Arktik’te Güvenlikleştirme ve Askerî Güvenlik: Rusya ve NATO

Öz

Arktik, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde askerî güvenlik konularının güvenlik-dışılaştırıldığı bir bölge olmuştur. Askerî tehditler daha önemsiz hâle gelmiş ve Arktik Devletleri arasında geliştirilen iş birliği bölgenin istisnai bir bölge olarak kabul edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Rusya’nın 24 Şubat 2022’de Ukrayna’da başlattığı müdahale bu durumu değiştirmiştir. Güvenlik sorunları basitçe ‘dışarıda’ değildir. Bu makalede Rusya ve NATO örneğinde gösterildiği gibi güvenlikleştirici aktörler tarafından sorunların ifade edilmesi gerekir. Konu güvenlikleştirildiğinde tarafların askerî yeterlilikleri genellikle ‘aciliyet’ ve ‘varoluşsal tehditler’ söylemi altında meşrulaştırılmaktadır. Makale, 24 Şubat 2022’de başlayan Ukrayna savaşının ardından Arktik Bölgesi’ndeki askeri güvenlik ve güvenlikleştirme süreçlerini, NATO ve Rusya perspektiflerinden incelemektedir. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde askeri güvenlik konuları Arktik’te büyük ölçüde güvenlik-dışılaştırılmışken Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya müdahalesi bu durumu dramatik bir şekilde değiştirmiştir. Rusya ve NATO için Arktik hem potansiyel çatışma risklerini içeren bir alan hem de sürekli rekabetin ve giderek zayıflayan iş birliğinin bir arada bulunduğu karmaşık bir bölgedir. Makalenin metodolojisi doküman incelemesine dayanmaktadır. Makale, Arktik Bölgesi’ndeki askerî gerilimin arttığını ve askerî güvenlik endişelerinin yanı sıra askerî nitelikteki karşılıklı adımların itici bir dinamiğe sahip olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arktik
• askerî güvenlik
• güvenlikleştirme
• Rusya
• NATO

Securitization and Military Security in the Arctic: Russia and NATO

Öz

The Arctic is a region where military security issues have been de-securitization in the post-Cold War era. Cooperation between the Arctic states has allowed the region to be seen as an exceptional area. However, the illegal occupation of Russia in Ukraine on February 24, 2022, changed this situation. Security problems are not simply “out there”, but must be expressed by actors through their securitization, as the example of Russia and NATO in this article shows. When the problem is securitized, the military capabilities of the parties are legitimized under the discourse of “urgency” and “existential threat”. This article examines military security and the processes of securitization in the Arctic region from the perspective of NATO and Russia following the war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022. While issues of military security in the Arctic were largely de-securitized in the post-Cold War era, Russia’s intervention in Ukraine has dramatically changed this situation. For Russia and NATO, the Arctic is both an area of potential conflict risk and a complex region of constant competition and increasingly weak cooperation. The methodology of the article is based on a review of documents. The article highlights that military tensions in the Arctic region are increasing and that military security concerns and reciprocal military moves have a driving dynamic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The Arctic
• military security
• securitization
• Russia
• NATO

Kaynakça

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