Çin dış politikasındaki dönüşümü anlamak: 1949’dan 2019’a tarihsel bir değerlendirme

Abstract

Bu çalışma, kuruluşundan bu yana Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin statüsünde yaşanan değişimin dış dünyayla olan ilişkilerini nasıl etkilediğini ele almaktadır. Çalışma, Çin’in değişen statüsünün ülkeyi bir statükocu mu, yoksa revizyonist bir güce mi dönüştürdüğü konusunda bir savda bulunmak için, her şeyden önce reform öncesi ve sonrası dönemler arasında bir ayrım yapılması gerektiği öne sürmektedir. Maocu dönemde Çin, dünya devrimi idealine bağlı ve bu ideal için dünyanın dört bir yanında silahlı ayaklanmaları desteklemişken, Mao sonrası dönemde ekonomik reform, dışa açılma ve dünya ekonomisiyle bütünleşme politikası karşılığında bu devrimci söylemi ve politikaları terk etmiştir. Çin’in Mao sonrası dönemde, Xi Jinping’in liderliğine kadarki süreçte tek büyük stratejisi, ekonomi modelini ıslah ederek ve devlet kapitalizmi inşa ederek kendisini küresel üretim ağlarının merkezine yerleştirmek olmuştur. Ne var ki Xi Jinping ile birlikte Çin, gücünü, kendisini dünya meselelerinin merkezine yerleştirecek daha iddialı bir dış politikaya aktarmak için yeni bir büyük strateji, yani Çin Rüyasını, başlatmıştır. Küresel devrim hedefini neoliberal küreselleşmenin şampiyonu olma hedefi ile değiştirmiş olan günümüz Çin’i kapitalist sistemin kalbinde yer almaktadır.

Keywords

• Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti
• Çin dış politikası
• dünya siyaseti
• Çin Komünist Partisi

Understanding the transformation in Chinese foreign policy: A historical evaluation from 1949 to 2019

Abstract

This study examines how China’s changing status since its establishment influences its relations with the outside world. Here, it is argued that in order to make a claim on whether China’s changing status transforms the country into a status quo or a revisionist power, first of all, a distinction needs to be made between pre- and post-reform eras. While in the Maoist era China had a commitment to world revolution and hence, supported armed insurgencies throughout the world, it later abandoned this revolutionary rhetoric and the associated policies and replaced them with a policy of economic reform, opening up and integrating with the world economy. In the post-Mao period, up until Xi Jinping took the helm, China’s sole grand strategy was to reform its economic model and to build a state capitalist political economic system while positioning itself at the centre of global production networks. Under Xi, however, the country launched a new grand strategy, namely the Chinese Dream, seeking to transform its strengths into a more assertive foreign policy that would position it at the centre of global affairs. Indeed, today’s China, which replaced the goal of global revolution with the goal of being the champion of neoliberal globalization, lies at the heart of the capitalist system.

Keywords

• People’s Republic of China
• Chinese foreign policy
• world politics
• Communist Party of China

References

1. Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap? New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2. Beeson, Mark. 2013. "Can China Lead?" Third World Quarterly 34 (2), 233-250.
3. Breslin, Shaun. 2008. "Towards a Sino-centric Regional Order? Empowering China and Constructing Regional Order(s)" Christopher M. Dent (ed.), China, Japan and Regional Leadership in East Asia, 131-155. Cheltenham: Edward Elgard Publishing Limited.
4. Christensen, Thomas J. 2011. "The Advantages of an Assertive China: Responding Beijing’s Abrasive Diplomacy" Foreign Affairs 90 (2), 54-67.
5. Dickson, Bruce. 2002. "Introduction." Thomas Buoye, Kirk Denton, Bruce Dickson, Barry Naughton and Martin K. Whyte (ed.), China: Adapting the Past Confronting the Future, 103-124. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan.
6. Dittmer, Lowell. 1983. "The 12th Congress of the Communist Party of China" The China Quarterly 93, 108-124.
7. Dong-chon, Suh. 2007. "Economic Power Shift in East Asia and Its Political-Economic Implications." Kim Jong-Kil and Pierre-Bruno Ruffini (ed.), Corporate Strategies in the Age of Regional Integration, 239-255. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
8. Economy, Elizabeth C. 2010. "The Game Changer: Coping With China's Foreign Policy Revolution" Foreign Affairs 89 (6), 142-152.

9. Fairbank, John King, and Merle Goldman. 2006. China: A New History. Cambridge: Hardvard University Press.
10. Ferdinand, Peter. 2007. "Sunset, sunrise: China and Russia construct a new partnership." International Affairs 83 (5), 841-867.
11. Ferdinand, Peter. 2016. "Westward Ho - the China Dream and ‘One Belt, One Road’: Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi Jinping" International Affairs 92 (4), 941-957.
12. Frankel, Max. 1999. "The Ping-Pong Tapes." The New York Times, February 21.
13. Friedberg, Aaron L. 2005. "The Future of US-China Relations: Is Conflict Inevitable?" International Security 30 (2), 7-45.
14. Gertz, Bill. 2000. The China Threat: How the People's Republic Targets America. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing.
15. Godement, François, Jade Le Van, Thomas Vendryes, and Gong Cheng. 2012. "Facing the Risks of "Going Out Strategy" European Council on Foreign Relations. January. Accessed November 20, 2019. https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/China_Analysis_Facing_the_Risks_of_the_Going_Out_Strategy_January2012.pdf.
16. He, Kai, and Huiyun Feng. 2012. "Debating China’s Assertiveness: Taking China’s Power and Interests Seriously" International Politics 49 (5), 633-644.
17. Hu, Jintao. 2005. "Building a Harmonious World of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity." United Nations. September 15. Accessed November 20, 2019. http://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements15/china050915eng.pdf.
18. Hung, Ming-Te, and Tony Tai-Ting Liu. 2012. "The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership and Its Implications for China's Role in East Asia Regional Integration" Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia 11 (2), 1-12.
19. Johnston, Alastair I. 2013. "How New and Assertive is China's New Assertiveness?" International Security 37 (4), 7-48.
20. Johnston, Alastair I. 2003. "Is China s Status Quo Power?" International Security 27 (4), 5-56.
21. Krauthammer, Charles. 1995. "Why We Must Contain China." Time, July 31.
22. Lee, Seung-Ook, Joel Wainwright, and Jim Glassman. 2018. "Geopolitical economy and the production of territory: The case of US–China geopolitical-economic competition in Asia" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (2), 416-436.
23. Li, Cheng, and Eve Cary. 2011. "The Last Year of Hu’s Leadership: Hu’s to Blame?" China Brief: A Journal of Analysis and Information. December 21. Accessed April 2018. https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/cb_11_73.pdf?x87069.
24. Li, Mingjiang. 2011. "Rising from Within: China’s Search for a Multipolar World and Its Implications for Sino-US Relations" Global Governance 17 (3), 331-351.
25. Lo, Bobo. 2008. Axis of convenience: Moscow, Beijing and the new geopolitics. Baltimore: Brookings Institution Press.
26. Mao, Zedong. 1998. On Diplomacy. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
27. Mao, Zedong. 1974. On the Question of the Differentiation of the Three Worlds. February 22. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv10n1/mao.htm.
28. Mark, Chi-kwan. 2012. China and the World Since 1945: An International History. New York: Routledge.
29. Mearsheimer, John J. 2014. "Can China Rise Peacefully?" The National Interest. October 25. Accessed November 15, 2019. https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/can-china-rise-peacefully-10204.
30. Mearsheimer, John J. 2010. "The Gathering Storm: China's Challenge to the US Power in Asia." The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3 (4), 381-396.
31. Mearsheimer, John J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
32. Nash, Paul. 2012. "China's 'Going Out' Strategy" Diplomatic Courier. May 10. Accessed November 20, 2019. https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/china-s-going-out-strategy.
33. Peng Er, Lam. 2017. "China and Japan: A Clash of Two "Anti-Status Quo" Powers?" China: An International Journal 15 (1), 83-97.
34. PRC, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. July 30. Accessed November 19, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1179045.shtml.
35. Radchenko, Sergey. 2016. "Mao the Man, Mao the God" Foreign Policy. September 8. Accessed November 19, 2019. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/08/mao-the-man-mao-the-god-how-mao-zedongs-legacy-bedevils-china-40-years-after-his-death/.
36. Rice, Condoleezza. 2000. "Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest." Foreign Affairs 75 (1), 45-62.
37. Saich, Tony. 2004. Governance and Politics of China. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
38. Schweller, Randall L., and Xiaoyu Pu. 2011. "After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in an Era of U.S. Decline." International Security 36 (1), 41-72.
39. Shambaugh, David L. 2004. "China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order." International Security 29 (3), 64-99.
40. Stubbs, Richard. 2005. Rethinking Asia's Economic Miracle. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
41. Wang, Yong. 2016. "Offensive for Defensive: the Belt and Road Initiative and China’s New Grand Strategy" The Pacific Review 29 (3), 455-463.
42. Xi, Jinping. 2017. "President Xi's Speech to Davos in Full." World Economic Forum. JAnuary 17. Accessed November 22, 2019. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum/.
43. Xi, Jinping. 2018. Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
44. Yan, Xuetong. 2014. "From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement." The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7 (2), 153-184.
45. Zhao, Suisheng. 2017. "American Reflections on the Engagement with China and Responses to President Xi’s New Model of Major Power Relations." Journal of Contemporary China 26 (106), 489-503.
46. Zheng, Bijian. 2005. "China's "Peaceful Rise" to Great-Power Status." Foreign Affairs 84 (5), 18-24.