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1830-1918: Asya Afyon Ticaretinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 43 - 62, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 1830 ile 1918 yılları arasında Britanya İmparatorluğu ile Çin İmparatorluğu arasındaki afyon ticaretini, tarihi olaylara ve ticaret dinamiklerine odaklanarak incelemektedir. Haşhaş bitkisinden elde edilen afyon, yüzyıllardır hem ilaç hem de narkotik olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, afyonun özellikle Hindistan'da üretimi tekeline alan ve dağıtımını Çin'e genişleten Britanya, Doğu Hindistan Şirketi aracılığıyla afyonun nasıl önemli bir ticaret malı haline geldiğini göstermektedir.Çin'deki afyon tüketimindeki artış, hükümet eylemine yol açtı; ilk eylem, ithalatın yasaklandığı 1799'da gerçekleşti. Buna rağmen, İngilizler ticari çıkarlarını koruma umuduyla bağımsız tüccarlar aracılığıyla ticaret yapmaya devam ettiler. Bu çatışma, Çin hükümetinin İngiliz baskısına direnmeye çalıştığı ancak sonunda yenildiği Afyon Savaşı'yla sonuçlandı. Yapılan anlaşmalar sonucunda Çin, afyon ithalatını yasallaştırmak ve İngilizlere ticaret ayrıcalıkları vermek zorunda kaldı ve böylece bölgedeki İngiliz nüfuzunu pekiştirdi. İngiliz ve Çin ticaret kayıtlarından elde edilen istatistiksel veriler incelendiğinde, savaşın ve yasağın afyon ticaretini azaltmadığını ortaya çıkardı. Aksine, veriler ticaretin yasal kısıtlamalar döneminde bile büyümeye devam ettiğini gösterdi. 19. yüzyılın sonu ve 20. yüzyılın başında, hem Doğu'da hem de Batı'da afyon bağımlılığına ilişkin farkındalık, dünya çapında ticareti düzenleme ve sonunda ortadan kaldırma çabalarına yol açtı.
Bu çalışma, afyon ticaretinin yalnızca ekonomik bir olgu olmadığını, aynı zamanda uluslararası ticaret politikalarının ve sömürge çatışmalarının şekillenmesinde önemli bir faktör olduğunu ve uluslararası uyuşturucu bilincinin gelişmesinde etkili olduğunu sonucuna varmaktadır.

References

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  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
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  • Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-Statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East.

1830-1918: An Economic Analysis of the Opium Trade in Asia

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 43 - 62, 30.06.2025

Abstract

This study examines the opium trade between the British Empire and the Chinese Empire between 1830 and 1918, focusing on historical events and trade dynamics. Opium, obtained from the poppy plant, has been used as both medicine and a narcotic for centuries. The study shows how opium became an important trade commodity, especially through the British East India Company, which monopolized production in India and expanded its distribution to China.
The increase in opium consumption in China led to government repression; the first repression occurred in 1799 when imports were banned. Despite this, the British continued to trade through independent traders in the hope of protecting their commercial interests. This conflict culminated in the Opium War, in which the Chinese government tried to resist British pressure but was eventually defeated. As a result of the agreements made, China was forced to legalize opium imports and grant trade privileges to the British, thus consolidating British influence in the region.When statistical data obtained from British and Chinese trade records were examined, it was revealed that the war and the ban did not significantly reduce the opium trade. On the contrary, the data suggest that the trade continued to grow even in a period of legal restrictions. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, awareness of opium addiction in both the East and the West led to efforts worldwide to regulate and eventually eliminate trade. Meanwhile, the emergence of heroin, initially seen as a safer alternative, led to increased demand for opium-derived products.
This study concludes that opium trade was not only an economic phenomenon, but also a significant factor in the shaping of international trade policies and colonial conflicts, with long-term implications for international drug regulation.

References

  • Duarte, Danilo Freire. "A Brief History of Opium and Opioids."
  • Asthana, S. N. "The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India."
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "British raj"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "East India Company"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "Indian Rebellion of 1857"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "Opium Wars"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "Opium Wars"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "Opium Wars"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "opium"
  • Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "opium"
  • Bryson, Ethan O., and Christine E. Boxhorn. “A Brief History of Opioid Misuse and Addiction.”
  • Chang, Hsin-Pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War
  • Chang, Hsin-Pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War
  • Duarte, Danilo Freire. "A Brief History of Opium and Opioids."
  • Duarte, Danilo Freire. "A Brief History of Opium and Opioids."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Miron, Jeffrey A., and Chris Feige. "The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China."
  • Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-Statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East.
  • Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-Statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East.
  • Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-Statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East.
  • Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-Statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Economy, Microeconomics (Other), International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emre Altınışık 0009-0001-0215-1748

Submission Date June 2, 2025
Acceptance Date June 29, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Altınışık, Emre. “1830-1918: An Economic Analysis of the Opium Trade in Asia”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 7, no. 1 (June 2025): 43-62.