O. Vasilchenko, D. Butusov, P. Fedoseev, et al.,
2024 Fractal tent map with application to surrogate testing. Fractal
and Fractional 8: 344.
- Li, C., D. Lin, B. Feng, J. Lü, and F. Hao, 2018 Cryptanalysis of a
chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy.
Ieee Access 6: 75834–75842.
- Liang, Q. and C. Zhu, 2023 A new one-dimensional chaotic map for
image encryption scheme based on random dna coding. Optics
& Laser Technology 160: 109033.
- Liao, X., M. A. Hahsmi, R. Haider, et al., 2018 An efficient mixed
inter-intra pixels substitution at 2bits-level for image encryption
technique using dna and chaos. Optik-International Journal for
Light and Electron Optics 153: 117–134.
- Liu, H. and X.Wang, 2011 Color image encryption using spatial bitlevel
permutation and high-dimension chaotic system. Optics
Communications 284: 3895–3903.
- Liu, W., K. Sun, and C. Zhu, 2016 A fast image encryption algorithm
based on chaotic map. Optics and Lasers in Engineering
84: 26–36.
- Liu, Y., Y. Luo, S. Song, L. Cao, J. Liu, et al., 2017 Counteracting
dynamical degradation of digital chaotic chebyshev map via
perturbation. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27:
1750033.
- Maolood, A. T., E. K. Gbashi, and E. S. Mahmood, 2022 Novel
lightweight video encryption method based on chacha20 stream
cipher and hybrid chaotic map. International Journal of Electrical
& Computer Engineering (2088-8708) 12.
- Menezes, A. J., P. C. Van Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone, 2018 Handbook
of applied cryptography. CRC press.
- Moysis, L., M. Lawnik, and C. Volos, 2023 Density-colored bifurcation
diagrams—a complementary tool for chaotic map analysis.
International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 33: 2330036.
- Moysis, L., E. Petavratzis, C. Volos, H. Nistazakis, and I. Stouboulos,
2020 A chaotic path planning generator based on logistic
map and modulo tactics. Robotics and Autonomous Systems
124: 103377.
- Ostrovskii, V. Y., V. G. Rybin, A. I. Karimov, and D. N. Butusov,
2022 Inducing multistability in discrete chaotic systems using
numerical integration with variable symmetry. Chaos, Solitons
& Fractals 165: 112794.
- Pourasad, Y., R. Ranjbarzadeh, and A. Mardani, 2021 A new algorithm
for digital image encryption based on chaos theory. Entropy 23: 341.
- Qayyum, A., J. Ahmad, W. Boulila, S. Rubaiee, F. Masood, et al.,
2020 Chaos-based confusion and diffusion of image pixels using
dynamic substitution. IEEE Access 8: 140876–140895.
- Rubinstein, R. Y. and D. P. Kroese, 2016 Simulation and the Monte
Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons.
- Rybin, V., T. Karimov, O. Bayazitov, D. Kvitko, I. Babkin, et al.,
2023a Prototyping the symmetry-based chaotic communication
system using microcontroller unit. Applied Sciences 13: 936.
- Rybin, V., G. Kolev, E. Kopets, A. Dautov, A. Karimov, et al., 2022
Optimal synchronization parameters for variable symmetry discrete
models of chaotic systems. In 2022 11th Mediterranean Conference
on Embedded Computing (MECO), pp. 1–5, IEEE.
- Rybin, V., D. Kvitko, T. Karimov, L. Nardo, E. Nepomuceno, et al.,
2023b Estimating optimal synchronization parameters for coherent
chaotic communication systems in noisy conditions. Chaos
Theory and Applications pp. 141–152.
- Sethi, J., J. Bhaumik, and A. S. Chowdhury, 2022 Chaos-based
uncompressed frame level video encryption. In Proceedings of the
Seventh International Conference on Mathematics and Computing:
ICMC 2021, pp. 201–217, Springer.
- Smart, N., M. Abdalla, E. Bjørstad, C. Cid, B. Gierlichs, et al., 2018
Algorithms, key size and protocols report (2018). ECRYPT—CSA,
H2020-ICT-2014—Project 645421.
- Song, C.-Y., Y.-L. Qiao, and X.-Z. Zhang, 2013 An image encryption
scheme based on new spatiotemporal chaos. Optik-International
Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124: 3329–3334.
- Talhaoui, M. Z. and X. Wang, 2021 A new fractional one dimensional
chaotic map and its application in high-speed image encryption.
Information Sciences 550: 13–26.
- Tutueva, A. V., A. I. Karimov, L. Moysis, C. Volos, and D. N. Butusov,
2020 Construction of one-way hash functions with increased
key space using adaptive chaotic maps. Chaos, Solitons
& Fractals 141: 110344.
- ul Haq, T. and T. Shah, 2021 4d mixed chaotic system and its
application to rgb image encryption using substitution-diffusion.
Journal of Information Security and Applications 61: 102931.
- Wan, Y., S. Gu, and B. Du, 2020 A new image encryption algorithm
based on composite chaos and hyperchaos combined with dna
coding. Entropy 22: 171.
- Wang, L. and H. Cheng, 2019 Pseudo-random number generator
based on logistic chaotic system. Entropy 21: 960.
- Wang, S., Q. Peng, and B. Du, 2022 Chaotic color image encryption
based on 4d chaotic maps and dna sequence. Optics & Laser
Technology 148: 107753.
- Wang, X. and S. Gao, 2020 Image encryption algorithm for synchronously
updating boolean networks based on matrix semitensor
product theory. Information sciences 507: 16–36.
- Wang, X. and Y. Su, 2021 Image encryption based on compressed
sensing and dna encoding. Signal Processing: Image Communication
95: 116246.
- Wen, H. and Y. Lin, 2024 Cryptanalysis of an image encryption
algorithm using quantum chaotic map and dna coding. Expert
Systems with Applications 237: 121514.
- Xiao, D., X. Liao, and P. Wei, 2009 Analysis and improvement of
a chaos-based image encryption algorithm. Chaos, Solitons &
Fractals 40: 2191–2199.
- Zhang, Y.-Q. and X.-Y. Wang, 2014 A symmetric image encryption
algorithm based on mixed linear–nonlinear coupled map lattice.
Information Sciences 273: 329–351.
Year 2025,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 31 - 41
Petr Fedoseev
,
Dmitry Pesterev
,
Vladislav Rozhkov
,
Vyacheslav Rybin
,
Denis Butusov
Project Number
20-79-10334
References
- Abuturab, M. R., 2020 A superposition based multiple-image encryption
using fresnel-domain high dimension chaotic phase
encoding. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 129: 106038.
- Ahmad, J. and S. O. Hwang, 2016 A secure image encryption
scheme based on chaotic maps and affine transformation. Multimedia
Tools and Applications 75: 13951–13976.
- Alghamdi, Y., A. Munir, and J. Ahmad, 2022 A lightweight image
encryption algorithm based on chaotic map and random
substitution. Entropy 24: 1344.
- Alvarez, G. and S. Li, 2006 Some basic cryptographic requirements
for chaos-based cryptosystems. International journal of bifurcation
and chaos 16: 2129–2151.
- Barnsley, M. F., R. L. Devaney, B. B. Mandelbrot, H.-O. Peitgen,
D. Saupe, et al., 1988 Fractal patterns arising in chaotic dynamical
systems. The science of fractal images pp. 137–168.
- Butusov, D. N., A. I. Karimov, N. S. Pyko, S. A. Pyko, and M. I.
Bogachev, 2018 Discrete chaotic maps obtained by symmetric
integration. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
509: 955–970.
- El-Latif, A. A. A., J. Ramadoss, B. Abd-El-Atty, H. S. Khalifa, and
F. Nazarimehr, 2022 A novel chaos-based cryptography algorithm
and its performance analysis. Mathematics 10: 2434.
- Elgendy, F., A. M. Sarhan, T. E. Eltobely, S. F. El-Zoghdy, H. S.
El-Sayed, et al., 2016 Chaos-based model for encryption and
decryption of digital images. Multimedia tools and applications
75: 11529–11553.
- Elkamchouchi, H., W. M. Salama, and Y. Abouelseoud, 2020 New
video encryption schemes based on chaotic maps. IET Image
Processing 14: 397–406.
- Elmanfaloty, R. A. and E. Abou-Bakr, 2019 Random property enhancement
of a 1d chaotic prng with finite precision implementation.
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 118: 134–144.
- Foster, C. C., 1997 Drawbacks of the one-time pad. Cryptologia 21:
350–352.
- Gafsi, M., N. Abbassi, M. A. Hajjaji, J. Malek, and A. Mtibaa,
2020 Improved chaos-based cryptosystem for medical image
encryption and decryption. Scientific Programming 2020: 1–22.
- Garcia-Bosque, M., A. Pérez-Resa, C. Sánchez-Azqueta, C. Aldea,
and S. Celma, 2018 Chaos-based bitwise dynamical pseudorandom
number generator on fpga. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement 68: 291–293.
- Guan, Z.-H., F. Huang, and W. Guan, 2005 Chaos-based image
encryption algorithm. Physics letters A 346: 153–157.
- Henon, M., 1976 A two-dimensonal mapping with a strange attractor.
Communications in Mathematical Physics 50: 376–392.
- Hobincu, R. and O. Datcu, 2018 A novel chaos based prng targeting
secret communication. In 2018 International Conference on
Communications (COMM), pp. 459–462, IEEE.
- Hu, T., Y. Liu, L.-H. Gong, and C.-J. Ouyang, 2017 An image
encryption scheme combining chaos with cycle operation for
dna sequences. Nonlinear Dynamics 87: 51–66.
- Irfan, M., A. Ali, M. A. Khan, M. Ehatisham-ul Haq, S. N.
Mehmood Shah, et al., 2020 Pseudorandom number generator
(prng) design using hyper-chaotic modified robust logistic map
(hc-mrlm). Electronics 9: 104.
- Kanso, A., M. Ghebleh, and M. Bou Khuzam, 2022 A probabilistic
chaotic image encryption scheme. Mathematics 10: 1910.
- Karimov, A. I., D. N. Butusov, V. G. Rybin, and T. I. Karimov, 2017
The study of the modified chirikov map. In 2017 XX IEEE International
Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM),
pp. 341–344, IEEE.
- Khan, M. and Z. Asghar, 2018 A novel construction of substitution
box for image encryption applications with gingerbreadman
chaotic map and s 8 permutation. Neural computing and applications
29: 993–999.
- Kopets, E., V. Rybin, O. Vasilchenko, D. Butusov, P. Fedoseev, et al.,
2024 Fractal tent map with application to surrogate testing. Fractal
and Fractional 8: 344.
- Li, C., D. Lin, B. Feng, J. Lü, and F. Hao, 2018 Cryptanalysis of a
chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy.
Ieee Access 6: 75834–75842.
- Liang, Q. and C. Zhu, 2023 A new one-dimensional chaotic map for
image encryption scheme based on random dna coding. Optics
& Laser Technology 160: 109033.
- Liao, X., M. A. Hahsmi, R. Haider, et al., 2018 An efficient mixed
inter-intra pixels substitution at 2bits-level for image encryption
technique using dna and chaos. Optik-International Journal for
Light and Electron Optics 153: 117–134.
- Liu, H. and X.Wang, 2011 Color image encryption using spatial bitlevel
permutation and high-dimension chaotic system. Optics
Communications 284: 3895–3903.
- Liu, W., K. Sun, and C. Zhu, 2016 A fast image encryption algorithm
based on chaotic map. Optics and Lasers in Engineering
84: 26–36.
- Liu, Y., Y. Luo, S. Song, L. Cao, J. Liu, et al., 2017 Counteracting
dynamical degradation of digital chaotic chebyshev map via
perturbation. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27:
1750033.
- Maolood, A. T., E. K. Gbashi, and E. S. Mahmood, 2022 Novel
lightweight video encryption method based on chacha20 stream
cipher and hybrid chaotic map. International Journal of Electrical
& Computer Engineering (2088-8708) 12.
- Menezes, A. J., P. C. Van Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone, 2018 Handbook
of applied cryptography. CRC press.
- Moysis, L., M. Lawnik, and C. Volos, 2023 Density-colored bifurcation
diagrams—a complementary tool for chaotic map analysis.
International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 33: 2330036.
- Moysis, L., E. Petavratzis, C. Volos, H. Nistazakis, and I. Stouboulos,
2020 A chaotic path planning generator based on logistic
map and modulo tactics. Robotics and Autonomous Systems
124: 103377.
- Ostrovskii, V. Y., V. G. Rybin, A. I. Karimov, and D. N. Butusov,
2022 Inducing multistability in discrete chaotic systems using
numerical integration with variable symmetry. Chaos, Solitons
& Fractals 165: 112794.
- Pourasad, Y., R. Ranjbarzadeh, and A. Mardani, 2021 A new algorithm
for digital image encryption based on chaos theory. Entropy 23: 341.
- Qayyum, A., J. Ahmad, W. Boulila, S. Rubaiee, F. Masood, et al.,
2020 Chaos-based confusion and diffusion of image pixels using
dynamic substitution. IEEE Access 8: 140876–140895.
- Rubinstein, R. Y. and D. P. Kroese, 2016 Simulation and the Monte
Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons.
- Rybin, V., T. Karimov, O. Bayazitov, D. Kvitko, I. Babkin, et al.,
2023a Prototyping the symmetry-based chaotic communication
system using microcontroller unit. Applied Sciences 13: 936.
- Rybin, V., G. Kolev, E. Kopets, A. Dautov, A. Karimov, et al., 2022
Optimal synchronization parameters for variable symmetry discrete
models of chaotic systems. In 2022 11th Mediterranean Conference
on Embedded Computing (MECO), pp. 1–5, IEEE.
- Rybin, V., D. Kvitko, T. Karimov, L. Nardo, E. Nepomuceno, et al.,
2023b Estimating optimal synchronization parameters for coherent
chaotic communication systems in noisy conditions. Chaos
Theory and Applications pp. 141–152.
- Sethi, J., J. Bhaumik, and A. S. Chowdhury, 2022 Chaos-based
uncompressed frame level video encryption. In Proceedings of the
Seventh International Conference on Mathematics and Computing:
ICMC 2021, pp. 201–217, Springer.
- Smart, N., M. Abdalla, E. Bjørstad, C. Cid, B. Gierlichs, et al., 2018
Algorithms, key size and protocols report (2018). ECRYPT—CSA,
H2020-ICT-2014—Project 645421.
- Song, C.-Y., Y.-L. Qiao, and X.-Z. Zhang, 2013 An image encryption
scheme based on new spatiotemporal chaos. Optik-International
Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124: 3329–3334.
- Talhaoui, M. Z. and X. Wang, 2021 A new fractional one dimensional
chaotic map and its application in high-speed image encryption.
Information Sciences 550: 13–26.
- Tutueva, A. V., A. I. Karimov, L. Moysis, C. Volos, and D. N. Butusov,
2020 Construction of one-way hash functions with increased
key space using adaptive chaotic maps. Chaos, Solitons
& Fractals 141: 110344.
- ul Haq, T. and T. Shah, 2021 4d mixed chaotic system and its
application to rgb image encryption using substitution-diffusion.
Journal of Information Security and Applications 61: 102931.
- Wan, Y., S. Gu, and B. Du, 2020 A new image encryption algorithm
based on composite chaos and hyperchaos combined with dna
coding. Entropy 22: 171.
- Wang, L. and H. Cheng, 2019 Pseudo-random number generator
based on logistic chaotic system. Entropy 21: 960.
- Wang, S., Q. Peng, and B. Du, 2022 Chaotic color image encryption
based on 4d chaotic maps and dna sequence. Optics & Laser
Technology 148: 107753.
- Wang, X. and S. Gao, 2020 Image encryption algorithm for synchronously
updating boolean networks based on matrix semitensor
product theory. Information sciences 507: 16–36.
- Wang, X. and Y. Su, 2021 Image encryption based on compressed
sensing and dna encoding. Signal Processing: Image Communication
95: 116246.
- Wen, H. and Y. Lin, 2024 Cryptanalysis of an image encryption
algorithm using quantum chaotic map and dna coding. Expert
Systems with Applications 237: 121514.
- Xiao, D., X. Liao, and P. Wei, 2009 Analysis and improvement of
a chaos-based image encryption algorithm. Chaos, Solitons &
Fractals 40: 2191–2199.
- Zhang, Y.-Q. and X.-Y. Wang, 2014 A symmetric image encryption
algorithm based on mixed linear–nonlinear coupled map lattice.
Information Sciences 273: 329–351.