Avrupa-merkezciliğe yönelik eleştirilere bir tavsiye: Oryantalizm mi, Evrensellik mi?

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 89 - 103, 30.06.2021

Ali Oğuz Diriöz

https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.6

Abstract

Avrupamerkezcilik akademik alanda, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Tarih ve diğer sosyal bilim disiplinlerinde eleştirilmektedir. Son yıllarda, çok sayıda bilim insanı, birçok bölgesel çalışmaya yönelik eşitsizlikler ile Avrupamerkezci yaklaşımlar arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koydu. Orta Doğu kökenli birçok akademisyen, Said'in Oryantalizm eleştirisi gibi sömürge sonrası literatürü baskın Avrupamerkezci bakış açılarına örnek olarak gösterdi. Diğerleri, özellikle Wallerstein (1997), sosyal bilimlerde Avrupamerkezci olmakla ilgili baskın bakış açılarının sorunlarını dile getirdiler. Bu nedenle Avrupamerkezcilik, farklı bakış açılarını daraltıp sınırlandırarak arzu edilen evrenselliğe ulaşılması bakımından bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bu makale, Avrupa-merkezci bakış açılarının eleştirilerini eleştirmeyi değil, daha çok gerici yaklaşımların tuzaklarına dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Tartışma, sosyal gelişime uygulanabilir alternatif oluşturamama pahasına, oryantalizmi eleştirme retoriği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Makale üç yönlü bir yaklaşım benimsemektedir. İlk olarak, Uluslararası İlişkiler’de Avrupa-merkezcilik ile kısmen Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorisi ve genel olarak ana akım Tarih ve Sosyal Bilimler tartışılmaktadır. İkinci bölüm, Oryantalizm ve Post-Sömürge edebiyatına odaklanır ve gerici tuzaklar konusunda uyarıda bulunur. Üçüncü bölüm, bilimde evrenselciliğin önemini vurgulamakta ve Amin Maalouf gibi yazarların farkını, MENA bölgelerinden ille de gerici bir yaklaşım benimsemeden farkındalık ve alternatif bakış açıları yaratmaya çalışmanın örnekleri olarak ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde ise analiz tartışılıp ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

Avrupamerkezcilik, Uluslararası İlişkiler, küreselleşme, Oryantalizm, yerel kuram

A word of caution on Eurocentrism critiques: Orientalism or Universalism?

Abstract

Eurocentrism is criticized in many academic fields, such as International Relations, History, and many other social science fields. Over the last decades, numerous scholars demonstrated relationships between inequalities and Eurocentric approaches towards many regional studies. Many scholars whose origins are from the Middle East have cited postcolonial literature, such as Said’s criticism of Orientalism, as examples of dominant Euro-centric perspectives. Others cited problems of dominant perspectives in social sciences of being Euro-centric, notably, Wallerstein (1997). Therefore, Eurocentric view, narrowing alternativist perspectives can become a problem in the aimed universality. This article does not intend to criticize the critiques of Euro-centric perspectives but rather caution on pitfalls of reactionary approaches to Eurocentric malaise. The discussion is centered on rhetoric that often criticizes Orientalism, to the expense of not contributing viable alternatives to social development. The article takes a threefold approach. First, Euro-centrism in IR, particularly IR Theory, and mainstream History and Social Sciences, in general, are discussed. The second part focuses on Orientalism and Postcolonial literature and warns on reactionary pitfalls. The third part emphasizes the importance of universalism in literature, arts, and sciences. In order to emphasize universalism, the difference of authors such as Amin Maalouf is provided as examples of those who raised awareness and alternative perspectives from the MENA regions without necessarily taking a reactionary approach. The conclusion discusses the analysis and makes recommendations.

Keywords

Eurocentrism, International Relations, globalization, Orientalism, homegrown theory

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