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SOME OBSERVATIONS ON NOTIONS OF TIME IN THE HISTORIES OF GEORGIOS PACHYMERES AND NIKEPHOROS GREGORAS

Yıl 2023, , 47 - 68, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1412259

Öz

This paper will investigate the notions of time encountered in the histories of Georgios Pachymeres and Nikephoros Gregoras, who stand out from other Late Byzantine historians concerning their references to time. How did the philosophical, intellectual, or ecclesiastical interests of these historians influence their conceptions of time? We will discuss how both historians fuse linear and cyclical understandings of time in their work, and how they lend further philosophical and literary meaning to the notion of time. The paper will discuss how Pachymeres’ history seems to reflect the relation between kinesis and time, whereas Gregoras’ prologue displays some parallels with Plato’s Timaeus. It will explore how while Gregoras seeks to fuse astronomy and history-writing, Pachymeres manifests an interest in kairos and liturgical time. Finally, the paper will also discuss how both historians use time as a literary feature in their narratives.

Kaynakça

  • Akropolites, Georgios. The History, trans. with introduction and commentary Macrides, R. J. (Oxford, 2007).
  • Alexander, P. J. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, ed. D. Abramhese (Berkeley, 1985).
  • Boiadjiev, T., ‘Georgios Pachymeres between Plato and Dionysius: the One and the Being’, in Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, ed J. A. Aertsen and A. S. Speer (Berlin and New York, 1998), 501-511.
  • Brin, G. The Concept of Time in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Leiden and Boston, 2001).
  • Byzantine Philosophy and its Ancient Sources, ed. Ierodiakonou, K. (Oxford, 2004).
  • Cassidy, N. J. A Translation and Historical Commentary of Book One and Book Two of the Historia of Georgios Pachymeres, PhD dissertation, University of Western Australia, 2004.
  • Congourdeau, M. H., ‘Byzance et la fin du monde. Courants de pensée apocalyptique sous les Paléologues’, in Les traditions apocalyptiques au tournant de la chute de Constantinople, ed. B. Lellouch and S. Yérasimos (Paris, 1999), 55–97.
  • Failler, A. ‘Chronologie et composition dans l’Histoire de Georges Pachymère,’ Revue des Etudes Byzantines 39 (1981), 145–249.
  • _____ ‘Pachymeriana Nova’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 49 (1991), 171-195.
  • Feeney, D. Caesar’s Calendar. Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History (Berkeley, 2008).
  • Golitsis, P., ‘Un commentaire perpétuel de Georges Pachymère à la Physique d’Aristote, faussement attribué à Michel Psellos’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 100 (2007), 637–676.
  • _______ ‘Georges Pachymère comme didascale: essai pour une reconstitution de sa carrière et de son enseignement philosophique’, Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 58 (2008), 53–68.
  • _____ ‘La date de composition de la Philosophia de Georges Pachymère et quelques précisions sur la vie de l’auteur’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 67 (2009), 209–215.
  • ______ ‘A Byzantine Philosopher’s Devoutness toward God: George Pachymeres’ Poetic Epilogue to His Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics’, in The Many Faces of Byzantine Philosophy, ed. B. Bydén and K. Ierodiakonou, (Athens, 2012), 109-127.
  • Gregoras, Nikephoros. Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia, vols. 1 and 2: ed. L. Schopen (Bonn, 1829-1830), vol. 3, ed. I. Bekker, (Bonn, 1855).
  • _____ Nicephori Gregorae Epistulae, 2. vols, ed. Leone, P. A. M. (Matino, 1982-1983).
  • Grumel, V. Traité des Etudes Byzantines. La chronologie (Paris, 1958).
  • Harry, C.C. Chronos in Aristotle’s Physics. On the Nature of Time (New Haven and New York, 2005).
  • Hart, T., ‘Nicephorus Gregoras: Historian of the Hesychast Controversy’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 2.2 (1951), 169-179.
  • Kampiniaki, T. John Zonaras’ Epitome of Histories: A Compendium of Jewish-Roman History and its Reception (Oxford, 2022).
  • Koder, J., ‘Time as a Dimension of Identity in Byzantium’, Studia Ceranea 9 (2019), 532-542.
  • Kosmin, P. J. Time and its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire (Boston, 2018).
  • Kraft, A., ‘Living on the Edge of Time: Temporal Patterns and Irregularities in Byzantine Historical Apocalypse’, in The Fascination with Unknown Time, ed. S. Baumbach et al. (London, 2017), 71-91.
  • _____ ‘Byzantine Apocalyptic Literature’, in The Cambridge Companion to Apocalyptic Literature, ed. C. MacAllister (Cambridge, 2020), 172-189.
  • Maas, M. John Lydus and the Roman Past (London and New York, 1992; 2005).
  • Macrides, R. J. and Magdalino, P., ‘The Fourth Kingdom and the Rhetoric of Hellenism’, in The Perception of the Past in Twelfth Century Europe, ed. P. Magdalino (Leiden and Boston, 1992), 117-156.
  • Macrides, R. J. “The Reason is Not Known". Remembering and Recording the Past. Pseudo-Kodinos as a Historian', in L'écriture de la mémoire. La littérarité de l'histographie, eds. P. Odorico, P.A. Agapitos, M. Hinterberger (Paris, 2006), 317 – 330.
  • Magdalino, P. ‘The History of the Future and its Uses: Prophecy, Policy and Propaganda’, in The Making of Byzantine History. Studies Dedicated to Donald M. Nicol on his Seventieth Birthday, eds. R. Beaton and C. Roueché, (Aldershot, 1993), 3 –34.
  • _____ ‘The End of Time in Byzantium’, in Endzeiten: Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen, ed. F. Schmeider and. W. Brandes (Berlin, 2008) 119-134.
  • Manolovna, D. Science and Philosophy in the Letters of Nikephoros Gregoras, PhD dissertation, Central European University, 2014.
  • _______ ‘The Student Becomes a Teacher: Nikephoros Gregoras’ Hortatory Letter Concerning the Study of Astronomy’, in Toward a Historical Sociolinguistic Poetics of Medieval Greek, ed. A. M. Cuomo and E. Trapp (Brepols, 2017), 143-160.
  • _______ ‘Who Writes the History of the Romans? Agency and Causality in Nikephoros Gregoras’ Historia Rhomaike’, New Europe College Black Sea Program Yearbook 2014-2015, ed. I. Vainovski-Mihai (Bucharest, 2018), 97-123.
  • Odorico, P., ‘Le temps de l’Empire’, in Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Όψεις του Βυζαντινού Χρόνου 29–30 Μαΐου 2015, eds E.G. Sarante, A. Dellaporta, T. Kollyropoulou (Athens, 2018), 30-41.
  • Pachymeres, Georgios. Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides, ed. Westerink, L. G. (Athens, 1989).
  • ______ Georges Pachymérès. Relations historiques, 5 vols, eds. and trans. Failler, A. and Laurent, V. (Paris, 1984-2000).
  • ______ Philosophia, Buch 10, Kommentar zur Metaphysik des Aristoteles, ed. with introduction and notes, Pappa, E. (Athens, 2002).
  • ______ Philosophia Book 5. Commentary in Aristotle’s Meteorologica, ed. with introduction and notes, Telelis, I. (Athens, 2012).
  • Pavlovic, B. ''Romejska istorija'' Nicifora Grigore: istorijska analiza dela (''The Roman History'' of Nikephoros Gregoras: Historical Analysis of His Work), PhD dissertation, University of Belgrade, 2018.
  • Plass, M., ‘Transcendent Time and Eternity in Gregory of Nyssa’, Vigiliae Christianae 34 (1980), 180-192.
  • _____ ‘Transcendent Time in Maximus the Confessor’, The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 44.2 (1980), 259-277.
  • Polemis, I., ‘Theodore Metochites’ Byzantion as a Testimony to the Cosmological Discussions of the Early Palaiologan Period’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 66 (2008), 241-46.
  • Ramelli, I. and Konstan, D. Terms for Eternity: Aiônios and Aïdios in Classical and Christian Texts (New Jersey, 2011).
  • Roark, T. Aristotle on Time: A Study of the Physics (Cambridge, 2011).
  • Sorabji, R. Time, Creation and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, 1986).
  • Tihon, A., ‘Astronomical Promenade in Byzantium in the Early Palaiologan Period’, in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, ed. P. Magdalino and M. Mavroudi, (Geneva, 2006), 265-290.
  • Torgersen, J. W. The Chronographia of George the Synkellos and Theophanes: The Ends of Time in Ninth Century Constantinople (Leiden and Boston, 2022).
  • Whitby, M., ‘The Biblical Past in John Malalas and the Paschal Chronicle,’ in From Rome to Constantinople: Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron, ed. H. Amirav and R. B. ter Haar Romeny (Leuven, 2007), 279–301.
  • Vasilescu, E., ‘Early Christianity (up to the eighth century AD) about the Notions of Time and the Redemption of the Soul’, Studia Patristica 91, vol. 17 (2017), 167-183.
  • ______, ‘Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite on the Notion of tTme’, Analele Stiinţifice ale Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza, vol. 27, Issue 1, (2022), 71-83.

GEORGİOS PACHYMERES VE NİKEPHOROS GREGORAS’IN TARİH ESERLERİNDEKİ ZAMAN KAVRAMLARI ÜZERİNE BAZI GÖZLEMLER

Yıl 2023, , 47 - 68, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1412259

Öz

Bu makale, zaman kavramına yaklaşımlarıyla diğer Geç Bizans tarih yazarlarının arasında sıyrılan Georgios Pachymeres ve Nikephoros Gregoras’ın tarih eserlerindeki zaman algılarını ele alacaktır. Bu tarihçilerin felsefi, entelektüel ve dini ilgi alanları onların zaman algılarını nasıl etkilemiştir? Her iki tarihçinin de doğrusal ve döngüsel zaman kavramlarını nasıl birleştirdiğini, ve zaman kavramına nasıl felsefi ve edebi anlamlar yüklediklerini tartışacağız. Bu makale, Pachymeres’in tarihinin kinesis ve zaman arasındaki ilişkiyi yansıtırken, Gregoras’ın eserinin girişinin Platon’un Timaeus diyalogu ile bazı paralellikler göstermesini tartışacaktır. Makale, Gregoras astronomi ve tarih yazımını harmanlama uğraşını, Pachymeres’in de kairos kavramı ve litürjik zamana gösterdiği ilgiyi ele alacaktır. Son olarak, her iki tarihçinin de zaman kavramını eserlerinde edebi bir unsur olarak kullanmasına değinecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Akropolites, Georgios. The History, trans. with introduction and commentary Macrides, R. J. (Oxford, 2007).
  • Alexander, P. J. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, ed. D. Abramhese (Berkeley, 1985).
  • Boiadjiev, T., ‘Georgios Pachymeres between Plato and Dionysius: the One and the Being’, in Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, ed J. A. Aertsen and A. S. Speer (Berlin and New York, 1998), 501-511.
  • Brin, G. The Concept of Time in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Leiden and Boston, 2001).
  • Byzantine Philosophy and its Ancient Sources, ed. Ierodiakonou, K. (Oxford, 2004).
  • Cassidy, N. J. A Translation and Historical Commentary of Book One and Book Two of the Historia of Georgios Pachymeres, PhD dissertation, University of Western Australia, 2004.
  • Congourdeau, M. H., ‘Byzance et la fin du monde. Courants de pensée apocalyptique sous les Paléologues’, in Les traditions apocalyptiques au tournant de la chute de Constantinople, ed. B. Lellouch and S. Yérasimos (Paris, 1999), 55–97.
  • Failler, A. ‘Chronologie et composition dans l’Histoire de Georges Pachymère,’ Revue des Etudes Byzantines 39 (1981), 145–249.
  • _____ ‘Pachymeriana Nova’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 49 (1991), 171-195.
  • Feeney, D. Caesar’s Calendar. Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History (Berkeley, 2008).
  • Golitsis, P., ‘Un commentaire perpétuel de Georges Pachymère à la Physique d’Aristote, faussement attribué à Michel Psellos’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 100 (2007), 637–676.
  • _______ ‘Georges Pachymère comme didascale: essai pour une reconstitution de sa carrière et de son enseignement philosophique’, Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 58 (2008), 53–68.
  • _____ ‘La date de composition de la Philosophia de Georges Pachymère et quelques précisions sur la vie de l’auteur’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 67 (2009), 209–215.
  • ______ ‘A Byzantine Philosopher’s Devoutness toward God: George Pachymeres’ Poetic Epilogue to His Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics’, in The Many Faces of Byzantine Philosophy, ed. B. Bydén and K. Ierodiakonou, (Athens, 2012), 109-127.
  • Gregoras, Nikephoros. Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia, vols. 1 and 2: ed. L. Schopen (Bonn, 1829-1830), vol. 3, ed. I. Bekker, (Bonn, 1855).
  • _____ Nicephori Gregorae Epistulae, 2. vols, ed. Leone, P. A. M. (Matino, 1982-1983).
  • Grumel, V. Traité des Etudes Byzantines. La chronologie (Paris, 1958).
  • Harry, C.C. Chronos in Aristotle’s Physics. On the Nature of Time (New Haven and New York, 2005).
  • Hart, T., ‘Nicephorus Gregoras: Historian of the Hesychast Controversy’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 2.2 (1951), 169-179.
  • Kampiniaki, T. John Zonaras’ Epitome of Histories: A Compendium of Jewish-Roman History and its Reception (Oxford, 2022).
  • Koder, J., ‘Time as a Dimension of Identity in Byzantium’, Studia Ceranea 9 (2019), 532-542.
  • Kosmin, P. J. Time and its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire (Boston, 2018).
  • Kraft, A., ‘Living on the Edge of Time: Temporal Patterns and Irregularities in Byzantine Historical Apocalypse’, in The Fascination with Unknown Time, ed. S. Baumbach et al. (London, 2017), 71-91.
  • _____ ‘Byzantine Apocalyptic Literature’, in The Cambridge Companion to Apocalyptic Literature, ed. C. MacAllister (Cambridge, 2020), 172-189.
  • Maas, M. John Lydus and the Roman Past (London and New York, 1992; 2005).
  • Macrides, R. J. and Magdalino, P., ‘The Fourth Kingdom and the Rhetoric of Hellenism’, in The Perception of the Past in Twelfth Century Europe, ed. P. Magdalino (Leiden and Boston, 1992), 117-156.
  • Macrides, R. J. “The Reason is Not Known". Remembering and Recording the Past. Pseudo-Kodinos as a Historian', in L'écriture de la mémoire. La littérarité de l'histographie, eds. P. Odorico, P.A. Agapitos, M. Hinterberger (Paris, 2006), 317 – 330.
  • Magdalino, P. ‘The History of the Future and its Uses: Prophecy, Policy and Propaganda’, in The Making of Byzantine History. Studies Dedicated to Donald M. Nicol on his Seventieth Birthday, eds. R. Beaton and C. Roueché, (Aldershot, 1993), 3 –34.
  • _____ ‘The End of Time in Byzantium’, in Endzeiten: Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen, ed. F. Schmeider and. W. Brandes (Berlin, 2008) 119-134.
  • Manolovna, D. Science and Philosophy in the Letters of Nikephoros Gregoras, PhD dissertation, Central European University, 2014.
  • _______ ‘The Student Becomes a Teacher: Nikephoros Gregoras’ Hortatory Letter Concerning the Study of Astronomy’, in Toward a Historical Sociolinguistic Poetics of Medieval Greek, ed. A. M. Cuomo and E. Trapp (Brepols, 2017), 143-160.
  • _______ ‘Who Writes the History of the Romans? Agency and Causality in Nikephoros Gregoras’ Historia Rhomaike’, New Europe College Black Sea Program Yearbook 2014-2015, ed. I. Vainovski-Mihai (Bucharest, 2018), 97-123.
  • Odorico, P., ‘Le temps de l’Empire’, in Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Όψεις του Βυζαντινού Χρόνου 29–30 Μαΐου 2015, eds E.G. Sarante, A. Dellaporta, T. Kollyropoulou (Athens, 2018), 30-41.
  • Pachymeres, Georgios. Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides, ed. Westerink, L. G. (Athens, 1989).
  • ______ Georges Pachymérès. Relations historiques, 5 vols, eds. and trans. Failler, A. and Laurent, V. (Paris, 1984-2000).
  • ______ Philosophia, Buch 10, Kommentar zur Metaphysik des Aristoteles, ed. with introduction and notes, Pappa, E. (Athens, 2002).
  • ______ Philosophia Book 5. Commentary in Aristotle’s Meteorologica, ed. with introduction and notes, Telelis, I. (Athens, 2012).
  • Pavlovic, B. ''Romejska istorija'' Nicifora Grigore: istorijska analiza dela (''The Roman History'' of Nikephoros Gregoras: Historical Analysis of His Work), PhD dissertation, University of Belgrade, 2018.
  • Plass, M., ‘Transcendent Time and Eternity in Gregory of Nyssa’, Vigiliae Christianae 34 (1980), 180-192.
  • _____ ‘Transcendent Time in Maximus the Confessor’, The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 44.2 (1980), 259-277.
  • Polemis, I., ‘Theodore Metochites’ Byzantion as a Testimony to the Cosmological Discussions of the Early Palaiologan Period’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 66 (2008), 241-46.
  • Ramelli, I. and Konstan, D. Terms for Eternity: Aiônios and Aïdios in Classical and Christian Texts (New Jersey, 2011).
  • Roark, T. Aristotle on Time: A Study of the Physics (Cambridge, 2011).
  • Sorabji, R. Time, Creation and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Ithaca, 1986).
  • Tihon, A., ‘Astronomical Promenade in Byzantium in the Early Palaiologan Period’, in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, ed. P. Magdalino and M. Mavroudi, (Geneva, 2006), 265-290.
  • Torgersen, J. W. The Chronographia of George the Synkellos and Theophanes: The Ends of Time in Ninth Century Constantinople (Leiden and Boston, 2022).
  • Whitby, M., ‘The Biblical Past in John Malalas and the Paschal Chronicle,’ in From Rome to Constantinople: Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron, ed. H. Amirav and R. B. ter Haar Romeny (Leuven, 2007), 279–301.
  • Vasilescu, E., ‘Early Christianity (up to the eighth century AD) about the Notions of Time and the Redemption of the Soul’, Studia Patristica 91, vol. 17 (2017), 167-183.
  • ______, ‘Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite on the Notion of tTme’, Analele Stiinţifice ale Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza, vol. 27, Issue 1, (2022), 71-83.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bizans Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Siren Çelik 0000-0001-9138-8810

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çelik, Siren. “SOME OBSERVATIONS ON NOTIONS OF TIME IN THE HISTORIES OF GEORGIOS PACHYMERES AND NIKEPHOROS GREGORAS”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 47-68. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1412259.