Öz
2 Ağustos 1914'te Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Alman İmparatorluğu bir ittifak üzerinde anlaştı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 29 Ekim 1914'te Merkezi Güçlerden biri olarak I. Dünya Savaşı'na resmen girdi. Kasım ayında Osmanlı Sultanı tarafından Cihad ilan edildi. Osmanlı ve Alman hükümetleri Hindistan, Mısır ve Müttefiklere bağlı diğer ülkelerdeki Müslümanları harekete geçirmek için broşürler, bildiriler ve gazeteler yayınladı. Amaçları ordularındaki yerli halk arasında isyan çıkarmak, Pan-İslamizmi teşvik etmek ya da Alman yanlısı duygular yaratmaktı. Propaganda materyallerinin bazıları Müslümanları kutsal savaşa davet ederken, diğerleri Halifeliği ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu Müslümanlara ulaşmak için bir köprü olarak kullandı. Bu makale, Müslümanları Müttefiklere karşı harekete geçirmeye yönelik Alman ve Osmanlı propagandasını incelemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İtilaf Devletleri Cihat Alman İmparatorluğu Propaganda Birinci Dünya Savaşı
Kaynakça
- Archival Sources
- FO 371/3380, 1918, File 146 (TNA)
- FO 371/2788 (TNA)
- IOR/L/PS/10/463: 1 Oct 1914-8 Dec 1914, P 3136/1914 (BL)
- IOR/L/PS/10/464: 1914-1915 P 3136/1914 (BL)
- Mss Eur E 288: 1914-1919 (BL)
- Published Sources
- Ebüzziya, Ziyad, “Cihȃn-ı İslâm”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 7, İstanbul 1993.
- Hagen, Gottfried, Die Türkei im Ersten Weltkrieg: Flugblätter und Frlugschriften in arabischer, persischer und osmanisch-türkischer Sprache aus einer Sammlung der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg eingeleitet, übersetzt und kommentiert (Heidelberger Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Vorderen Orients, Band 15), Frankfurt 1990.
- Hanioğlu, Şükrü M., “Ottoman Jihad or Jihads: The Ottoman Shi'i Jihad, the Successful One”, in in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
- Kushner, David, “The Musavver Çöl-An Ottoman Journal in Beersheba at the End of World War I,” in Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of Pre-Ottoman (CIEPO), (eds. Ekrem Causevic, Nenad Moacanin, Vjeran Kursar), Berlin 2010.
- Lüdke, Tilman, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War, London 2005.
- Lüdke, Tilman, “(Not) Using Political Islam: The German Empire and Its Failed Propaganda Campaign in the Near and Middle East, 1914-1918 and Beyond”, in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
- Siddiqi, Majid Hayat, Bluff, Doubt and Fear: The Kheiri Brothers and the Colonial State, 1904-45. The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 24, 3 (1987), p. 233-263. Sohi, Seema, “Sites of ‘Sedition’, Sites of Liberation: Gurdwaras, the Ghadar Party, and Anticolonial Mobilization”, Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory, 10, 1 (2014), p. 5-22.
- Rifʻat, Mansur Mustafi, Lest We Forget: A Page from the History of England in Egypt (Ṣaḥīfah min taʾrīkh Injiltirā fī Miṣr), Berlin 1915.
- Todd, Lisa M., “The Hun and the Home: Gender, Sexuality and Propaganda in First World War Europe”. Chap. 6 in World War I and Propaganda, Leiden 2014.
- Zürcher, Erik-Jan, “The Ottoman Jihad, the German Jihad and Sacralization of War”, in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
Öz
On 2 August 1914, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire agreed on an alliance, and the Ottoman Empire officially entered into World War I on 29 October 1914 as one of the Central Powers. In November, jihad was proclaimed by the Ottoman Sultan. The Ottoman and German governments published pamphlets, leaflets, and newspapers to mobilize Muslims in India, Egypt, and other dependencies of the Allies. They aimed to incite mutiny among native populations in their armies, foster Pan-Islamism, or create pro- German sentiments. While some of the propaganda materials invited Muslims to holy war, others used the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire as a bridge to reach the Muslims. This article examines German and Ottoman propaganda to mobilize Muslims against the Allies.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Allies Jihad German Empire Ottoman Empire Propaganda World War I
Kaynakça
- Archival Sources
- FO 371/3380, 1918, File 146 (TNA)
- FO 371/2788 (TNA)
- IOR/L/PS/10/463: 1 Oct 1914-8 Dec 1914, P 3136/1914 (BL)
- IOR/L/PS/10/464: 1914-1915 P 3136/1914 (BL)
- Mss Eur E 288: 1914-1919 (BL)
- Published Sources
- Ebüzziya, Ziyad, “Cihȃn-ı İslâm”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 7, İstanbul 1993.
- Hagen, Gottfried, Die Türkei im Ersten Weltkrieg: Flugblätter und Frlugschriften in arabischer, persischer und osmanisch-türkischer Sprache aus einer Sammlung der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg eingeleitet, übersetzt und kommentiert (Heidelberger Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Vorderen Orients, Band 15), Frankfurt 1990.
- Hanioğlu, Şükrü M., “Ottoman Jihad or Jihads: The Ottoman Shi'i Jihad, the Successful One”, in in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
- Kushner, David, “The Musavver Çöl-An Ottoman Journal in Beersheba at the End of World War I,” in Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of Pre-Ottoman (CIEPO), (eds. Ekrem Causevic, Nenad Moacanin, Vjeran Kursar), Berlin 2010.
- Lüdke, Tilman, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War, London 2005.
- Lüdke, Tilman, “(Not) Using Political Islam: The German Empire and Its Failed Propaganda Campaign in the Near and Middle East, 1914-1918 and Beyond”, in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
- Siddiqi, Majid Hayat, Bluff, Doubt and Fear: The Kheiri Brothers and the Colonial State, 1904-45. The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 24, 3 (1987), p. 233-263. Sohi, Seema, “Sites of ‘Sedition’, Sites of Liberation: Gurdwaras, the Ghadar Party, and Anticolonial Mobilization”, Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory, 10, 1 (2014), p. 5-22.
- Rifʻat, Mansur Mustafi, Lest We Forget: A Page from the History of England in Egypt (Ṣaḥīfah min taʾrīkh Injiltirā fī Miṣr), Berlin 1915.
- Todd, Lisa M., “The Hun and the Home: Gender, Sexuality and Propaganda in First World War Europe”. Chap. 6 in World War I and Propaganda, Leiden 2014.
- Zürcher, Erik-Jan, “The Ottoman Jihad, the German Jihad and Sacralization of War”, in Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouchk Hurgronje’s “Holy War Made in Germany”, (ed. Erik-Jan Zürcher), Leiden 2016.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Temmuz 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Ağustos 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |