On dokuzuncu yüzyıl Doğu Asya Sistemi’nde dengeleme politikaları: Kore-Rusya ilişkileri örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 127 - 142, 31.12.2020

Hatice Çelik

https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.43

Abstract

XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı, Doğu Asya’daki imparatorlukların ve krallıkların önemli siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal değişimler yaşadığı bir dönem olmuştur. Bu dönem içerisinde Çin’in hâkim güç olduğu bir düzen işleyişte olmakla birlikte, sistemde bazı kırılmalar ve Çin’e başkaldırılar yaşanmıştır. Bu kırılmalara zemin hazırlayan pek çok bölge dışı ve bölge içi etken bulunmaktadır. Bölge dışından olan en önemli etken Batılı güçlerin Çin İmparatorluğu ile yaşadıkları ve Çin’in Batıya karşı galip gelememesi olmuştur. Bölge içi dinamiklere bakıldığında ise en fazla göze çarpan gelişme, Japonya’nın 1868’den itibaren geçirdiği reform süreciyle birlikte artan askeri ve ekonomik gücünün yansımalarıdır. Çin ve Japon İmparatorlukları arasında artan nüfuz mücadelesi yüzyıllardır Çin etkisinde bulunan Kore Krallığı’nı da yakından ilgilendirmekteydi. Bu mücadele arasında sıkışıp kalan Kore Krallığı ise çareyi kimi zaman Çin’in desteğini aramakta bulurken kimi zaman Rus İmparatorluğu’nun desteğini alarak Japonya’ya karşı kendini korumaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Doğu Asya uluslararası sisteminde meydana gelen değişimlere odaklanarak, güç dengesi ilişkileri analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu noktada örnek vaka olarak Rus-Kore ilişkileri seçilecek ve Kore’nin Rusya’yı hangi koşullarda bir denge unsuru olarak gördüğü açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

Keywords

Doğu Asya sistemi, Rus imparatorluğu, Kore Krallığı, Japon İmparatorluğu, dengeleme politikası

The balance of power politics in East Asia System in the nineteenth century: a case of Korean- Russian relations

Abstract

The second half of the nineteenth century was a period when empires and kingdoms in East Asia experienced significant political, economic and social changes. During this period, while an order in which China was the dominant power was functioning, there were some breakings and challenges to China in the system. There are many extra-regional and intra-regional factors that underpin these breakings. The most important factor emerging from the outside of the region was that the Western powers engaged with the Chinese Empire and the fact that China was not victorious against the West. When looking at the dynamics within the region, the most striking development was the reflections of the increasing military and economic power of Japan, which resulted from the reform process since 1868. The increasing struggle for influence between the Chinese and the Japanese Empires was also closely related to the Korean Kingdom, which had been under the influence of China for centuries. The Kingdom of Korea, which is stuck in this struggle, has found the cure sometimes seeking the support of China and sometimes tried to protect itself against Japan by taking the support of the Russian Empire. In this context, the study will attempt to analyse balance of power relationships by focusing on the changes in the East Asian international system since the second half of the 19th century. At this point, Russian-Korean relations will be chosen as an example/case and it will be tried to explain under what conditions Korea saw Russia as a balancing actor in its foreign policy and how the political history of the Korean-Russian relations developed in this perspective.

Keywords

East Asia system, Russian Empire, Korea Kingdom, Japan Empire, balance of power

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